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Skin-Based Vaccination: A Systematic Mapping Review of the Types of Vaccines and Methods Used and Immunity and Protection Elicited in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020450. [PMID: 36851328 PMCID: PMC9962282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of skin-based vaccination include induction of strong immunity, dose-sparing, and ease of administration. Several technologies for skin-based immunisation in humans are being developed to maximise these key advantages. This route is more conventionally used in veterinary medicine. Skin-based vaccination of pigs is of high relevance due to their anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans, as well as being a source of zoonotic diseases and their livestock value. We conducted a systematic mapping review, focusing on vaccine-induced immunity and safety after the skin immunisation of pigs. Veterinary vaccines, specifically anti-viral vaccines, predominated in the literature. The safe and potent skin administration to pigs of adjuvanted vaccines, particularly emulsions, are frequently documented. Multiple methods of skin immunisation exist; however, there is a lack of consistent terminology and accurate descriptions of the route and device. Antibody responses, compared to other immune correlates, are most frequently reported. There is a lack of research on the underlying mechanisms of action and breadth of responses. Nevertheless, encouraging results, both in safety and immunogenicity, were observed after skin vaccination that were often comparable to or superior the intramuscular route. Further research in this area will underlie the development of enhanced skin vaccine strategies for pigs, other animals and humans.
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Diaz-San Segundo F, Medina GN, Spinard E, Kloc A, Ramirez-Medina E, Azzinaro P, Mueller S, Rieder E, de Los Santos T. Use of Synonymous Deoptimization to Derive Modified Live Attenuated Strains of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:610286. [PMID: 33552021 PMCID: PMC7861043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.610286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically important viral diseases that can affect livestock. In the last 70 years, use of an inactivated whole antigen vaccine has contributed to the eradication of disease from many developed nations. However, recent outbreaks in Europe and Eastern Asia demonstrated that infection can spread as wildfire causing economic and social devastation. Therefore, it is essential to develop new control strategies that could confer early protection and rapidly stop disease spread. Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) are one of the best choices to obtain a strong early and long-lasting protection against viral diseases. In proof of concept studies, we previously demonstrated that “synonymous codon deoptimization” could be applied to the P1 capsid coding region of the viral genome to derive attenuated FMDV serotype A12 strains. Here, we demonstrate that a similar approach can be extended to the highly conserved non-structural P2 and P3 coding regions, providing a backbone for multiple serotype FMDV LAV development. Engineered codon deoptimized P2, P3 or P2, and P3 combined regions were included into the A24Cruzeiro infectious clone optimized for vaccine production, resulting in viable progeny that exhibited different degrees of attenuation in cell culture, in mice, and in the natural host (swine). Derived strains were thoroughly characterized in vitro and in vivo. Our work demonstrates that overall, the entire FMDV genome tolerates codon deoptimization, highlighting the potential of using this technology to derive novel improved LAV candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Anna Kloc
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Paul Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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Hardham JM, Krug P, Pacheco JM, Thompson J, Dominowski P, Moulin V, Gay CG, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E. Novel Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Platform: Formulations for Safe and DIVA-Compatible FMD Vaccines With Improved Potency. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:554305. [PMID: 33088833 PMCID: PMC7544895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.554305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated, wild-type foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines are currently used to control FMD around the world. These traditional FMD vaccines are produced using large quantities of infectious, virulent, wild-type FMD viruses, with the associated risk of virus escape from manufacturing facilities or incomplete inactivation during the vaccine formulation process. While higher quality vaccines produced from wild-type FMDV are processed to reduce non-structural antigens, there is still a risk that small amounts of non-structural proteins may be present in the final product. A novel, antigenically marked FMD-LL3B3D vaccine platform under development by Zoetis, Inc. and the USDA-ARS, consists of a highly attenuated virus platform containing negative antigenic markers in the conserved non-structural proteins 3Dpol and 3B that render resultant vaccines fully DIVA compatible. This vaccine platform allows for the easy exchange of capsid coding sequences to create serotype-specific vaccines. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of the inactivated FMD-LL3B3D-A24 Cruzeiro vaccine in cattle against wild-type challenge with A24 Cruzerio. A proprietary adjuvant system was used to formulate the vaccines that conferred effective protection at low doses while maintaining the DIVA compatibility. In contrast to wild-type FMDV, the recombinant FMD-LL3B3D mutant viruses have been shown to induce no clinical signs of FMD and no shedding of virus in cattle or pigs when inoculated as a live virus. The FMD-LL3B3D vaccine platform, currently undergoing development in the US, provides opportunities for safer vaccine production with full DIVA compatibility in support of global FMDV control and eradication initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Krug
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Cyril G Gay
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
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Medina GN, de Los Santos T, Diaz-San Segundo F. Use of IFN-Based Biotherapeutics to Harness the Host Against Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:465. [PMID: 32851039 PMCID: PMC7431487 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals that severely constrains international trade of livestock and animal products. Currently, disease control measures include broad surveillance, enforcement of sanitary policy, and use of an inactivated vaccine. While use of these measures has contributed to eliminating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from a vast area of the world, the disease remains endemic in three continents, and outbreaks occasionally appear in previously declared FMD-free zones, causing economic and social devastation. Among others, a very fast rate of viral replication and the need for 7 days to achieve vaccine-induced protection are the main limitations in controlling the disease. New fast-acting antiviral strategies targeted to boost the innate immunity of the host to block viral replication are needed. Here we review the knowledge on the multiple strategies FMDV has evolved to block the host innate immunity, with particularly focus on the past and current research toward the development of interferon (IFN)-based biotherapeutics in relevant livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States.,Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States
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