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Salvatore MM, Maione A, Imparato M, Salvatore F, Guida M, Galdiero E, Andolfi A. A metabolomics footprinting approach using GC-MS to study inhibitory effects of the fungal metabolite diplopyrone C against nosocomial pathogen biofilms. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 243:116081. [PMID: 38452422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Seen initially as wonder drugs, the widespread and often inappropriate use of antibiotics led to the development of microbial resistances. As a result, a true emergency has arisen, and a significant need has emerged to discover and develop new safe and valuable antibiotics. The captivating chemical structure of the fungal metabolite diplopyrone C has caught our attention as an excellent candidate for a circumstantial study aimed at revealing its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. In this work, we describe the full analytical strategy from the isolation/identification to the evaluation of the metabolomics effect on target microorganisms of this fungal metabolite. Our results show interesting antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of diplopyrone C against two frequently isolated nosocomial pathogens (i.e., the fungus Candida albicans and the gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae). Moreover, a GC-MS based metabolomics footprinting approach gave an insight into the uptake and excretion of metabolites from and into the culture medium as a response to the presence of this active substance. The workflow employed in this study is suitable to exploit natural resources for the search of lead compounds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy.
| | - Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Marianna Imparato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy; BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy.
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
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Bermúdez-Puga S, Dias M, Freire de Oliveira T, Mendonça CMN, Yokomizo de Almeida SR, Rozas EE, do Nascimento CAO, Mendes MA, Oliveira De Souza de Azevedo P, Almeida JR, Proaño-Bolaños C, Oliveira RPDS. Dual antibacterial mechanism of [K4K15]CZS-1 against Salmonella Typhimurium: a membrane active and intracellular-targeting antimicrobial peptide. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1320154. [PMID: 38156004 PMCID: PMC10752938 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus is a leading cause of food-borne infections with strong public health impact and economic ramifications. The development of antimicrobial resistance added complexity to this scenario and turned the antibiotic drug discovery into a highly important challenge. The screening of peptides has served as a successful discovery platform to design new antibiotic candidates. Motivated by this, the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of three cruzioseptins against Salmonella Typhimurium and RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, respectively, were investigated. [K4K15]CZS-1 was the most potent antimicrobial peptide identified in the screening step with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 μg/mL (7.26 μM) and moderate cytotoxicity. From a structural point of view, in vitro and in silico techniques evidenced that [K4K15]CZS-1 is a α-helical cationic antimicrobial peptide. In order to capture mechanistic details and fully decipher their antibacterial action, we adopted a multidimensional approach, including spectroscopy, electron microscopy and omics analysis. In general lines, [K4K15]CZS-1 caused membrane damage, intracellular alterations in Salmonella and modulated metabolic pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, and lipid metabolism. Overall, these findings provide deeper insights into the antibacterial properties and multidimensional mode of action of [K4K15]CZS-1 against Salmonella Typhimurium. In summary, this study represents a first step toward the screening of membrane-acting and intracellular-targeting peptides as potential bio-preservatives to prevent foodborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Bermúdez-Puga
- Microbial Biomolecules Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meriellen Dias
- Microbial Biomolecules Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taciana Freire de Oliveira
- Microbial Biomolecules Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Enrique Eduardo Rozas
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Anita Mendes
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José R. Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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3
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Li Y, Huang S, Du J, Wu M, Huang X. Current and prospective therapeutic strategies: tackling Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cross-kingdom biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1106231. [PMID: 37249973 PMCID: PMC10213903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most frequent strain associated with cross-kingdom infections in the oral cavity. Clinical evidence shows the co-existence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and C. albicans in the carious lesions especially in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and demonstrates the close interaction between them. During the interaction, both S. mutans and C. albicans have evolved a complex network of regulatory mechanisms to boost cariogenic virulence and modulate tolerance upon stress changes in the external environment. The intricate relationship and unpredictable consequences pose great therapeutic challenges in clinics, which indicate the demand for de novo emergence of potential antimicrobial therapy with multi-targets or combinatorial therapies. In this article, we present an overview of the clinical significance, and cooperative network of the cross-kingdom interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans. Furthermore, we also summarize the current strategies for targeting cross-kingdom biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minjing Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Chen Q, Zhang X, Wang Q, Yang J, Zhong Q. The mixed biofilm formed by Listeria monocytogenes and other bacteria: Formation, interaction and control strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:8570-8586. [PMID: 37070220 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2200861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen. It can adhere to food or food contact surface for a long time and form biofilm, which will lead to equipment damage, food deterioration, and even human diseases. As the main form of bacteria to survive, the mixed biofilms often exhibit higher resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics, including the mixed biofilms formed by L. monocytogenes and other bacteria. However, the structure and interspecific interaction of the mixed biofilms are very complex. It remains to be explored what role the mixed biofilm could play in the food industry. In this review, we summarized the formation and influence factors of the mixed biofilm developed by L. monocytogenes and other bacteria, as well as the interspecific interactions and the novel control measures in recent years. Moreover, the future control strategies are prospected, in order to provide theoretical basis and reference for the research of the mixed biofilms and the targeted control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxian Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Raza A, Zehra M, Ramzan M, Siddiqui AJ, Akbar A, Ahmed A, Musharraf SG. Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Gentamicin-Induced Tolerant Colonies of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 185:106436. [PMID: 36965642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibiotic resistance development in pathogenic bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae seriously threatens humankind. Therefore, it is important to understand the interaction of bacteria with antibiotic agents and how it acquires resistance at the molecular level. The current study describes metabolomics analysis of K. pneumoniae sensitive strains and its gentamicin-tolerant (resistant) strains. METHODS K. pneumoniae strains were treated at five different concentrations of gentamicin, increasing from a low dose (16.2 µg/mL) to the highest dose (250 µg/mL) at three incubation time periods (24h, 48h, and 72h). Colonies obtained at various concentrations and time intervals were subjected to metabolomic analysis using GC-MS. RESULTS A drastic change was observed in the morphology of K. pneumoniae colonies with the increasing gentamicin concentration. Moreover, K. pneumoniae strains grown at the highest concentration (250 µg/mL) were found tolerant to 1 mg/mL gentamicin (4-folds) and considered resistant strains. A total of 459 metabolites were identified. A sequential down/up-regulation in 4, 3, and 4 metabolites were observed in association with the increasing gentamicin concentration at 24h, 48h, and 72h, respectively. While with the comparative analysis of resistant and sensitive strains, a total of seven down- and sixteen up-regulated metabolites were observed. The concentration of some fatty acids and sugars have been found to increase while, a few metabolites like inosine, tyrosine, 1-propionylproline, and 2-hydroxyacetic acid have been found down-regulated in resistant samples. CONCLUSION These regulator metabolites might be associated with resistance development in K. pneumoniae against gentamicin and might be helpful in the rapid detection of gentamicin-resistant clinical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Moatter Zehra
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Amna Jabbar Siddiqui
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Azra Akbar
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Boness HVM, de Sá HC, Dos Santos EKP, Canuto GAB. Sample Preparation in Microbial Metabolomics: Advances and Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1439:149-183. [PMID: 37843809 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41741-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolomics has gained significant interest as it reflects the physiological state of microorganisms. Due to the great variability of biological organisms, in terms of physicochemical characteristics and variable range of concentration of metabolites, the choice of sample preparation methods is a crucial step in the metabolomics workflow and will reflect on the quality and reliability of the results generated. The procedures applied to the preparation of microbial samples will vary according to the type of microorganism studied, the metabolomics approach (untargeted or targeted), and the analytical platform of choice. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the sample preparation workflow for microbial metabolomics, highlighting the pre-analytical factors associated with cultivation, harvesting, metabolic quenching, and extraction. Discussions focus on obtaining intracellular and extracellular metabolites. Finally, we introduced advanced sample preparation methods based on automated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiter V M Boness
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Hanna C de Sá
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Emile K P Dos Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gisele A B Canuto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Chatupheeraphat C, Peamchai J, Luk-in S, Eiamphungporn W. Synergistic effect and antibiofilm activity of the antimicrobial peptide K11 with conventional antibiotics against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1153868. [PMID: 37113135 PMCID: PMC10126264 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1153868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infections caused by drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are now a serious problem for public health, associated with high morbidity and mortality due to limited treatment options. Therefore, new antibacterial agents or a combination of agents as the first line of treatment are urgently needed. K11 is a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that has demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activity against several types of bacteria. Additionally, K11 has previously shown no hemolytic activity. Herein, the antibacterial activity, the synergistic action of K11 in combination with different conventional antibiotics and the antibiofilm activity of K11 against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) K. pneumoniae were investigated. Meanwhile, the stability and ability to induce the bacterial resistance of K11 were also tested. Methods Fifteen clinical isolates of MDR/XDR K. pneumoniae were used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of K11 against these isolates was determined by the broth microdilution method. In vitro synergy between K11 and antibiotics was evaluated using the checkerboard methodology. The antibiofilm activity of K11 against K. pneumoniae strong biofilm producers were explored by the crystal violet staining. The stability in different environments and resistance induction of K11 were evaluated by MIC determination. Results The MIC values of K11 against MDR/XDR K. pneumoniae isolates were 8-512 μg/mL. Intriguingly, the synergistic effects were clearly observed for K11 in combination with chloramphenicol, meropenem, rifampicin, or ceftazidime, whereas no synergy was observed when K11 was combined with colistin. Besides, K11 effectively prevented biofilm formation against K. pneumoniae strong biofilm producers in a concentration-dependent manner starting at 0.25×MIC and exerted an enhancing effect when administered in combination with meropenem, chloramphenicol, or rifampicin. Additionally, K11 demonstrated high thermal and wide pH stability along with good stability in serum and physiological salts. Significantly, K. pneumoniae showed no induction of resistance even after prolonged exposure to a sub-inhibitory concentration of K11. Conclusion These findings indicate that K11 is a promising candidate with potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities without inducing resistance and acts synergistically with conventional antibiotics against drug-resistant K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawalit Chatupheeraphat
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Peamchai
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Luk-in
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warawan Eiamphungporn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Warawan Eiamphungporn,
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Salvatore MM, Maione A, La Pietra A, Carraturo F, Staropoli A, Vinale F, Andolfi A, Salvatore F, Guida M, Galdiero E. A model for microbial interactions and metabolomic alterations in Candida glabrata-Staphylococcus epidermidis dual-species biofilms. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279069. [PMID: 36512606 PMCID: PMC9746963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Candida glabrata and the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis are important biofilm-forming microorganisms responsible of nosocomial infections in patients. In addition to causing single-species disease, these microorganisms are also involved in polymicrobial infections leading to an increased antimicrobial resistance. To expand knowledge about polymicrobial biofilms, in this study we investigate the formation of single- and dual-species biofilms of these two opportunistic pathogens employing several complementary approaches. First, biofilm biomass, biofilm metabolic activity and the microbial composition in single- and dual-species biofilms were assessed and compared. Then, the expression of three genes of C. glabrata and three genes of S. epidermidis positively related to the process of biofilm formation was evaluated. Although S. epidermidis is a stronger biofilm producer than C. glabrata, both biological and genetic data indicate that S. epidermidis growth is inhibited by C. glabrata which dominates the dual-species biofilms. To better understand the mechanisms of the interactions between the two microorganisms, a broad GC-MS metabolomic dataset of extracellular metabolites for planktonic, single- and dual-species biofilm cultures of C. glabrata and S. epidermidis was collected. As demonstrated by Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of GC-MS metabolomic data, planktonic cultures, single- and dual-species biofilms can be sharply differentiated from each other by the nature and levels of an assortment of primary and secondary metabolites secreted in the culture medium. However, according to our data, 2-phenylethanol (secreted by C. glabrata) and the synergistically combined antifungal activity of 3-phenyllactic acid and of the cyclic dipeptide cyclo-(l-Pro-l-Trp) (secreted by S. epidermidis) play a major role in the race of the two microorganisms for predominance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- * E-mail: (MG); (EG)
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (MG); (EG)
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Identification of metabolite extraction method for targeted exploration of antimicrobial resistance associated metabolites of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8939. [PMID: 35624184 PMCID: PMC9142494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), as being a pathogen of critical clinical concern, urgently demands effective therapeutic options. However, the discovery of novel antibiotics over the last three decades has declined drastically and necessitates exploring novel strategies. Metabolomic modulation has been the promising approach for the development of effective therapeutics to deal with AMR; however, only limited efforts have been made to-date, possibly due to the unavailability of suitable metabolites extraction protocols. Therefore, in order to establish a detailed metabolome of K. pneumoniae and identify a method for targeted exploration of metabolites that are involved in the regulation of AMR associated processes, metabolites were extracted using multiple methods of metabolites extraction (freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) and sonication cycle (SC) method alone or in combination (FTC followed by SC; FTC + SC)) from K. pneumoniae cells and then identified using an orbitrap mass analyzer (ESI-LC-MS/MS). A total of 151 metabolites were identified by using FTC, 132 metabolites by using FTC+SC, 103 metabolites by using SC and 69 metabolites common among all the methods used which altogether enabled the identification of 199 unique metabolites. Of these 199, 70 metabolites were known to have an association with AMR phenotype and among these, the FTC + SC method yielded better (identified 55 metabolites), quantitatively and qualitatively compared to FTC and SC alone (identified 51 and 41 metabolites respectively). Each method of metabolite extraction showed a definite degree of biasness and specificity towards chemical classes of metabolites and jointly contributed to the development of a detailed metabolome of the pathogen. FTC method was observed to give higher metabolomic coverage as compared to SC alone and FTC + SC. However, FTC + SC resulted in the identification of a higher number of AMR associated metabolites of K. pneumoniae compared to FTC and SC alone.
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Pohl CH. Recent Advances and Opportunities in the Study of Candida albicans Polymicrobial Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:836379. [PMID: 35252039 PMCID: PMC8894716 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.836379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, can form polymicrobial biofilms with a variety of bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo, and that these polymicrobial biofilms can impact the course and management of disease. Although specific interactions are often described as either synergistic or antagonistic, this may be an oversimplification. Polymicrobial biofilms are complex two-way interacting communities, regulated by inter-domain (inter-kingdom) signaling and various molecular mechanisms. This review article will highlight advances over the last six years (2016-2021) regarding the unique biology of polymicrobial biofilms formed by C. albicans and bacteria, including regulation of their formation. In addition, some of the consequences of these interactions, such as the influence of co-existence on antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence, will be discussed. Since the aim of this knowledge is to inform possible alternative treatment options, recent studies on the discovery of novel anti-biofilm compounds will also be included. Throughout, an attempt will be made to identify ongoing challenges in this area.
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WMR Peptide as Antifungal and Antibiofilm against Albicans and Non-Albicans Candida Species: Shreds of Evidence on the Mechanism of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042151. [PMID: 35216270 PMCID: PMC8879636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens infecting humans and can cause severe illnesses in immunocompromised individuals. The increased resistance of Candida to traditional antifungal drugs represents a great challenge in clinical settings. Therefore, novel approaches to overcome antifungal resistance are desired. Here, we investigated the use of an antimicrobial peptide WMR against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species in vitro and in vivo. Results showed a WMR antifungal activity on all Candida planktonic cells at concentrations between 25 μM to >50 μM and exhibited activity at sub-MIC concentrations to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilm. Furthermore, in vitro antifungal effects of WMR were confirmed in vivo as demonstrated by a prolonged survival rate of larvae infected by Candida species when the peptide was administered before or after infection. Additional experiments to unravel the antifungal mechanism were performed on C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The time-killing curves showed their antifungal activity, which was further confirmed by the induced intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation; WMR significantly suppressed drug efflux, down-regulating the drug transporter encoding genes CDR1. Moreover, the ability of WMR to penetrate within the cells was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. These findings provide novel insights for the antifungal mechanism of WMR against Candida albicans and non-albicans, providing fascinating scenarios for the identification of new potential antifungal targets.
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de Souza CM, da Silva ÁP, Júnior NGO, Martínez OF, Franco OL. Peptides as a therapeutic strategy against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:335-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Galdiero E, Ricciardelli A, D'Angelo C, de Alteriis E, Maione A, Albarano L, Casillo A, Corsaro MM, Tutino ML, Parrilli E. Pentadecanoic acid against Candida albicans-Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm: towards the development of an anti-biofilm coating to prevent polymicrobial infections. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103880. [PMID: 34563667 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to form biofilms is a common feature of microorganisms, which can colonize a variety of surfaces, such as host tissues and medical devices, resulting in infections highly resistant to conventional drugs. This aspect is particularly critical in polymicrobial biofilms involving both fungi and bacteria, therefore, to eradicate such severe infections, new and effective anti-biofilm strategies are needed. The efficacy of pentadecanal and pentadecanoic acid as anti-biofilm agents has been recently reported against different bacterial strains. Their chemical similarity with diffusible signal factors (DSFs), plus the already known ability of fatty acids to act as anti-biofilm agents, suggested to explore their use against Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae mixed biofilm. In this work, we demonstrated the ability of both molecules to prevent the formation and destabilize the structure of the dual-species biofilm. Moreover, the pentadecanoic acid anti-biofilm coating, previously developed through the adsorption of the fatty acid on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), was proved to prevent the polymicrobial biofilm formation in dynamic conditions by confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. Finally, the evaluation of the expression levels of some biofilm-related genes of C. albicans and K. pneumoniae treated with pentadecanoic acid provided some insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning its anti-biofilm effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - A Ricciardelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - C D'Angelo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - E de Alteriis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - A Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - L Albarano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy; Department of Marine Biothecnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - A Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - M M Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - M L Tutino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - E Parrilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy.
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14
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An Integrated Analysis of Intracellular Metabolites and Virulence Gene Expression during Biofilm Development of a Clinical Isolate of Candida tropicalis on Distinct Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169038. [PMID: 34445744 PMCID: PMC8396647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of Candida tropicalis, which causes potential life-threatening invasive candidiasis, is often associated with colonization of medical devices as biofilm. Biofilm plays an important role in the virulence of the pathogen because of its complex structure, which provides resistance to conventional antimicrobials. In this study, the metabolic response of a clinical strain of C. tropicalis colonizing three distinct surfaces (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene, and polycarbonate) as well as the expression of virulence and stress related genes (ALS3, Hsp21, SAP1, SAP2, SAP3, and CYR1), were explored. Our results showed that lesser biofilm was developed on PTFE compared to polystyrene and polycarbonate. GS-MS metabolic analysis identified a total of 36 metabolites in the intracellular extract of cells grown on polystyrene, polycarbonate, and PTFE, essentially belonging to central carbon metabolism, amino acids, and lipids metabolism. The metabolic analysis showed that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially produced during biofilm development on polycarbonate, whereas trehalose and vitamin B6, known as cellular protectors against a variety of stressors, were characteristic of biofilm on PTFE. The results of the transcriptomic analysis consider the different degrees of colonization of the three substrates, being CYR1, which encodes the component of signaling pathway of hyphal formation-cAMP-PKA, downregulated in PTFE biofilm compared to polycarbonate or polystyrene biofilms, while Hsp21 was upregulated in concomitance with the potential unfavorable conditions for biofilm formation on PTFE. Overall, this work provides new insights into the knowledge of C. tropicalis biofilm development on surfaces of medical relevance in the perspective of improving the management of Candida infections.
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15
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Galdiero E, Salvatore MM, Maione A, de Alteriis E, Andolfi A, Salvatore F, Guida M. GC-MS-Based Metabolomics Study of Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms of Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073496. [PMID: 33800643 PMCID: PMC8037927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae frequently co-exist within the human host as a complex biofilm community. These pathogens are of interest because their association is also related to significantly increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. With the aim of highlighting metabolic shifts occurring in the dual-species biofilm, an untargeted GC-MS-based metabolomics approach was applied to single and mixed biofilms of C. albicans and K. pneumoniae. Metabolomic results showed that among the extracellular metabolites identified, approximately 40 compounds had significantly changed relative abundance, mainly involving central carbon, amino acid, vitamin, and secondary metabolisms, such as serine, leucine, arabitol, phosphate, vitamin B6, cyclo-(Phe-Pro), trehalose, and nicotinic acid. The results were related to the strict interactions between the two species and the different microbial composition in the early and mature biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (A.M.); (E.d.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081674372
| | - Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (A.M.); (E.d.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Elisabetta de Alteriis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (A.M.); (E.d.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (F.S.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (A.M.); (E.d.A.); (M.G.)
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