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Rendon-Marin S, Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Ruiz-Saenz J. Safety and Immunogenicity of Morbillivirus canis Vaccines for Domestic and Wild Animals: A Scoping Review. Viruses 2024; 16:1078. [PMID: 39066240 PMCID: PMC11281360 DOI: 10.3390/v16071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Morbillivirus canis (canine distemper virus (CDV)) is recognized as a multihost pathogen responsible for a transmissible disease affecting both domestic and wild animals. A considerable portion of wildlife populations remain unvaccinated due to a lack of safety and immunogenicity data on existing vaccines for the prevention of CDV infection in these species. This review aimed to assess the current state of CDV vaccination research for both domestic and wild animals and to explore novel vaccine candidates through in vivo studies. It also sought to synthesize the scattered information from the extensive scientific literature on CDV vaccine research, identify key researchers in the field, and highlight areas where research on CDV vaccination is lacking. A scoping review was conducted across four databases following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, with information analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study number proportions. Among the 2321 articles retrieved, 68 met the inclusion criteria and focused on CDV vaccines in various animal species, such as dogs, ferrets, minks, and mice. Most of the scientific community involved in this research was in the USA, Canada, France, and Denmark. Various vaccine types, including MLV CDV, recombinant virus, DNA plasmids, inactivated CDV, and MLV measles virus (MeV), were identified, along with diverse immunization routes and schedules employed in experimental and commercial vaccines. Safety and efficacy data were summarized. Notably, 37 studies reported postimmunization CDV challenge, primarily in dogs, revealing the survival rates of vaccinated animals. In summary, CDV vaccines generally demonstrate an acceptable safety profile in dogs and show promise as a means of controlling CDV. However, significant gaps in vaccine research persist, particularly concerning wildlife reservoirs, indicating the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rendon-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680001, Colombia;
- Grupo de Investigación Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia
| | - Luis Felipe Higuita-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
- Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050001, Colombia
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680001, Colombia;
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Huang J, Cortey M, Darwich L, Griffin J, Obón E, Molina R, Martín M. Study of Canine Distemper Virus Presence in Catalonia's Wild Carnivores through H Gene Amplification and Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:436. [PMID: 38338078 PMCID: PMC10854788 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is recognised worldwide as an important pathogen in both domestic and wild carnivores. Few data are available on its impact and spread on the wildlife/wildlife-domestic animal-environment interface. This study, aimed at developing a conservation-oriented control strategy, analysed 89 sick or deceased animals from 2019 to 2023 at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in Torreferrussa. RT-PCR and sequencing of the partial H gene were used to detect and analyse CDV in tissues. The total positive percentage was 20.22% (18/89), comprising 13 red foxes (44.8%), 4 European badgers (28.6%), and 1 American mink (4.5%), while 24 Eurasian otters tested negative. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all of the CDV strains belong to the European lineage. Geographically distant individuals and different species shared the same viral strain, suggesting a strong capacity of CDV for interspecies and long-distance transmission. This calls for further research, particularly focusing on potential impacts of CDV on endangered carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Huang
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Martí Cortey
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Jenna Griffin
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Elena Obón
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Rafael Molina
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Margarita Martín
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
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Guercio A, Mira F, Di Bella S, Gucciardi F, Lastra A, Purpari G, Castronovo C, Pennisi M, Di Marco Lo Presti V, Rizzo M, Giudice E. Biomolecular Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus Strains in Two Domestic Ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo). Vet Sci 2023; 10:375. [PMID: 37368761 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper is a contagious and severe systemic viral disease that affects domestic and wild carnivores worldwide. In this study, two adult female ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were evaluated for cutaneous lesions. Scab, fur, and swab samples from the external auditory canal, cutaneous lesions, and scrapings were analyzed. Canine distemper virus (CDV)-positive samples underwent RT-PCR/RFLP with the restriction enzyme PsiI, and the hemagglutinin gene sequence was obtained. According to the restriction enzyme and sequence analyses, the viral strains were typed as CDV field strains that are included within the Europe lineage and distinct from those including vaccinal CDV strains. The sequence analysis showed the highest nucleotide identity rates in older Europe lineage CDV strains collected from dogs and a fox in Europe. This study is the first to report on CDV infection in ferrets in southern Italy and contributes to the current knowledge about natural CDV infection in this species. In conclusion, vaccination remains crucial for preventing the disease and counteracting cross-species infection. Molecular biology techniques can enable the monitoring of susceptible wild animals by ensuring the active surveillance of CDV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Gucciardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Lastra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Castronovo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Melissa Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Canine Distemper Virus in Endangered Species: Species Jump, Clinical Variations, and Vaccination. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010057. [PMID: 36678405 PMCID: PMC9862170 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine morbillivirus (Canine distemper virus, CDV) is the cause of distemper in a large number of different species, some of which are endangered. The clinical outcome associated with infection is variable and based on many factors, including the host species, the immune response of the individual animal to the infection, and variation in virus tropism and virulence. Unfortunately, the viral characteristics associated with virulence versus attenuation are not fully characterized, nor are the specific mutations that allow this virus to easily move and adapt from one species to another. Due to its wide host range, this virus is difficult to manage in ecosystems that are home to endangered species. Vaccination of the domestic dog, historically considered the reservoir species for this virus, at dog-wildlife interfaces has failed to control virus spread. CDV appears to be maintained by a metareservoir rather than a single species, requiring the need to vaccinate the wildlife species at risk. This is controversial, and there is a lack of a safe, effective vaccine for nondomestic species. This review focuses on topics that are paramount to protecting endangered species from a stochastic event, such as a CDV outbreak, that could lead to extinction.
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Echeverry-Bonilla DF, Buriticá-Gaviria EF, Orjuela-Acosta D, Chinchilla-Cardenas DJ, Ruiz-Saenz J. The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091947. [PMID: 36146754 PMCID: PMC9502595 DOI: 10.3390/v14091947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of domestic and wild carnivores. This virus poses a conservation threat to endangered species worldwide due to its ability to jump between multiple species and produce a disease, which is most often fatal. Although CDV infection has been regularly diagnosed in Colombian wildlife, to date the molecular identity of circulating CDV lineages is currently unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the presence and phylogenetic characterization of CDV detected in samples from naturally infected Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. We sequenced for the first time the CDV infecting wildlife in Colombia and demonstrated the presence of South America/North America-4 Lineage with a higher relationship to sequences previously reported from domestic and wild fauna belonging to the United States of America. Our results are crucial for the understanding of the interspecies transmission of CDV in the domestic/wild interface and for the prevention and control of such an important multi-host pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernando Echeverry-Bonilla
- Hospital Veterinario, Universidad del Tolima, Calle 20 Sur # 23A-160 Barrio Miramar, Ibagué 730010, Tolima, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina y Cirugía de Pequeños Animales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Tolima, Calle 20 Sur # 23A-160 Barrio Miramar, Ibagué 730010, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Edwin Fernando Buriticá-Gaviria
- Hospital Veterinario, Universidad del Tolima, Calle 20 Sur # 23A-160 Barrio Miramar, Ibagué 730010, Tolima, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina y Cirugía de Pequeños Animales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Tolima, Calle 20 Sur # 23A-160 Barrio Miramar, Ibagué 730010, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Delio Orjuela-Acosta
- Hospital Veterinario, Universidad del Tolima, Calle 20 Sur # 23A-160 Barrio Miramar, Ibagué 730010, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Danny Jaír Chinchilla-Cardenas
- Mascolab, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Calle 49 Sur # 45ª-300, Oficina 1202, Centro Empresarial S48 Tower, Envigado 055422, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD OF CANINE DISTEMPER IN WILD CARNIVORES IN MICHIGAN, USA: PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY, 2008-18. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:562-574. [PMID: 35675483 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper is a widespread disease affecting both domestic and wild carnivores. This investigation of the geographic distribution, wildlife species infected, and relative prevalence rates was conducted over an 11-yr period and helps to document the disease spread, most highly infected wildlife species, and histologic lesions. Animals were collected as found dead, hunter and trapper harvested, and euthanized for displaying signs of abnormal behavior or neurologic disease. This disease appeared to spread from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan into the Upper Peninsula, was most frequently documented in raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), but also involved additional wildlife species. Three unique wildlife virus strains were identified. Two of these grouped within a separate subclade of the America 2 lineage. A third strain appeared to be a unique sequence type that is not associated with any existing subclade of America 2. We recommend the combined use of routine histology and immunohistochemical staining to confirm the diagnosis, and further recommend that both the lungs and spleen be collected as the optimal tissues to utilize for surveillance purposes.
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Giacinti JA, Pearl DL, Ojkic D, Campbell GD, Jardine CM. Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from wild and domestic animal submissions to diagnostic facilities in Canada. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105535. [PMID: 34785439 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally considered an agent affecting domestic dogs, canine distemper virus (CDV) is now well known for an ability to infect a broad range of hosts. In Ontario, domestic dogs are routinely vaccinated and clinical disease attributed to CDV infection in this population is infrequent. CDV has been regularly documented in Ontario wildlife spanning at least 4 decades however, the molecular identity of circulating CDV strains is currently unknown. Our objective was to investigate the molecular identities of and genetic relationships between CDV detected in wild and domestic animals from Canada, across multiple host species and over time. Samples were opportunistically collected from submissions to the Ontario-Nunavut node of the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative and the Animal Health Laboratory in Guelph, Ontario. RT-PCR was used to confirm CDV diagnosis, and the hemagglutinin gene was sequenced. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred, and the geographic distribution of clades was visualized using a geographic information system. Phenetic relationships between sequences were investigated with a median joining network analysis and through mixed multivariable linear regression. CDV sequences from ten wild and domestic species were characterized into seven lineages, that overlapped geographically and temporally. The predominant lineage circulating in Ontario wildlife, denoted Canada-1, has not been previously described to the authors knowledge. Our analysis indicates that the Canada-1 lineage is most genetically similar to America-1 sequences, however according to current methodology represents a distinct lineage. Multiple co-circulating CDV lineages were also identified, and raccoons appear to play an important role in the maintenance and transmission of these heterogeneous lineages in Ontario. This study also confirmed the presence of CDV from a lineage not found to be circulating in Ontario wildlife, in a domestic dog imported into Ontario from South America. Therefore, travel and the trade of animals may be an important avenue for the introduction of novel CDV lineages. It remains unclear whether and to what extent the genetic heterogeneity identified poses a risk to the efficacy of current vaccines. Increasing viral activity and continued antigenic drift resulting in partial protection or vaccine failure remains a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene A Giacinti
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Douglas Campbell
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
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Wang R, Wang X, Zhai J, Zhang P, Irwin DM, Shen X, Chen W, Shen Y. A new canine distemper virus lineage identified from red pandas in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e944-e952. [PMID: 34724331 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious virus that causes multi-systemic, sub-clinical to fatal diseases in a wide range of carnivore species. Based on the sequences of the haemagglutinin (H) gene, CDV strains have been classified into 18 major genetic lineages. In this study, we characterized the genomes of CDV isolated from the lungs of two dead red pandas in China. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed damage due to viral infection in these lungs. The two strains showed a deep genetic distance from the other 18 recognized lineages (>4.6% at nucleotide level and >5.0% at amino acid level). The maximum clade credibility tree of the H- gene sequences showed that they belonged to an independent clade and had diverged a relatively long time ago from the Asia-4 lineage (since 1884). These results suggest that the analyzed strains belong to a new CDV lineage, which we designate as Asia-6. Our finding indicates that CDV infections in wildlife in China are complex and are a threat to endangered carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, P. R. China.,Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junqiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pian Zhang
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, P. R. China.,Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wu Chen
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, P. R. China.,Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Di Francesco CE, Smoglica C, Angelucci S. Infectious Diseases and Wildlife Conservation Medicine: The Case of the Canine Distemper in European Wolf Population. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122426. [PMID: 33352915 PMCID: PMC7766025 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper is a contagious infectious disease, caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) belonging to Morbillivirus genus, Paramyxoviridae family, representing a serious threat for domestic and wild carnivores [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E. Di Francesco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D’Accio, 64110 Teramo, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Camilla Smoglica
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D’Accio, 64110 Teramo, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Simone Angelucci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D’Accio, 64110 Teramo, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.)
- Majella National Park, Caramanico Terme, 65023 Pescara, Italy
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