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Malik M, Chiers K, Theuns S, Vereecke N, Chantziaras I, Croubels S, Maes D. Porcine ear necrosis: characterization of lesions and associated pathogens. Vet Res 2023; 54:85. [PMID: 37773143 PMCID: PMC10543831 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine ear necrosis (PEN) is characterized by ulcerative lesions of the ear auricle. To investigate that problem, three farms with PEN in nursery pigs were included, and the study aim was to characterize PEN and the potential role of pathogens and mycotoxins. Within each farm, one batch of weaned piglets was included and the prevalence and severity of PEN were monitored for 6-7 weeks. Within each batch, 30 PEN-affected/non-affected animals were randomly selected. Blood samples were taken from these animals, to assess the systemic presence of pathogens and mycotoxins, as well as punch biopsies from the ear auricle for histopathological examination. From 10 animals, scrapings and swabs from the lesions were subjected to nanopore metagenomic sequencing and bacteriological cultivation, respectively. In all three farms, lesions appeared within 3-4 weeks post-weaning. The prevalence at the end of the nursery was 33%, 24%, and 46% for farms A, B, and C, respectively. Most affected pigs had mild to moderate lesions. Blood samples revealed low to very low levels of pathogens and mycotoxins. Different bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Mycoplasma, and Clostridium species were identified by sequencing in the scrapings. The first two pathogens were also most often identified in bacterial cultures. Mycoplasma hyopharyngis was only found in PEN-affected pigs. Histopathological changes were primarily observed in the outer layer of the epidermis. The results suggest that PEN lesions develop by damage to the outer part of the skin e.g. by ear suckling or biting, followed by multiplication of opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Malik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Parys A, Vereecke N, Vandoorn E, Theuns S, Van Reeth K. Surveillance and Genomic Characterization of Influenza A and D Viruses in Swine, Belgium and the Netherlands, 2019-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1459-1464. [PMID: 37347825 PMCID: PMC10310360 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.221499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2019-2021, we isolated 62 swine influenza A viruses in Belgium and the Netherlands. We also detected influenza D in pigs in the Netherlands. The ever-changing diversity of influenza viruses and the identification of influenza D emphasize the need for more virus surveillance.
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Vereecke N, Vandekerckhove A, Theuns S, Haesebrouck F, Boyen F. Whole genome sequencing to study antimicrobial resistance and RTX virulence genes in equine Actinobacillus isolates. Vet Res 2023; 54:33. [PMID: 37020296 PMCID: PMC10074821 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus equuli is mostly associated with disease in horses and is most widely known as the causative agent of sleepy foal disease. Even though existing phenotypic tools such as biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can be used to identify members of the Actinobacillus genus, these methods struggle to differentiate between certain species and do not allow strain, virulence, and antimicrobial susceptibility typing. Hence, we performed in-depth analysis of 24 equine Actinobacillus isolates using phenotypic identification and susceptibility testing on the one hand, and long-read nanopore whole genome sequencing on the other hand. This allowed to address strain divergence down to the whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level. While lowest resolution was observed for 16S rRNA gene classification, a new multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme allowed proper classification up to the species level. Nevertheless, a SNP-level analysis was required to distinguish A. equuli subspecies equuli and haemolyticus. Our data provided first WGS data on Actinobacillus genomospecies 1, Actinobacillus genomospecies 2, and A. arthritidis, which allowed the identification of a new Actinobacillus genomospecies 1 field isolate. Also, in-depth characterization of RTX virulence genes provided information on the distribution, completeness, and potential complementary nature of the RTX gene operons within the Actinobacillus genus. Even though overall low prevalence of acquired resistance was observed, two plasmids were identified conferring resistance to penicillin-ampicillin-amoxicillin and chloramphenicol in one A. equuli strain. In conclusion our data delivered new insights in the use of long-read WGS in high resolution identification, virulence gene typing, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of equine Actinobacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium.
| | - Arlette Vandekerckhove
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Belhout C, Boyen F, Vereecke N, Theuns S, Taibi N, Stegger M, de la Fé-Rodríguez PY, Bouayad L, Elgroud R, Butaye P. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) and Mammaliicocci (MRM) in Dromedary Camels from Algeria: First Detection of SCC mec- mecC Hybrid in Methicillin-Resistant Mammaliicoccus lentus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:674. [PMID: 37107036 PMCID: PMC10134997 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels are an important source of food and income in many countries. However, it has been largely overlooked that they can also transmit antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the Staphylococcaceae bacteria composition of the nasal flora in dromedary camels and evaluate the presence of methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus (MRM) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) in dromedary camels in Algeria. Nasal swabs were collected from 46 camels from seven farms located in two different regions of Algeria (M'sila and Ouargla). We used non-selective media to determine the nasal flora, and antibiotic-supplemented media to isolate MRS and MRM. The staphylococcal isolates were identified using an Autoflex Biotyper Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS). The mecA and mecC genes were detected by PCR. Methicillin-resistant strains were further analysed by long-read whole genome sequencing (WGS). Thirteen known Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species were identified in the nasal flora, of which half (49.2%) were coagulase-positive staphylococci. The results showed that four out of seven farms were positive for MRS and/or MRM, with a total of 16 isolates from 13 dromedary camels. The predominant species were M. lentus, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. Three methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were found to be ST6 and spa type t304. Among methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), ST61 was the predominant ST identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed clonal relatedness among M. lentus strains, while S. epidermidis strains were not closely related. Resistance genes were detected, including mecA, mecC, ermB, tet(K), and blaZ. An SCCmec type VIII element was found in a methicillin-resistant S. hominis (MRSH) belonging to the ST1 strain. An SCCmec-mecC hybrid element was detected in M. lentus, similar to what was previously detected in M. sciuri. This study highlights that dromedary camels may be a reservoir for MRS and MRM, and that they contain a specific set of SCCmec elements. This emphasizes the need for further research in this ecological niche from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Belhout
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nadia Taibi
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail, Tipaza 42415, Algeria
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Yoelvys de la Fé-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5½, Santa Clara 54 830, Cuba
| | - Leila Bouayad
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Rachid Elgroud
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Vereecke N, Zwickl S, Gumbert S, Graaf A, Harder T, Ritzmann M, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Theuns S, Stadler J. Viral and Bacterial Profiles in Endemic Influenza A Virus Infected Swine Herds Using Nanopore Metagenomic Sequencing on Tracheobronchial Swabs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0009823. [PMID: 36853049 PMCID: PMC10100764 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00098-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) plays an important role in porcine respiratory infections. In addition to its ability to cause severe disease by itself, it is important in the multietiological porcine respiratory disease complex. Still, to date, no comprehensive diagnostics with which to study polymicrobial infections in detail have been offered. Hence, veterinary practitioners rely on monospecific and costly diagnostics, such as Reverse Transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), antigen detection, and serology. This prevents the proper understanding of the entire disease context, thereby hampering effective preventive and therapeutic actions. A new, nanopore-based, metagenomic diagnostic platform was applied to study viral and bacterial profiles across 4 age groups on 25 endemic swIAV-infected German farms with respiratory distress in the nursery. Farms were screened for swIAV using RT-qPCR on nasal and tracheobronchial swabs (TBS). TBS samples were pooled per age, prior to metagenomic characterization. The resulting data showed a correlation between the swIAV loads and the normalized reads, supporting a (semi-)quantitative interpretation of the metagenomic data. Interestingly, an in-depth characterization using beta diversity and PERMANOVA analyses allowed for the observation of an age-dependent interplay of known microbial agents. Also, lesser-known microbes, such as porcine polyoma, parainfluenza, and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis viruses, were observed. Analyses of swIAV incidence and clinical signs showed differing microbial communities, highlighting age-specific observations of various microbes in porcine respiratory disease. In conclusion, nanopore metagenomics were shown to enable a panoramic view on viral and bacterial profiles as well as putative pathogen dynamics in endemic swIAV-infected herds. The results also highlighted the need for better insights into lesser studied agents that are potentially associated with porcine respiratory disease. IMPORTANCE To date, no comprehensive diagnostics for the study of polymicrobial infections that are associated with porcine respiratory disease have been offered. This precludes the proper understanding of the entire disease landscape, thereby hampering effective preventive and therapeutic actions. Compared to the often-costly diagnostic procedures that are applied for the diagnostics of porcine respiratory disease nowadays, a third-generation nanopore sequencing diagnostics workflow presents a cost-efficient and informative tool. This approach offers a panoramic view of microbial agents and contributes to the in-depth observation and characterization of viral and bacterial profiles within the respiratory disease context. While these data allow for the study of age-associated, swIAV-associated, and clinical symptom-associated observations, it also suggests that more effort should be put toward the investigation of coinfections and lesser-known pathogens (e.g., PHEV and PPIV), along with their potential roles in porcine respiratory disease. Overall, this approach will allow veterinary practitioners to tailor treatment and/or management changes on farms in a quicker, more complete, and cost-efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Sophia Zwickl
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Gumbert
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
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Vereecke N, Woźniak A, Pauwels M, Coppens S, Nauwynck H, Cybulski P, Theuns S, Stadejek T. Successful Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing of Swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV) Directly from Oral Fluids Collected in Polish Pig Herds. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020435. [PMID: 36851649 PMCID: PMC9962634 DOI: 10.3390/v15020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus and a common cause of seasonal flu in humans. Its genome comprises eight RNA segments that facilitate reassortment, resulting in a great variety of IAV strains. To study these processes, the genetic code of each segment should be unraveled. Fortunately, new third-generation sequencing approaches allow for cost-efficient sequencing of IAV segments. Sequencing success depends on various factors, including proper sample storage and processing. Hence, this work focused on the effect of storage of oral fluids and swIAV sequencing. Oral fluids (n = 13) from 2017 were stored at -22 °C and later transferred to -80 °C. Other samples (n = 21) were immediately stored at -80 °C. A reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) pre- and post-storage was conducted to assess IAV viral loads. Next, samples were subjected to two IAV long-read nanopore sequencing methods to evaluate success in this complex matrix. A significant storage-associated loss of swIAV loads was observed. Still, a total of 17 complete and 6 near-complete Polish swIAV genomes were obtained. Genotype T, (H1avN2, seven herds), P (H1N1pdm09, two herds), U (H1avN1, three herds), and A (H1avN1, 1 herd) were circulated on Polish farms. In conclusion, oral fluids can be used for long-read swIAV sequencing when considering appropriate storage and segment amplification protocols, which allows us to monitor swIAV in an animal-friendly and cost-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (A.W.); (T.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (A.W.); (T.S.)
| | | | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, 2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - Piotr Cybulski
- Goodvalley Agro S.A., Dworcowa 25, 77-320 Przechlewo, Poland
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, 2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (A.W.); (T.S.)
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Vereecke N, Van Hoorde S, Sperling D, Theuns S, Devriendt B, Cox E. Virotyping and genetic antimicrobial susceptibility testing of porcine ETEC/STEC strains and associated plasmid types. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139312. [PMID: 37143544 PMCID: PMC10151945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are the most common cause of secretory diarrhea in suckling and post-weaning piglets. For the latter, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) also cause edema disease. This pathogen leads to significant economic losses. ETEC/STEC strains can be distinguished from general E. coli by the presence of different host colonization factors (e.g., F4 and F18 fimbriae) and various toxins (e.g., LT, Stx2e, STa, STb, EAST-1). Increased resistance against a wide variety of antimicrobial drugs, such as paromomycin, trimethoprim, and tetracyclines, has been observed. Nowadays, diagnosing an ETEC/STEC infection requires culture-dependent antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and multiplex PCRs, which are costly and time-consuming. Methods Here, nanopore sequencing was used on 94 field isolates to assess the predictive power, using the meta R package to determine sensitivity and specificity and associated credibility intervals of genotypes associated with virulence and AMR. Results Genetic markers associated with resistance for amoxicillin (plasmid-encoded TEM genes), cephalosporins (ampC promoter mutations), colistin (mcr genes), aminoglycosides (aac(3) and aph(3) genes), florfenicol (floR), tetracyclines (tet genes), and trimethoprim-sulfa (dfrA genes) could explain most acquired resistance phenotypes. Most of the genes were plasmid-encoded, of which some collocated on a multi-resistance plasmid (12 genes against 4 antimicrobial classes). For fluoroquinolones, AMR was addressed by point mutations within the ParC and GyrA proteins and the qnrS1 gene. In addition, long-read data allowed to study the genetic landscape of virulence- and AMR-carrying plasmids, highlighting a complex interplay of multi-replicon plasmids with varying host ranges. Conclusion Our results showed promising sensitivity and specificity for the detection of all common virulence factors and most resistance genotypes. The use of the identified genetic hallmarks will contribute to the simultaneous identification, pathotyping, and genetic AST within a single diagnostic test. This will revolutionize future quicker and more cost-efficient (meta)genomics-driven diagnostics in veterinary medicine and contribute to epidemiological studies, monitoring, tailored vaccination, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Nick Vereecke,
| | - Sander Van Hoorde
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Khan AS, Theuns S, Mallet L, Cirefice G, Bhuller R, Goios A, Suri R, Neels P. IABS/DCVMN webinar on next generation sequencing. Biologicals 2022; 81:101662. [PMID: 36543633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a new technology that could overcome some of the limitations of the current viral testing methods for demonstrating the absence of adventitious agents in biologics. This report is for the webinar that was organized by the International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS) and the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN), held on July 20, 2022, as an introduction to the technical and bioinformatics concepts of NGS and to some of the strengths and limitations of using the technology for those working in vaccine production or development. The current state of scientific knowledge and readiness of NGS to replace or supplement the current viral tests was further discussed in the 3rd Conference on NGS for Adventitious Virus Detection in Biologics for Humans and Animals that was held in Rockville, Maryland, USA, on September 27-28, 2022. The application of NGS to supplement or replace current in vivo and in vitro assays in adventitious virus testing during vaccine production is promising; however, assay performance (sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility) needs to be demonstrated, which may include laboratory and bioinformatics work. Efforts from regulatory authorities, industry, and researchers are ongoing to facilitate validation and establishment of NGS as a new method for virus detection.
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Van Cleemput J, van Snippenberg W, Lambrechts L, Dendooven A, D'Onofrio V, Couck L, Trypsteen W, Vanrusselt J, Theuns S, Vereecke N, van den Bosch TPP, Lammens M, Driessen A, Achten R, Bracke KR, Van den Broeck W, Von der Thüsen J, Nauwynck H, Van Dorpe J, Gerlo S, Maes P, Cox J, Vandekerckhove L. Author Correction: Organ-specific genome diversity of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6247. [PMID: 36271014 PMCID: PMC9587251 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Van Cleemput
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Willem van Snippenberg
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Lambrechts
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,BioBix, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amélie Dendooven
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Valentino D'Onofrio
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Couck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Trypsteen
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Vanrusselt
- Department of Radiology, Jessa hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium.,Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium.,Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Martin Lammens
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ann Driessen
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ruth Achten
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Jessa hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ken R Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janneke Cox
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Ren X, Saleem W, Haes R, Xie J, Theuns S, Nauwynck HJ. Milk lactose protects against porcine group A rotavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:989242. [PMID: 36060735 PMCID: PMC9428151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.989242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is an important pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in animals and humans. Attachment to the host receptor is a crucial step for virus replication. The VP8* domain is the distal terminal region of the RVA spike protein VP4 (expressed by the P gene) and is important for rotavirus binding and infectivity. Recent studies have indicated a role for non-sialylated glycans, including mucin core 2 and histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), in the infectivity of human and animal group A rotaviruses. In the present study, we determined if porcine rotavirus-derived recombinant VP8* of the endemic strains 14R103 G5P[6], 13R054 G5P[7], 12R010 G4P[13], 12R046 G9P[23], and 12R022 G2P[27] interact with hitherto uncharacterized glycans. We successfully produced five recombinant GST-VP8* proteins of genotype P[6], P[7], P[13], P[23], and P[27]. The hemagglutination assay showed genotypes P[7] and P[23] hemagglutinate porcine and human red blood cells. In an array screen of > 300 glycans, recombinant VP8* of rotavirus genotype P[6], P[7], and P[13] showed specific binding to glycans with a Gal-β-1,4-Glc (β-lactose) motif, which forms the core structure of HBGAs. The specificity of glycan-binding was confirmed through an ELISA-based oligosaccharide binding assay. Further, 13R054 G5P[7] and 12R046 G9P[23] infectivity was significantly reduced by β-lactose in MA104 cells and primary porcine enterocytes. These data suggest that lactose, the main natural sugar in milk, plays an important role in protecting piglets from enteric viral replication and diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ren
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Xiaolei Ren,
| | - Waqar Saleem
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Robin Haes
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Vereecke N, Kvisgaard LK, Baele G, Boone C, Kunze M, Larsen LE, Theuns S, Nauwynck H. Molecular Epidemiology of Porcine Parvovirus Type 1 (PPV1) and the Reactivity of Vaccine-Induced Antisera Against Historical and Current PPV1 Strains. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac053. [PMID: 35815310 PMCID: PMC9252332 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Parvovirus Type 1 (PPV1) contributes to important losses in the swine industry worldwide. During a PPV1 infection, embryos and fetuses are targeted, resulting in stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI syndrome). Even though vaccination is common in gilts and sows, strains mainly belonging to the 27a-like group have been spreading in Europe since early 2000s, resulting in SMEDI problems and requiring in-depth studies into the molecular epidemiology and vaccination efficacy of commercial vaccines. Here, we show that PPV1 has evolved since 1855 [1737, 1933] at a rate of 4.71 × 10−5 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Extensive sequencing allowed evaluating and reassessing the current PPV1 VP1-based classifications, providing evidence for the existence of four relevant phylogenetic groups. While most European strains belong to the PPV1a (G1) or PPV1b (G2 or 27a-like) group, most Asian and American G2 strains and some European strains were divided into virulent PPV1c (e.g. NADL-8) and attenuated PPV1d (e.g. NADL-2) groups. The increase in the swine population, vaccination degree, and health management (vaccination and biosafety) influenced the spread of PPV1. The reactivity of anti-PPV1 antibodies from sows vaccinated with Porcilis© Parvo, Eryseng© Parvo, or ReproCyc© ParvoFLEX against different PPV1 field strains was the highest upon vaccination with ReproCyc© ParvoFLEX, followed by Eryseng© Parvo, and Porcilis© Parvo. Our findings contribute to the evaluation of the immunogenicity of existing vaccines and support the development of new vaccine candidates. Finally, the potential roles of cluster-specific hallmark amino acids in elevated pathogenicity and viral entry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV , Lier, Belgium
| | - Lise Kirstine Kvisgaard
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Boone
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marius Kunze
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH , Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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De Backer S, Haelters J, Theuns S, Van Brantegem L, Chiers K. Severe Parasitism in a Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Stranded in Belgium. J Comp Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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De Witte C, Vereecke N, Theuns S, De Ruyck C, Vercammen F, Bouts T, Boyen F, Nauwynck H, Haesebrouck F. Presence of Broad-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Zoo Mammals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040834. [PMID: 33919869 PMCID: PMC8070755 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum beta-lactamase (BSBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae impose public health threats. With increased popularity of zoos, exotic animals are brought in close proximity of humans, making them important BSBL reservoirs. However, not much is known on the presence of BSBLs in zoos in Western Europe. Fecal carriage of BSBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was investigated in 38 zoo mammals from two Belgian zoos. Presence of bla-genes was investigated using PCR, followed by whole-genome sequencing and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to cluster acquired resistance encoding genes and clonality of BSBL-producing isolates. Thirty-five putatively ceftiofur-resistant isolates were obtained from 52.6% of the zoo mammals. Most isolates were identified as E. coli (25/35), of which 64.0% showed multidrug resistance (MDR). Most frequently detected bla-genes were CTX-M-1 (17/25) and TEM-1 (4/25). Phylogenetic trees confirmed clustering of almost all E. coli isolates obtained from the same animal species. Clustering of five isolates from an Amur tiger, an Amur leopard, and a spectacled bear was observed in Zoo 1, as well as for five isolates from a spotted hyena and an African lion in Zoo 2. This might indicate clonal expansion of an E. coli strain in both zoos. In conclusion, MDR BSBL-producing bacteria were shown to be present in the fecal microbiota of zoo mammals in two zoos in Belgium. Further research is necessary to investigate if these bacteria pose zoonotic and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloë De Witte
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.R.); (F.B.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Department Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (N.V.); (S.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (N.V.); (S.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Claudia De Ruyck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.R.); (F.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Francis Vercammen
- Veterinarian/Zoo Health Management, Zoo Antwerpen, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium;
| | - Tim Bouts
- Veterinarian/Zoo Health Management, Pairi Daiza, 7940 Brugelette, Belgium;
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.R.); (F.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Department Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (N.V.); (S.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.R.); (F.B.); (F.H.)
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14
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Vereecke N, Bokma J, Haesebrouck F, Nauwynck H, Boyen F, Pardon B, Theuns S. High quality genome assemblies of Mycoplasma bovis using a taxon-specific Bonito basecaller for MinION and Flongle long-read nanopore sequencing. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:517. [PMID: 33176691 PMCID: PMC7661149 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implementation of Third-Generation Sequencing approaches for Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) all-in-one diagnostics in human and veterinary medicine, requires the rapid and accurate generation of consensus genomes. Over the last years, Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) released various new devices (e.g. the Flongle R9.4.1 flow cell) and bioinformatics tools (e.g. the in 2019-released Bonito basecaller), allowing cheap and user-friendly cost-efficient introduction in various NGS workflows. While single read, overall consensus accuracies, and completeness of genome sequences has been improved dramatically, further improvements are required when working with non-frequently sequenced organisms like Mycoplasma bovis. As an important primary respiratory pathogen in cattle, rapid M. bovis diagnostics is crucial to allow timely and targeted disease control and prevention. Current complete diagnostics (including identification, strain typing, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) detection) require combined culture-based and molecular approaches, of which the first can take 1-2 weeks. At present, cheap and quick long read all-in-one WGS approaches can only be implemented if increased accuracies and genome completeness can be obtained. RESULTS Here, a taxon-specific custom-trained Bonito v.0.1.3 basecalling model (custom-pg45) was implemented in various WGS assembly bioinformatics pipelines. Using MinION sequencing data, we showed improved consensus accuracies up to Q45.2 and Q46.7 for reference-based and Canu de novo assembled M. bovis genomes, respectively. Furthermore, the custom-pg45 model resulted in mean consensus accuracies of Q45.0 and genome completeness of 94.6% for nine M. bovis field strains. Improvements were also observed for the single-use Flongle sequencer (mean Q36.0 accuracies and 80.3% genome completeness). CONCLUSIONS These results implicate that taxon-specific basecalling of MinION and single-use Flongle Nanopore long reads are of great value to be implemented in rapid all-in-one WGS tools as evidenced for Mycoplasma bovis as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- PathoSense, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Jade Bokma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense, Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Bokma J, Vereecke N, De Bleecker K, Callens J, Ribbens S, Nauwynck H, Haesebrouck F, Theuns S, Boyen F, Pardon B. Phylogenomic analysis of Mycoplasma bovis from Belgian veal, dairy and beef herds. Vet Res 2020; 51:121. [PMID: 32967727 PMCID: PMC7510102 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
M. bovis is one of the leading causes of respiratory disease and antimicrobial use in cattle. The pathogen is widespread in different cattle industries worldwide, but highest prevalence is found in the veal industry. Knowledge on M. bovis strain distribution over the dairy, beef and veal industries is crucial for the design of effective control and prevention programs, but currently undocumented. Therefore, the present study evaluated the molecular epidemiology and genetic relatedness of M. bovis isolates obtained from Belgian beef, dairy and veal farms, and how these relate to M. bovis strains obtained worldwide. Full genomes of one hundred Belgian M. bovis isolates collected over a 5-year period (2014–2019), obtained from 27 dairy, 38 beef and 29 veal farms, were sequenced by long-read nanopore sequencing. Consensus sequences were used to generate a phylogenetic tree in order to associate genetic clusters with cattle sector, geographical area and year of isolation. The phylogenetic analysis of the Belgian M. bovis isolates resulted in 5 major clusters and 1 outlier. No sector-specific M. bovis clustering was identified. On a world scale, Belgian isolates clustered with Israeli, European and American strains. Different M. bovis clusters circulated for at least 1.5 consecutive years throughout the country, affecting all observed industries. Therefore, the high prevalence in the veal industry is more likely the consequence of frequent purchase from the dairy and beef industry, than that a reservoir of veal specific strains on farm would exist. These results emphasize the importance of biosecurity in M. bovis control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen De Bleecker
- DGZ (Animal Health Service-Flanders), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - Jozefien Callens
- DGZ (Animal Health Service-Flanders), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Ribbens
- DGZ (Animal Health Service-Flanders), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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16
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Khan AS, Blümel J, Deforce D, Gruber MF, Jungbäck C, Knezevic I, Mallet L, Mackay D, Matthijnssens J, O'Leary M, Theuns S, Victoria J, Neels P. Report of the second international conference on next generation sequencing for adventitious virus detection in biologics for humans and animals. Biologicals 2020; 67:94-111. [PMID: 32660862 PMCID: PMC7351673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The IABS-EU, in association with PROVAXS and Ghent University, hosted the "2nd Conference on Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) for Adventitious Virus Detection in Human and Veterinary Biologics" held on November 13th and 14th 2019, in Ghent, Belgium. The meeting brought together international experts from regulatory agencies, the biotherapeutics and biologics industries, contract research organizations, and academia, with the goal to develop a scientific consensus on the readiness of NGS for detecting adventitious viruses, and on the use of this technology to supplement or replace/substitute the currently used assays. Participants discussed the progress on the standardization and validation of the technical and bioinformatics steps in NGS for characterization and safety evaluation of biologics, including human and animal vaccines. It was concluded that NGS can be used for the detection of a broad range of viruses, including novel viruses, and therefore can complement, supplement or even replace some of the conventional adventitious virus detection assays. Furthermore, the development of reference viral standards, complete and correctly annotated viral databases, and protocols for the validation and follow-up investigations of NGS signals is necessary to enable broader use of NGS. An international collaborative effort, involving regulatory authorities, industry, academia, and other stakeholders is ongoing toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifa S Khan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | | | | | - Marion F Gruber
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Carmen Jungbäck
- International Association for Biological Standardization for Europe, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maureen O'Leary
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Services, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Pieter Neels
- International Association for Biological Standardization for Europe, Lyon, France
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17
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Hellemans A, Acar DD, Stroobants VJE, Theuns S, Desmarets LMB, Nauwynck HJ. A comparative study of techniques used for the diagnosis of effusive feline infectious peritonitis. VLAAMS DIERGEN TIJDS 2020. [DOI: 10.21825/vdt.v89i2.16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). At present, neither a licensed treatment nor an accurate ante-mortem diagnosis are available. In the present study, three available tests were evaluated for their diagnostic power on effusion samples. High feline coronavirus antibody titers, measured with an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), were correlated with FIP but its low specificity precluded a reliable diagnosis. The in-house 5’ reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) provided a much better specificity and high sensitivity. Given the low sensitivity of immunofluorescence staining (IF) of effusive cells, the RT-qPCR alone or in combination with IPMA represents a good alternative for IF. In the majority of the effusion samples from FIP positive animals, Sanger sequencing of the open reading frame encoding the spike protein (ORF S) revealed not only mutations that were previously associated with FIP (M1058L, S1060A, I1106T and D1108Y/E/G) but also two new, closely related mutations (T1112S/N).
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18
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Cui T, Theuns S, Xie J, Nauwynck HJ. Porcine rotavirus mainly infects primary porcine enterocytes at the basolateral surface. Vet Res 2019; 50:110. [PMID: 31856906 PMCID: PMC6924034 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium functions as a barrier to protect multicellular organisms from the outside world. It consists of epithelial cells closely connected by intercellular junctions, selective gates which control paracellular diffusion of solutes, ions and macromolecules across the epithelium and keep out pathogens. Rotavirus is one of the major enteric viruses causing severe diarrhea in humans and animals. It specifically infects the enterocytes on villi of small intestines. The polarity of rotavirus replication in their target enterocytes and the role of intestinal epithelial integrity were examined in the present study. Treatment with EGTA, a drug that chelates calcium and disrupts the intercellular junctions, (i) significantly enhanced the infection of rotavirus in primary enterocytes, (ii) increased the binding of rotavirus to enterocytes, but (iii) considerably blocked internalization of rotavirus. After internalization, rotavirus was resistant to EGTA treatment. To investigate the polarity of rotavirus infection, the primary enterocytes were cultured in a transwell system and infected with rotavirus at either the apical or the basolateral surface. Rotavirus preferentially infected enterocytes at the basolateral surface. Restriction of infection through apical inoculation was overcome by EGTA treatment. Overall, our findings demonstrate that integrity of the intestinal epithelium is crucial in the host's innate defense against rotavirus infection. In addition, the intercellular receptor is located basolaterally and disruption of intercellular junctions facilitates the binding of rotavirus to their receptor at the basolateral surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cui
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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19
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Wei R, Xie J, Theuns S, Nauwynck HJ. Changes on the viral capsid surface during the evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from 2009 till 2018 may lead to a better receptor binding. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez026. [PMID: 31392030 PMCID: PMC6676070 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD). Three major PCV2 genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) have been identified globally. Despite their worldwide distribution, the prevalence and genetic evolution of PCV2 in Belgium has not previously been determined. In this study, 319 samples from animals suffering from diseases likely to be associated with PCV2 were collected from 2009 to 2018 and analysed by virus titration. The overall prevalence of PCV2 in PCVAD-suspected cases was 15.7 per cent (50/319). The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that at least three genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) circulated in Belgium from 2009 till 2018, and that PCV2 evolved from PCV2a to PCV2b and from PCV2d-1 to PCV2d-2. Sequence comparison among the forty-three PCV2 isolates showed that they had 89.7–100 per cent nucleotide-sequence and 88.5–100 per cent amino-acid-sequence identities. Three amino acid sites were under positive selection. Three-dimensional analysis of genotype-specific amino acids revealed that most of the mutations were on the outside of the cap protein with a few conserved mutations present on the inner side. Mutations toward more basic amino acids were found on the upper and tail parts of two connecting capsid proteins which form one big contact region, most probably involved in receptor binding. The lower part was relatively conserved. This polarity change together with the formation of an extruding part drive the virus to a more efficient GAG receptor binding. Taken together, these results showed a genotype shift from PCV2a to PCV2b and later on from PCV2d-1 to PCV2d-2, and a PCV2 evolution toward a better receptor binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wei
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Theuns S, Vanmechelen B, Bernaert Q, Deboutte W, Vandenhole M, Beller L, Matthijnssens J, Maes P, Nauwynck HJ. Nanopore sequencing as a revolutionary diagnostic tool for porcine viral enteric disease complexes identifies porcine kobuvirus as an important enteric virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9830. [PMID: 29959349 PMCID: PMC6026206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric diseases in swine are often caused by different pathogens and thus metagenomics are a useful tool for diagnostics. The capacities of nanopore sequencing for viral diagnostics were investigated here. First, cell culture-grown porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and rotavirus A were pooled and sequenced on a MinION. Reads were already detected at 7 seconds after start of sequencing, resulting in high sequencing depths (19.2 to 103.5X) after 3 h. Next, diarrheic feces of a one-week-old piglet was analyzed. Almost all reads (99%) belonged to bacteriophages, which may have reshaped the piglet's microbiome. Contigs matched Bacteroides, Escherichia and Enterococcus phages. Moreover, porcine kobuvirus was discovered in the feces for the first time in Belgium. Suckling piglets shed kobuvirus from one week of age, but an association between peak of viral shedding (106.42-107.01 copies/swab) and diarrheic signs was not observed during a follow-up study. Retrospective analysis showed the widespread (n = 25, 56.8% positive) of genetically moderately related kobuviruses among Belgian diarrheic piglets. MinION enables rapid detection of enteric viruses. Such new methodologies will change diagnostics, but more extensive validations should be conducted. The true enteric pathogenicity of porcine kobuvirus should be questioned, while its subclinical importance cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Theuns
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Quinten Bernaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward Deboutte
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marilou Vandenhole
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Leen Beller
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Conceição-Neto N, Theuns S, Cui T, Zeller M, Yinda CK, Christiaens I, Heylen E, Van Ranst M, Carpentier S, Nauwynck HJ, Matthijnssens J. Identification of an enterovirus recombinant with a torovirus-like gene insertion during a diarrhea outbreak in fattening pigs. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vex024. [PMID: 28924489 PMCID: PMC5591953 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea outbreaks in pig farms have raised major concerns in Europe and USA, as they can lead to dramatic pig losses. During a suspected outbreak in Belgium of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), we performed viral metagenomics to assess other potential viral pathogens. Although PEDV was detected, its low abundance indicated that other viruses were involved in the outbreak. Interestingly, a porcine bocavirus and several enteroviruses were most abundant in the sample. We also observed the presence of a porcine enterovirus genome with a gene insertion, resembling a C28 peptidase gene found in toroviruses, which was confirmed using re-sequencing, bioinformatics, and proteomics approaches. Moreover, the predicted cleavage sites for the insertion suggest that this gene was being expressed as a single protein, rather than a fused protein. Recombination in enteroviruses has been reported as a major mechanism to generate genetic diversity, but gene insertions across viral families are rather uncommon. Although such inter-family recombinations are rare, our finding suggests that these events may significantly contribute to viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tingting Cui
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isaura Christiaens
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Facility for Systems Biology Based Mass Spectrometry (SYBIOMA), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Reddy VRAP, Trus I, Desmarets LMB, Li Y, Theuns S, Nauwynck HJ. Productive replication of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in peripheral blood monocytic cells, a strategy for viral dissemination and kidney infection in chickens. Vet Res 2016; 47:70. [PMID: 27412035 PMCID: PMC4944500 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the replication kinetics of nephropathogenic (B1648) and respiratory (Massachusetts-M41) IBV strains were compared in vitro in respiratory mucosa explants and blood monocytes (KUL01+ cells), and in vivo in chickens to understand why some IBV strains have a kidney tropism. B1648 was replicating somewhat better than M41 in the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa explants and used more KUL01+ cells to penetrate the deeper layers of the respiratory tract. B1648 was productively replicating in KUL01+ monocytic cells in contrast with M41. In B1648 inoculated animals, 102.7–6.8 viral RNA copies/100 mg were detected in tracheal secretions at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days post inoculation (dpi), 102.4–4.5 viral RNA copies/mL in plasma at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 dpi and 101.8–4.4 viral RNA copies/106 mononuclear cells in blood at 2, 4, 6 and 8 dpi. In M41 inoculated animals, 102.6–7.0 viral RNA copies/100 mg were detected in tracheal secretions at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dpi, but viral RNA was not demonstrated in plasma and mononuclear cells (except in one chicken at 6 dpi). Infectious virus was detected only in plasma and mononuclear cells of the B1648 group. At euthanasia (12 dpi), viral RNA and antigen positive cells were detected in lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys of only the B1648 group and in tracheas of both the B1648 and M41 group. In conclusion, only B1648 can easily disseminate to internal organs via a cell-free and -associated viremia with KUL01+ cells as important carrier cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yewei Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Theuns S, Conceição-Neto N, Zeller M, Heylen E, Roukaerts IDM, Desmarets LMB, Van Ranst M, Nauwynck HJ, Matthijnssens J. Characterization of a genetically heterogeneous porcine rotavirus C, and other viruses present in the fecal virome of a non-diarrheic Belgian piglet. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 43:135-45. [PMID: 27184192 PMCID: PMC7172746 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are becoming increasingly accessible, leading to an expanded interest in the composition of the porcine enteric virome. In the present study, the fecal virome of a non-diarrheic Belgian piglet was determined. Although the virome of only a single piglet was analyzed, some interesting data were obtained, including the second complete genome of a pig group C rotavirus (RVC). This Belgian strain was only distantly related to the only other completely characterized pig RVC strain, Cowden. Its relatedness to RVC strains from other host species was also analyzed and the porcine strain found in our study was only distantly related to RVCs detected in humans and cows. The gene encoding the outer capsid protein VP7 belonged to the rare porcine G3 genotype, which might be serologically distinct from most other pig RVC strains. A putative novel RVC VP6 genotype was identified as well. A group A rotavirus strain also present in this fecal sample contained the rare pig genotype combination G11P[27], but was only partially characterized. Typical pig RVA genotypes I5, A8, and T7 were found for the viral proteins VP6, NSP1, and NSP3, respectively. Interestingly, the fecal virome of the piglet also contained an astrovirus and an enterovirus, of which the complete genomes were characterized. Results of the current study indicate that many viruses may be present simultaneously in fecal samples of non-diarrheic piglets. In this study, these viruses could not be directly associated with any disease, but still they might have had a potential subclinical impact on pig growth performance. The fast evolution of NGS will be a powerful tool for future diagnostics in veterinary practice. Its application will certainly lead to better insights into the relevance of many (sub)clinical enteric viral infections, that may have remained unnoticed using traditional diagnostic techniques. This will stimulate the development of new and durable prophylactic measures to improve pig health and production. The virome of a non-diarrheic Belgian piglet was determined. Porcine group C and A rotaviruses, and an astrovirus and enterovirus were found. The second complete genome of a pig group C rotavirus was fully characterized. The Belgian rotavirus C strain was only distantly related to pig strain Cowden. A putative novel genotype of VP6 of the RVC strains was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Theuns
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
| | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang S, Xiang J, Theuns S, Desmarets LMB, Trus I, Nauwynck HJ. MCMV exploits the spleen as a transfer hub for systemic dissemination upon oronasal inoculation. Virus Res 2016; 217:47-54. [PMID: 26945848 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in mice is a commonly used animal model for studying human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections. In our previous studies, a mouse model based on an oronasal MCMV infection was set up for mimicking a natural infection, and the spleen was hypothesized to regulate viremia and virus dissemination to distal organs such as submandibular glands. Here, the role of the spleen during an MCMV infection was investigated by the comparison of intact and splenectomized Balb/c mice. Both highly passaged MCMV Smith and low passaged MCMV HaNa1 were used. Various samples were collected at 7, 14, and 21 days post inoculation (dpi) for analyses by virus isolation/titration, co-cultivation and qPCR. The results showed that for both virus strains, 1) cell-associated virus in PBMC (determined by co-cultivation) was detected in intact mice but not in splenectomized mice; 2) the mean viral DNA load in PBMC of splenectomized mice was 4.4-(HaNa1)/2.7-(Smith) fold lower at the peak viremia (7dpi) in contrast to that of intact mice; and 3) infectious virus in the submandibular glands was detected later in splenectomized mice (14dpi) than in intact mice (7dpi). Moreover, the average virus titers in submandibular glands of splenectomized mice were 10-(HaNa1)/7.9-(Smith) fold lower at 14dpi and 1.7-(HaNa1)/2.1-(Smith) fold lower at 21dpi compared with that of intact mice. Upon inoculation with MCMV Smith, infectious virus was found in the kidneys and liver of intact mice, but not in splenectomized mice. Taken together, all these data clearly demonstrate that virus dissemination to distant organs is reduced in splenectomized mice, further confirming the importance of the spleen as a viremia booming site for a natural MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jun Xiang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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25
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Theuns S, Vyt P, Desmarets LMB, Roukaerts IDM, Heylen E, Zeller M, Matthijnssens J, Nauwynck HJ. Presence and characterization of pig group A and C rotaviruses in feces of Belgian diarrheic suckling piglets. Virus Res 2015; 213:172-183. [PMID: 26677793 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of group A and C rotaviruses (RVA and RVC) in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in Belgian suckling pigs is poorly investigated, and it is not known which strains are circulating in the Belgian suckling pig population. Obtaining better insights in the occurrence of both viral species in the swine population is essential in order to develop accurate diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to protect suckling pigs against diarrhea in a durable manner. In the present study, viral loads of RVA and RVC were quantified in diarrhea samples of suckling piglets less than 2 weeks old, collected on 36 different Belgian farms. On 22 of 36 farms tested (61%), high viral loads of RVA (6.96-11.95 log10 copies/g feces) and/or RVC (5.40-11.63 log10 copies/g feces) were detected. Seventeen RVA isolates were genotyped for their outer capsid proteins VP7 and VP4. Four different G-genotypes (G3, G4, G5 and G9) for VP7 were found together with 4 different P-genotypes (P[6], P[7], P[13] and P[23]) for VP4, in 8 different G/P combinations. All characterized RVC strains belonged to genotype G6 (VP7), except for one strain possessing the G1 genotype. VP4 genes of Belgian RVC strains were genetically heterogeneous, but were classified in the genotype P5. Most rotavirus positive samples also contained Escherichia coli, whereas Clostridium perfringens infections were mainly detected in rotavirus negative samples. Results of the present study offer better insights in the occurrence of RVA and RVC infections in Belgian diarrheic suckling piglets. As a conclusion, routine diagnostic testing for both viral species in cases of diarrhea in suckling pigs is highly recommended. Furthermore, the present findings also offer valuable information for the development of new prophylactic measures against rotavirus. Finally, the relatedness between RVC strains from pigs and other host species is described, and their possible implications in interspecies transmission events are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Theuns
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Reddy VRAP, Theuns S, Roukaerts IDM, Zeller M, Matthijnssens J, Nauwynck HJ. Genetic Characterization of the Belgian Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus (NIBV) Reference Strain B1648. Viruses 2015; 7:4488-506. [PMID: 26262637 PMCID: PMC4576188 DOI: 10.3390/v7082827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulent nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) strain B1648 was first isolated in 1984, in Flanders, Belgium. Despite intensive vaccination, B1648 and its variants are still circulating in Europe and North Africa. Here, the full-length genome of this Belgian NIBV reference strain was determined by next generation sequencing (NGS) to understand its evolutionary relationship with other IBV strains, and to identify possible genetic factors that may be associated with the nephropathogenicity. Thirteen open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted in the B1648 strain (5′UTR-1a-1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b-3′UTR). ORFs 4b, 4c and 6b, which have been rarely reported in literature, were present in B1648 and most of the other IBV complete genomes. According to phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome, replicase transcriptase complex, spike protein, partial S1 gene and M protein, B1648 strain clustered with the non-Massachusetts type strains NGA/A116E7/2006, UKr 27-11, QX-like ITA/90254/2005, QX-like CK/SWE/0658946/10, TN20/00, RF-27/99, RF/06/2007 and SLO/266/05. Based on the partial S1 fragment, B1648 clustered with the strains TN20/00, RF-27/99, RF/06/2007 and SLO/266/05 and, further designated as B1648 genotype. The full-length genome of B1648 shared the highest sequence homology with UKr 27-11, Gray, JMK, and NGA/A116E7/2006 (91.2% to 91.6%) and was least related with the reference Beaudette and Massachusetts strains (89.7%). Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses indicated that B1648 strain may have played an important role in the evolution of IBV in Europe and North Africa. Further, the nephropathogenicity determinants might be located on the 1a, spike, M and accessory proteins (3a, 3b, 4b, 4c, 5a, 5b and 6b). Overall, strain B1648 is distinct from all the strains reported so far in Europe and other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mark Zeller
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiologyand Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiologyand Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department ofMicrobiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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27
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Roukaerts IDM, Theuns S, Taffin ERL, Daminet S, Nauwynck HJ. Phylogenetic analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus strains from naturally infected cats in Belgium and The Netherlands. Virus Res 2014; 196:30-6. [PMID: 25449575 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a major pathogen in feline populations worldwide, with seroprevalences up to 26%. Virus strains circulating in domestic cats are subdivided into different phylogenetic clades (A-E), based on the genetic diversity of the V3-V4 region of the env gene. In this report, a phylogenetic analysis of the V3-V4 env region, and a variable region in the gag gene was made for 36 FIV strains isolated in Belgium and The Netherlands. All newly generated gag sequences clustered together with previously known clade A FIV viruses, confirming the dominance of clade A viruses in Northern Europe. The same was true for the obtained env sequences, with only one sample of an unknown env subtype. Overall, the genetic diversity of FIV strains sequenced in this report was low. This indicates a relatively recent introduction of FIV in Belgium and The Netherlands. However, the sample with an unknown env subtype indicates that new introductions of FIV from unknown origin do occur and this will likely increase genetic variability in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge D M Roukaerts
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien R L Taffin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Theuns S, Desmarets LM, Heylen E, Zeller M, Dedeurwaerder A, Roukaerts ID, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J, Nauwynck HJ. Porcine group a rotaviruses with heterogeneous VP7 and VP4 genotype combinations can be found together with enteric bacteria on Belgian swine farms. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
To initiate infections, many coronaviruses use sialic acids, either as receptor determinants or as attachment factors helping the virus find its receptor underneath the heavily glycosylated mucus layer. In the present study, the role of sialic acids in serotype I feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) infections was studied in feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures. Treatment of cells with neuraminidase (NA) enhanced infection efficiency, showing that terminal sialic acid residues on the cell surface were not receptor determinants and even hampered efficient virus-receptor engagement. Knowing that NA treatment of coronaviruses can unmask viral sialic acid binding activity, replication of untreated and NA-treated viruses was compared, showing that NA treatment of the virus enhanced infectivity in untreated cells, but was detrimental in NA-treated cells. By using sialylated compounds as competitive inhibitors, it was demonstrated that sialyllactose (2,6-α-linked over 2,3-α-linked) notably reduced infectivity of NA-treated viruses, whereas bovine submaxillary mucin inhibited both treated and untreated viruses. In desialylated cells, however, viruses were less prone to competitive inhibition with sialylated compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that FECV had a sialic acid binding capacity, which was partially masked by virus-associated sialic acids, and that attachment to sialylated compounds could facilitate enterocyte infections. However, sialic acid binding was not a prerequisite for the initiation of infection and virus-receptor engagement was even more efficient after desialylation of cells, indicating that FECV requires sialidases for efficient enterocyte infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Delphine D Acar
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Dedeurwaerder A, Olyslaegers DAJ, Desmarets LMB, Roukaerts IDM, Theuns S, Nauwynck HJ. ORF7-encoded accessory protein 7a of feline infectious peritonitis virus as a counteragent against IFN-α-induced antiviral response. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:393-402. [PMID: 24189622 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I IFN-mediated immune response is the first line of antiviral defence. Coronaviruses, like many other viruses, have evolved mechanisms to evade this innate response, ensuring their survival. Several coronavirus accessory genes play a central role in these pathways, but for feline coronaviruses this has never to our knowledge been studied. As it has been demonstrated previously that ORF7 is essential for efficient replication in vitro and virulence in vivo of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), the role of this ORF in the evasion of the IFN-α antiviral response was investigated. Deletion of ORF7 from FIPV strain 79-1146 (FIPV-Δ7) rendered the virus more susceptible to IFN-α treatment. Given that ORF7 encodes two proteins, 7a and 7b, it was further explored which of these proteins is active in this mechanism. Providing 7a protein in trans rescued the mutant FIPV-Δ7 from IFN sensitivity, which was not achieved by addition of 7b protein. Nevertheless, addition of protein 7a to FIPV-Δ3Δ7, a FIPV mutant deleted in both ORF3 and ORF7, could no longer increase the replication capacity of this mutant in the presence of IFN. These results indicate that FIPV 7a protein is a type I IFN antagonist and protects the virus from the antiviral state induced by IFN, but it needs the presence of ORF3-encoded proteins to exert its antagonistic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelike Dedeurwaerder
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique A J Olyslaegers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Desmarets LMB, Theuns S, Olyslaegers DAJ, Dedeurwaerder A, Vermeulen BL, Roukaerts IDM, Nauwynck HJ. Establishment of feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures for the propagation and study of feline enteric coronaviruses. Vet Res 2013; 44:71. [PMID: 23964891 PMCID: PMC3765525 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the most feared infectious cause of death in cats, induced by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). This coronavirus is a virulent mutant of the harmless, ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). To date, feline coronavirus (FCoV) research has been hampered by the lack of susceptible cell lines for the propagation of serotype I FCoVs. In this study, long-term feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures were established from primary ileocytes and colonocytes by simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen- and human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT)-induced immortalization. Subsequently, these cultures were evaluated for their usability in FCoV research. Firstly, the replication capacity of the serotype II strains WSU 79–1683 and WSU 79–1146 was studied in the continuous cultures as was done for the primary cultures. In accordance with the results obtained in primary cultures, FCoV WSU 79–1683 still replicated significantly more efficient compared to FCoV WSU 79–1146 in both continuous cultures. In addition, the cultures were inoculated with faecal suspensions from healthy cats and with faecal or tissue suspensions from FIP cats. The cultures were susceptible to infection with different serotype I enteric strains and two of these strains were further propagated. No infection was seen in cultures inoculated with FIPV tissue homogenates. In conclusion, a new reliable model for FCoV investigation and growth of enteric field strains was established. In contrast to FIPV strains, FECVs showed a clear tropism for intestinal epithelial cells, giving an explanation for the observation that FECV is the main pathotype circulating among cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Dupont S, Butaye P, Claerebout E, Theuns S, Duchateau L, Van de Maele I, Daminet S. Enteropathogens in pups from pet shops and breeding facilities. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:475-80. [PMID: 23915246 PMCID: PMC7166424 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate faecal and clinical scores and presence of several enteropathogens possibly implicated in the development of diarrhoea in pups aged between 6 and 16 weeks independently of their health status. METHODS Pups were selected from pet shops and breeding facilities and assigned a faecal and clinical score. Standard isolation methods were used to determine presence of parasites, viruses and bacteria in faecal samples. For Escherichia coli, virulence genes were assessed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Fifty-six pups were included in this study. Eighteen had no diarrhoea, 22 had no significant clinical signs related to gastroenteritis. Samples were positive for Toxocara canis (n=29), Giardia duodenalis (n=35), Cystoisospora (n=22), E. coli (n=47) and Clostridium perfringens (n=20). In four E. coli positive samples, genes were detected that correlate with pathogenicity in other animal species. A significant positive correlation between the presence of T. canis and faecal score was found. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Puppies obtained from a pet shop or breeding facility have a high risk of gastrointestinal disease. Furthermore, infectious agents may be present independently of faecal or clinical score. The identification of possible pathogenic E. coli strains suggests that their role in diarrhoea warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dupont
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
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