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Pageaut H, Lacouture S, Lehoux M, Marois-Créhan C, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Interactions of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and/or Mycoplasma hyorhinis with Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Using In Vitro Co-Infection Models with Swine Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:866. [PMID: 37513713 PMCID: PMC10383509 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and/or viral co-infections are very common in swine production and cause severe economic losses. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Streptococcus suis are pathogenic bacteria that may be found simultaneously in the respiratory tracts of pigs. In the present study, the interactions of S. suis with epithelial and phagocytic cells in the presence or absence of a pre-infection with M. hyopneumoniae and/or M. hyorhinis were studied. Results showed relatively limited interactions between these pathogens. A previous infection with one or both mycoplasmas did not influence the adhesion or invasion properties of S. suis in epithelial cells or its resistance to phagocytosis (including intracellular survival) by macrophages and dendritic cells. The most important effect observed during the co-infection was a clear increment in toxicity for the cells. An increase in the relative expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and CXCL8 was also observed; however, this was the consequence of an additive effect due to the presence of different pathogens rather than a synergic effect. It may be hypothesized that if one or both mycoplasmas are present along with S. suis in the lower respiratory tract at the same time, then increased damage to epithelial cells and phagocytes, as well as an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, may eventually enhance the invasive properties of S. suis. However, more studies should be carried out to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Pageaut
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lehoux
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Corinne Marois-Créhan
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22 440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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2
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Vereecke N, Zwickl S, Gumbert S, Graaf A, Harder T, Ritzmann M, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Theuns S, Stadler J. Viral and Bacterial Profiles in Endemic Influenza A Virus Infected Swine Herds Using Nanopore Metagenomic Sequencing on Tracheobronchial Swabs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0009823. [PMID: 36853049 PMCID: PMC10100764 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00098-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) plays an important role in porcine respiratory infections. In addition to its ability to cause severe disease by itself, it is important in the multietiological porcine respiratory disease complex. Still, to date, no comprehensive diagnostics with which to study polymicrobial infections in detail have been offered. Hence, veterinary practitioners rely on monospecific and costly diagnostics, such as Reverse Transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), antigen detection, and serology. This prevents the proper understanding of the entire disease context, thereby hampering effective preventive and therapeutic actions. A new, nanopore-based, metagenomic diagnostic platform was applied to study viral and bacterial profiles across 4 age groups on 25 endemic swIAV-infected German farms with respiratory distress in the nursery. Farms were screened for swIAV using RT-qPCR on nasal and tracheobronchial swabs (TBS). TBS samples were pooled per age, prior to metagenomic characterization. The resulting data showed a correlation between the swIAV loads and the normalized reads, supporting a (semi-)quantitative interpretation of the metagenomic data. Interestingly, an in-depth characterization using beta diversity and PERMANOVA analyses allowed for the observation of an age-dependent interplay of known microbial agents. Also, lesser-known microbes, such as porcine polyoma, parainfluenza, and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis viruses, were observed. Analyses of swIAV incidence and clinical signs showed differing microbial communities, highlighting age-specific observations of various microbes in porcine respiratory disease. In conclusion, nanopore metagenomics were shown to enable a panoramic view on viral and bacterial profiles as well as putative pathogen dynamics in endemic swIAV-infected herds. The results also highlighted the need for better insights into lesser studied agents that are potentially associated with porcine respiratory disease. IMPORTANCE To date, no comprehensive diagnostics for the study of polymicrobial infections that are associated with porcine respiratory disease have been offered. This precludes the proper understanding of the entire disease landscape, thereby hampering effective preventive and therapeutic actions. Compared to the often-costly diagnostic procedures that are applied for the diagnostics of porcine respiratory disease nowadays, a third-generation nanopore sequencing diagnostics workflow presents a cost-efficient and informative tool. This approach offers a panoramic view of microbial agents and contributes to the in-depth observation and characterization of viral and bacterial profiles within the respiratory disease context. While these data allow for the study of age-associated, swIAV-associated, and clinical symptom-associated observations, it also suggests that more effort should be put toward the investigation of coinfections and lesser-known pathogens (e.g., PHEV and PPIV), along with their potential roles in porcine respiratory disease. Overall, this approach will allow veterinary practitioners to tailor treatment and/or management changes on farms in a quicker, more complete, and cost-efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Sophia Zwickl
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Gumbert
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
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3
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Rodríguez F, Rosales RS, Ramírez AS, Poveda JB. Vaccination Upregulates Th1 Cytokines in the Lung of Pigs Experimentally Infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030520. [PMID: 36766408 PMCID: PMC9913433 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhy) is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia, characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates in intensive swine production systems. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the protection of an inactivated whole cell vaccine, we investigated the immunohistochemical differences in the cytokine expression in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs experimentally infected with Mhy. Four-week-old Mhy-negative pigs (n = 24) were allocated to negative control (n = 8), or one of two Mhy-infected groups: vaccinated (n = 8) and non-vaccinated (n = 8). Infection was carried out by a combination of trans-tracheal and aerosol route. Lung samples were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies, by using antibodies against Mhy, IL1-α, IL1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, Il-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD-4 lymphocytes. Although all cytokines increased in both infected groups, IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ were significantly overexpressed in vaccinated pigs. These findings, in conjunction with the decrease of macroscopic and histological lesions in vaccinated animals, indicate the importance to enhance Th1 response in the immunization strategies to control Mhy infection.
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Liu B, Chang X, Yan N. Clinical analysis of the epidemiology and changes in inflammatory indexes of Mycoplasma pneumonia in acute and recovery stage pediatric patients. Transl Pediatr 2022; 11:1645-1655. [PMID: 36345443 PMCID: PMC9636459 DOI: 10.21037/tp-22-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is on the rise in children and adolescents, this work explored the clinical analysis of epidemiological and inflammatory changes in children with MPP during the acute and convalescent phases, and analyzed their relationship with clinical manifestations. METHODS One hundred and twenty MP patients (experimental group) and 100 healthy children (control group) were selected as the research objects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the changes in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and procalcitonin (PCT). RESULTS The proportion of children aged 3-7 years was significantly higher than that of other age groups (0-1, 1-3, and 7-14 years old) (P<0.05). The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and PCT in children with MP were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Changes in pulmonary fibrosis and serum and pleural fluid TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and PCT concentrations on chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) in children with MP with pleural effusion significantly higher than that in children without pulmonary fibrosis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS MPP was more common in children aged 3-7 years. In addition, the changes of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and PCT in serum and pleural effusion of children with MP were of great value for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xu Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ningsheng Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Silva APSP, Storino GY, Ferreyra FSM, Zhang M, Fano E, Polson D, Wang C, Derscheid RJ, Zimmerman JJ, Clavijo MJ, Arruda BL. Cough associated with the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA in clinical and environmental specimens under controlled conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:6. [PMID: 35078535 PMCID: PMC8788120 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of cough with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP) DNA detection in specimens was evaluated under conditions in which the MHP status of inoculated and contact-infected pen mates was closely monitored for 59 days post-inoculation (DPI).
Methods Seven-week-old pigs (n = 39) were allocated to five rooms (with one pen). Rooms contained 9 pigs each, with 1, 3, 6, or 9 MHP-inoculated pigs, respectively, except Room 5 (three sham-inoculated pigs). Cough data (2 × week) and specimens, tracheal swabs (2 × week), oral fluids (daily), drinker wipes (~ 1 × week), and air samples (3 × week) were collected. At 59 DPI, pigs were euthanized, and lung and trachea were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions. Predictive cough value to MHP DNA detection in drinker and oral fluid samples were estimated using mixed logistic regression. Results Following inoculation, MHP DNA was first detected in tracheal swabs from inoculated pigs (DPI 3), then oral fluids (DPI 8), air samples (DPI 10), and drinker wipes (21 DPI). MHP DNA was detected in oral fluids in 17 of 59 (Room 1) to 43 of 59 (Room 3) samples, drinker wipes in 4 of 8 (Rooms 2 and 3) to 5 of 8 (Rooms 1 and 4) samples, and air samples in 5 of 26 (Room 2) or 3 of 26 (Room 4) samples. Logistic regression showed that the frequency of coughing pigs in a pen was associated with the probability of MHP DNA detection in oral fluids (P < 0.01) and nearly associated with drinker wipes (P = 0.08). Pathology data revealed an association between the period when infection was first detected and the severity of gross lung lesions. Conclusions Dry, non-productive coughs suggest the presence of MHP, but laboratory testing and MHP DNA detection is required for confirmation. Based on the data from this study, oral fluids and drinker wipes may provide a convenient alternative for MHP DNA detection at the pen level when cough is present. This information may help practitioners in specimen selection for MHP surveillance.
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Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that impacts the swine industry worldwide. Pathogen-induced damage, as well as the elicited host-response, contribute to disease. Here, we provide an overview of EP epidemiology, control and prevention, and a more in-depth review of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants, highlighting some molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions relevant for pathogenesis. Based on recent functional, immunological, and comparative “omics” results, we discuss the roles of many known or putative M. hyopneumoniae virulence factors, along with host molecules involved in EP. Moreover, the known molecular bases of pathogenicity mechanisms, including M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to host respiratory epithelium, protein secretion, cell damage, host microbicidal response and its modulation, and maintenance of M. hyopneumoniae homeostasis during infection are described. Recent findings regarding M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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7
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Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tang X, Wang X, Liu W, Qian Y, Zhu Y, Chen H, Tan C. Attenuation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Strain ES-2 and Comparative Genomic Analysis of ES-2 and Its Attenuated Form ES-2L. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:696262. [PMID: 34235206 PMCID: PMC8255604 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.696262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes swine respiratory disease worldwide. Due to the difficulty of isolating and cultivating M. hyopneumoniae, very few attenuated strains have been successfully isolated, which hampers the development of attenuated vaccines. In order to produce an attenuated M. hyopneumoniae strain, we used the highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain ES-2, which was serially passaged in vitro 200 times to produce the attenuated strain ES-2L, and its virulence was evidenced to be low in an animal experiment. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying virulence attenuation, we performed whole-genome sequencing of both strains and conducted comparative genomic analyses of strain ES-2 and its attenuated form ES-2L. Strain ES-2L showed three large fragment deletion regions including a total of 18 deleted genes, compared with strain ES-2. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels indicated that 22 dels were located in 19 predicted coding sequences. In addition to these indels, 348 single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) were identified between strains ES-2L and ES-2. These SNVs mapped to 99 genes where they appeared to induce amino acid substitutions and translation stops. The deleted genes and SNVs may be associated with decreased virulence of strain ES-2L. Our work provides a foundation for further examining virulence factors of M. hyopneumoniae and for the development of attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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8
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Turni C, Meers J, Parke K, Singh R, Yee S, Templeton J, Mone NK, Blackall PJ, Barnes TS. Pathogens associated with pleuritic pig lungs at an abattoir in Queensland Australia. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:163-171. [PMID: 33751558 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pleurisy in pigs has economic impacts in the production stage and at slaughter. This study sought to establish if some micro-organisms can be found in high numbers in lungs with pleurisy by assessing batches of pigs at an abattoir in Queensland Australia. DESIGN Samples of lung (including trachea/bronchus and lymph nodes) from a maximum of 5 pleurisy affected pigs were collected from 46 batches of pigs representing 46 Queensland farms. PROCEDURE Pleurisy-affected lung areas were cultured by traditional bacteriological methods and bacteria quantified by plate scores. Additionally, tracheal or bronchial swabs and apical lobe fluid were tested for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA and the superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes were tested for porcine circovirus type 2 DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All apparently significant bacteria were identified via PCR or sequencing. Typing was undertaken on some of the bacterial isolates. RESULTS The most prevalent pathogens were M. hyopneumoniae, Streptococcus suis and Porcine Circovirus type 2, being found in 34, 38 and 31 batches, respectively. Other bacteria found were Actinobacillus species (29 batches), Pasteurella multocida (24 batches), Mycoplasma flocculare (9 batches), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (7 batches), Mycoplasma hyorhinis (4 batches), Bisgaard Taxon 10 (1 batch), Glaesserella parasuis (1 batch), Streptococcus minor (1 batch) and Streptococcus porcinus (1 batch). Most batches had more than one bacterial species. CONCLUSION The high percentage of batches infected with S. suis (83%), M. hyopneumoniae (74%) and PCV2 (70%) and clustering by a batch of these pathogens, as well as the presence of many secondary pathogens, suggests synergy between these organisms may have resulted in pleurisy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - J Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - K Parke
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - R Singh
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - S Yee
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - J Templeton
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - N K Mone
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - P J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - T S Barnes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
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9
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Santos Junior MN, de Macêdo Neres NS, Campos GB, Bastos BL, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. A Review of Ureaplasma diversum: A Representative of the Mollicute Class Associated With Reproductive and Respiratory Disorders in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:572171. [PMID: 33681318 PMCID: PMC7930009 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.572171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mollicutes class encompasses wall-less microbes with a reduced genome. They may infect plants, insects, humans, and animals including those on farms and in livestock. Ureaplasma diversum is a mollicute associated with decreased reproduction mainly in the conception rate in cattle, as well as weight loss and decreased quality in milk production. Therefore, U. diversum infection contributes to important economic losses, mainly in large cattle-producing countries such as the United States, China, Brazil, and India. The characteristics of Mollicutes, virulence, and pathogenic variations make it difficult to control their infections. Genomic analysis, prevalence studies, and immunomodulation assays help better understand the pathogenesis of bovine ureaplasma. Here we present the main features of transmission, virulence, immune response, and pathogenesis of U. diversum in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Neres Santos Junior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Nayara Silva de Macêdo Neres
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lopes Bastos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Bünger M, Brunthaler R, Unterweger C, Loncaric I, Dippel M, Ruczizka U, Schwarz L, Griessler A, Voglmayr T, Verhovsek D, Ladinig A, Spergser J. Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a possible cause of fibrinopurulent meningitis in pigs? - a case series. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:38. [PMID: 33292668 PMCID: PMC7713030 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyorhinis is an invader of the upper respiratory tract in swine that is considered to have ubiquitous distribution. It is mainly known for causing polyserositis and polyarthritis in weaned piglets, even though the mechanisms of systemic spread are not fully understood. Mycoplasma hyorhinis has also been associated with other diseases in pigs such as pneumonia or otitis media, but so far has not been known to cause central nervous disorders. This case series reports the isolation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis from cerebrospinal fluid and/ or meningeal swabs from piglets originating from four different piglet producing farms in Austria. Case presentation On farm 1, coughing, stiff movement and central nervous signs occurred in nursery piglets. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was the only pathogen isolated from meningeal swabs from two piglets showing central nervous signs. Fibrinopurulent leptomeningitis was only observed in one piglet. Only one of two nursery piglets from farm 2 showed mild central nervous signs but no histologic lesions; Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of the piglet with neurologic signs. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of all three investigated piglets from farm 3, all of which showed central nervous signs and purulent leptomeningitis. Further, Streptococcus suis was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of one piglet. Fibrinopurulent leptomeningitis was detected in two piglets from farm 4 that had died overnight without showing any clinical signs and Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from meningeal swabs from both piglets. Conclusion While causality has yet to be proven by experimental infection and in situ detection of the pathogen in histologic sections, the findings of this study and the absence of other pathogens suggest Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a potential causative agent of meningitis in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bünger
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ursula Ruczizka
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Schwarz
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Voglmayr
- Traunkreis Vet Clinic, Ried im Traunkreis, Traunkreis, Austria
| | - Doris Verhovsek
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,VetFarm Medau, Vetmeduni Vienna, Berndorf, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Li G, Obeng E, Shu J, Shu J, Chen J, Wu Y, He Y. Genomic Variability and Post-translational Protein Processing Enhance the Immune Evasion of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Its Interaction With the Porcine Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:510943. [PMID: 33117335 PMCID: PMC7575705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.510943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae, Mhp) is a geographically widespread and economically devastating pathogen that colonizes ciliated epithelium; the infection of Mhp can damnify the mucociliary functions as well as leading to Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS). MPS is a chronic respiratory infectious disease with high infectivity, and the mortality can be increased by secondary infections as the host immunity gets down-regulated during Mhp infection. The host immune responses are regarded as the main driving force for the disease development, while MPS is prone to attack repeatedly in farms even with vaccination or other treatments. As one of the smallest microorganisms with limited genome scale and metabolic pathways, Mhp can use several mechanisms to achieve immune evasion effect and derive enough nutrients from its host, indicating that there is a strong interaction between Mhp and porcine organism. In this review, we summarized the immune evasion mechanisms from genomic variability and post-translational protein processing. Besides, Mhp can induce the immune cells apoptosis by reactive oxygen species production, excessive nitric oxide (NO) release and caspase activation, and stimulate the release of cytokines to regulate inflammation. This article seeks to provide some new points to reveal the complicated interaction between the pathogen and host immune system with Mhp as a typical example, further providing some new strategies for the vaccine development against Mhp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojian Li
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enoch Obeng
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinqi Shu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Hom-Sun Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Persistence in Livestock Mycoplasmas—a Key Role in Infection and Pathogenesis. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Mycoplasma, economically important pathogens in livestock, often establishes immunologically complex persistent infections that drive their pathogenesis and complicate prophylaxis and therapy of the caused diseases. In this review, we summarize some of the recent findings concerning cellular and molecular persistence mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of mycoplasma infections in livestock.
Recent Findings
Data from recent studies prove several mechanisms including intracellular lifestyle, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity as well as microcolony and biofilm formation and apoptosis of different host cell types as important persistence mechanisms in several clinically significant Mycoplasma species, i.e., M. bovis, M. gallisepticum, M. hyopneumoniae, and M. suis.
Summary
Evasion of the immune system and the establishment of persistent infections are key features in the pathogenesis of livestock mycoplasmas. In-depth knowledge of the underlying mechanisms will provide the basis for the development of therapy and prophylaxis strategies against mycoplasma infections.
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13
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Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract. Vet Res 2020; 51:80. [PMID: 32546263 PMCID: PMC7296899 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understudied, coinfections are more frequent in pig farms than single infections. In pigs, the term “Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex” (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Porcine CircoVirus type 2 (PCV2) as well as bacteria like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The clinical outcome of the various coinfection or superinfection situations is usually assessed in the studies while in most of cases there is no clear elucidation of the fine mechanisms shaping the complex interactions occurring between microorganisms. In this comprehensive review, we aimed at identifying the studies dealing with coinfections or superinfections in the pig respiratory tract and at presenting the interactions between pathogens and, when possible, the mechanisms controlling them. Coinfections and superinfections involving viruses and bacteria were considered while research articles including protozoan and fungi were excluded. We discuss the main limitations complicating the interpretation of coinfection/superinfection studies, and the high potential perspectives in this fascinating research field, which is expecting to gain more and more interest in the next years for the obvious benefit of animal health.
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14
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Almeida HMS, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Sonálio K, Ferraz MES, Storino GY, Barbosa FO, Maes D, Montassier HJ, de Oliveira LG. Cytokine expression and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae burden in the development of lung lesions in experimentally inoculated pigs. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108647. [PMID: 32402328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess immunopathological factors and M. hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) load in macroscopic lesion formation at four timepoints after experimental infection of swine. To do this, 24 M. hyo-free pigs were divided into two groups: non-inoculated control (n = 8) and inoculated (n = 16). At day 0 post-infection (dpi), animals of infected group were intratracheally inoculated with 5 mL of lung inoculum containing 107 CCU (Color Changing Units) ∕mL of M. hyo strain 232, while control group was mock infected with 5 mL of sterilized Friis medium. At 14, 28, 42 and 56 dpi, four animals from the infected group and two from the control group were euthanized and necropsied. The extent of macroscopic lung lobe lesions was visually assessed, scored and lesion samples (qPCR, histopathology and gene expression) were collected. The macroscopic lesion score and estimated M. hyo load (in copies/μL) at the different timepoints were: 14 dpi: 18.5 %-1.55 × 103 copies∕μL; 28dpi: 15.8 %-8.4 × 103 copies∕μL; 42 dpi: 7.0 %-3.2 × 104 copies∕μL and 56 dpi: 6.3 %-1.11 × 105 copies∕μL; Significant and positive correlations between macroscopic lung lesion and the pathogen load were found (coefficient range: 0.77-0.99). The cytokine's IL-6 (0.73) and INF-γ (-0.69) gene expression were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated to macroscopic lung lesion score while IL-8, TNF- α, IL-1α and IL-1β were associated to other pathological effects such as losses in average daily weight gain and microscopic lesion score. The results provide a better understanding about the pathogenicity of M. hyo strain 232 and the host-pathogen interactions, which may be helpful for the development of new treatments or control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique M S Almeida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina L Mechler-Dreibi
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Sonálio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia S Ferraz
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Y Storino
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Barbosa
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hélio J Montassier
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis G de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Machado LDPN, Paes JA, Souza Dos Santos P, Ferreira HB. Evidences of differential endoproteolytic processing on the surfaces of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare. Microb Pathog 2020; 140:103958. [PMID: 31899326 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare are genetic similar bacteria that colonize the swine respiratory tract. However, while M. hyopneumoniae is a pathogen that causes porcine enzootic pneumonia, M. flocculare is a commensal. Adhesion to the respiratory epithelium is mediated by surface-displayed adhesins, and at least some M. hyopneumoniae adhesins are post-translational proteolytically processed, producing differential proteoforms with differential adhesion properties. Based on LC-MS/MS data, we assessed differential proteolytic processing among orthologs of the five most abundant adhesins (p97 and p216) or adhesion-related surface proteins (DnaK, p46, and ABC transporter xylose-binding lipoprotein) from M. hyopneumoniae strains 7448 (pathogenic) and J (non-pathogenic), and M. flocculare. Both surface and cytoplasmic non-tryptic cleavage events were mapped and compared, and antigenicity predictions were performed for the resulting proteoforms. It was demonstrated that not only bona fide adhesins, but also adhesion-related proteins undergo proteolytical processing. Moreover, most of the detected cleavage events were differential among M. hyopneumoniae strains and M. flocculare, and also between cell surface and cytoplasm. Overall, our data provided evidences of a complex scenario of multiple antigenic proteoforms of adhesion-related proteins, that is differential among M. hyopneumoniae strains and M. flocculare, altering the surface architecture and likely contributing to virulence and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Del Prá Netto Machado
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Priscila Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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16
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Ni L, Song C, Wu X, Zhao X, Wang X, Li B, Gan Y. RNA-seq transcriptome profiling of porcine lung from two pig breeds in response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7900. [PMID: 31656701 PMCID: PMC6812673 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is the main pathogen causing respiratory disease in the swine industry. Mhp infection rates differ across pig breeds, with Chinese native pig breeds that exhibit high fecundity (e.g., Jiangquhai, Meishan, Erhualian) more sensitive than Duroc, Landrace, and other imported pig breeds. However, the genetic basis of the immune response to Mhp infection in different pig breeds is largely unknown. Aims The aims of this study were to determine the relative Mhp susceptibility of the Chinese native Jiangquhai breed compared to the Duroc breed, and identify molecular mechanisms of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using an RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) approach. Methods Jiangquhai and Duroc pigs were artificially infected with the same Mhp dose. The entire experiment lasted 28 days. Daily weight gain, Mhp-specific antibody levels, and lung lesion scores were measured to evaluate the Mhp infection susceptibility of different breeds. Experimental pigs were slaughtered on the 28th day. Lung tissues were collected for total RNA extraction. RNA-seq was performed to identify DEGs, which were enriched by gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia annotation of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. DEGs were validated with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results Infection with the same Mhp dose produced a more serious condition in Jiangquhai pigs than in Duroc pigs. Jiangquhai pigs showed poorer growth, higher Mhp antibody levels, and more serious lung lesions compared with Duroc pigs. RNA-seq identified 2,250 and 3,526 DEGs in lung tissue from Jiangquhai and Duroc pigs, respectively. The two breeds shared 1,669 DEGs, which were involved in immune-relevant pathways including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and chemokine signaling pathway. Compared to Jiangquhai pigs, more chemokines, interferon response factors, and interleukins were specifically activated in Duroc pigs; CXCL10, CCL4, IL6 and IFNG genes were significantly up-regulated, which may help Duroc pigs enhance immune response and reduce Mhp susceptibility. Conclusion This study demonstrated differential immune-related DEGs in lung tissue from the two breeds, and revealed an important role of genetics in the immune response to Mhp infection. The biological functions of these important DEGs should be further confirmed and maybe applied as molecular markers that improve pig health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyi Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuting Zhao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bichun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Genomic polymorphism of Mycoplasma flocculare revealed by a newly developed multilocus sequence typing scheme. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108422. [PMID: 31585641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma flocculare is genetically closely related to M. hyopneumoniae, the etiologic agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, and is frequently isolated with this second species. In this article, we report on the development of the first multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for M. flocculare, based on three genes (adk, rpoB and tpiA). In total, 5022 bp of sequence were analyzed. MLST was used to characterize seven M. flocculare isolates and the reference strain. Eight distinct sequence types were defined, showing the great intraspecies variability of M. flocculare, and the high discriminatory power of the new typing method. The relative contribution of recombinations to the genomic evolution of M. flocculare was revealed by calculating the index of association (IA: 0.0185). This MLST scheme is now available for the acquisition of new knowledge on M. flocculare epidemiology via an online database comprising the DNA sequences of each allele, available at http://pubmlst.org/mflocculare/.
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