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Gaussen J, Trott DJ, Spiers Z, Jenkins C, Griffiths H. Sporadic bovine encephalopathy caused by Chlamydia pecorum secondary to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in calves in South Australia. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:80-86. [PMID: 38148529 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite bovine viral diarrhoea virus and Chlamydia pecorum being important endemic diseases of cattle, there are limited reports of theirco-occurrence. CASE REPORT Several 12-18-week-old, weaned Hereford calves presented with ill-thriftiness and neurological signs on a mixed cattle and sheep farm in South Australia in July 2021. Immune suppression resulting from transient infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is implicated in predisposing to infection with Chlamydia pecorum, the causative agent of sporadic bovine encephalopathy (SBE). Chlamydia spp. are difficult to culture in vitro or definitively identify based on current standard molecular based tests. In this case, diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION To the authors' knowledge, this case report is the first to document BVDV transient infection occurring in conjunction with SBE. Given the current high prevalence of BVDV on Australian farms, such co-infections may have significant future clinical relevance. This case also highlights the need for appropriate tests, such as immunohistochemistry to demonstrate the causative organism in histological lesions and thus reduce the occurrence of false negative diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gaussen
- Thrive Agri Services, Hamilton, Victoria, 3300, Australia
| | - D J Trott
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Z Spiers
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - C Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - H Griffiths
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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Dunowska M, Lal R, Dissanayake SD, Bond SD, Burrows E, Moffat J, Howe L. Bovine viral diarrhoea viruses from New Zealand belong predominantly to the BVDV-1a genotype. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:66-78. [PMID: 38212951 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2291039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM To determine which genotypes of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) circulate among cattle in New Zealand. METHODS Samples comprised BVDV-1-positive sera sourced from submissions to veterinary diagnostic laboratories in 2019 (n = 25), 2020 (n = 59) and 2022 (n = 74) from both beef and dairy herds, as well as archival BVDV-1 isolates (n = 5). Fragments of the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and glycoprotein E2 coding sequence of the BVDV genome were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were aligned to each other and to international BVDV-1 sequences to determine their similarities and phylogenetic relationships. The 5' UTR sequences were also used to create genetic haplotype networks to determine if they were correlated with selected traits (location, type of farm, and year of collection). RESULTS The 5' UTR sequences from New Zealand BVDV were closely related to each other, with pairwise identities between 89% and 100%. All clustered together and were designated as BVDV-1a (n = 144) or BVDV-1c (n = 5). There was no evidence of a correlation between the 5' UTR sequence and the geographical origin within the country, year of collection or the type of farm. Partial E2 sequences from New Zealand BVDV (n = 76) showed 74-100% identity to each other and clustered in two main groups. The subtype assignment based on the E2 sequence was the same as based on the 5' UTR analysis. This is the first comprehensive analysis of genomic variability of contemporary New Zealand BVDV based on the analysis of the non-coding (5' UTR) and coding (E2) sequences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of the diversity of the viruses circulating in the country is a prerequisite for the development of effective control strategies, including a selection of suitable vaccines. The data presented suggest that New Zealand BVDV are relatively homogeneous, which should facilitate eradication efforts including selection or development of the most suitable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dunowska
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Lal
- College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Dissanayake
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Bond
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Burrows
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Moffat
- Scipharma Ltd., Upper Moutere, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Zhigailov AV, Perfilyeva YV, Ostapchuk YO, Kan SA, Lushova AV, Kuligin AV, Ivanova KR, Kuatbekova SA, Abdolla N, Naizabayeva DA, Maltseva ER, Berdygulova ZA, Mashzhan AS, Zima YA, Nizkorodova AS, Skiba YA, Mamadaliyev SM. Molecular and serological survey of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle in Kazakhstan. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104965. [PMID: 37516041 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection and to assess the population immunity in cattle vaccinated against BVDV in different regions of Kazakhstan. Cattle samples were collected in 12 oblasts (43 districts) of Kazakhstan. A total of 2477 cattle from 114 herds and 21 Bukhara deer (Cervus elaphus bactrianus) were examined by ELISA and conventional RT-PCR. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with BVDV infection in the country. In total, antibodies against BVDV were found in 79.3% (1965/2477) of all the animals and 92.1% (105/114) of all the herds examined. Seroprevalence in unvaccinated and vaccinated animals was 48.6% (447/920) and 98.7% (1391/1410), respectively. Seroprevalence in deer was 19.1% (4/21). The BVDV RNA was detected in six unvaccinated cattle (0.2%). Sequence analysis of the 5'-untranslated region demonstrated that four of the detected strains belonged to BVDV-1 and two strains to BVDV-2. Regression analysis revealed that age, production type, housing method, farm size, and geographic location were risk factors for BVDV infection in cattle in Kazakhstan. The present data confirm circulation of BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 in Kazakhstan and highlight the need to improve strategies for prevention and control of BVDV infection in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Zhigailov
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuliya V Perfilyeva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan.
| | - Yekaterina O Ostapchuk
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Sofiya A Kan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Anzhelika V Lushova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Artyom V Kuligin
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Karina R Ivanova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Nurshat Abdolla
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara A Naizabayeva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Elina R Maltseva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Tethys Scientific Society, Almaty 050063, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanna A Berdygulova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan
| | - Akzhigit S Mashzhan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Anna S Nizkorodova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuriy A Skiba
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Tethys Scientific Society, Almaty 050063, Kazakhstan
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Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae genus pestivirus. The viral genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA that encodes four structural proteins (i.e., C, Erns, E1, and E2) and eight non-structural proteins (NSPs) (i.e., Npro, p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B). Cattle infected with BVDV exhibit a number of different clinical signs including diarrhea, abortion, and other reproductive disorders which have a serious impact on the cattle industry worldwide. Research on BVDV mainly focuses on its structural protein, however, progress in understanding the functions of the NSPs of BVDV has also been made in recent decades. The knowledge gained on the BVDV non-structural proteins is helpful to more fully understand the viral replication process and the molecular mechanism of viral persistent infection. This review focuses on the functions of BVDV NSPs and provides references for the identification of BVDV, the diagnosis and prevention of Bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease (BVD-MD), and the development of vaccines.
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Pilgrim CR, McCahill KA, Rops JG, Dufour JM, Russell KA, Koch TG. A Review of Fetal Bovine Serum in the Culture of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Potential Alternatives for Veterinary Medicine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859025. [PMID: 35591873 PMCID: PMC9111178 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) remains widely used as a supplement in cell culture media used in the isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) despite longstanding practical, clinical, and ethical concerns over its use. As a result, research on alternative culture media supplement solutions that conserve crucial MSC characteristics has become increasingly relevant. Species-specific supplements and serum-free media such as platelet lysate or chemically defined media have been assessed for their effect in MSC cultures regarding proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacity. While none of the alternatives offer a complete solution in replacing traditional FBS supplemented media for culturing MSCs for all species, short-term or transitional use of FBS-free media can perform equally well and could address some of the concerns over the use of FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas G. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Nugroho W, Silitonga RJP, Reichel MP, Irianingsih SH, Wicaksono MS. The Epidemiology and Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Tropical Indonesian Cattle. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020215. [PMID: 35215158 PMCID: PMC8878523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to update the knowledge of the epidemiology of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and provide a perspective on the control options for BVDV in the Indonesian cattle population in the future. Studies on BVDV in Indonesia, since its first report in that country, and the updated beef and dairy cattle industries are reviewed. In ten of 34 provinces, BVDV is endemic. The subgenotypes of BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c are predominant in Indonesian cattle. However, BVDV is currently not a priority disease to control in Indonesia. Cattle imports from Australia appear to be potentially the most significant source of transmission of BVDV into native cattle, but the control of BVDV conducted in the local quarantine facilities is currently not achieving the aim of controlling BVDV; thus, complementary measures are needed. With the small-scale nature of the vast majority of cattle breeding in the country, the control of BVDV in provinces in which cattle breeding is economically essential may need to be organised by regional and provincial governments. Gaps in our knowledge of BVDV are identified in this review, and strategies for the control of BVDV in Indonesia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widi Nugroho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Risma Juniarti Paulina Silitonga
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostic Services, Center for Diagnostic Standards of Agriculture Quarantine, East Jakarta 13220, Indonesia;
| | - Michael Philipp Reichel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | | | - Muhammad Satryo Wicaksono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
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