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Mahmoudian F, Ahmari A, Shabani S, Sadeghi B, Fahimirad S, Fattahi F. Aptamers as an approach to targeted cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:108. [PMID: 38493153 PMCID: PMC10943855 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer treatments can cause serious side effects because they are not specific to cancer cells and can damage healthy cells. Aptamers often are single-stranded oligonucleotides arranged in a unique architecture, allowing them to bind specifically to target sites. This feature makes them an ideal choice for targeted therapeutics. They are typically produced through the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and undergo extensive pharmacological revision to modify their affinity, specificity, and therapeutic half-life. Aptamers can act as drugs themselves, directly inhibiting tumor cells. Alternatively, they can be used in targeted drug delivery systems to transport drugs directly to tumor cells, minimizing toxicity to healthy cells. In this review, we will discuss the latest and most advanced approaches to using aptamers for cancer treatment, particularly targeted therapy overcoming resistance to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mahmoudian
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Azin Ahmari
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Shiva Shabani
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Bahman Sadeghi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Shohreh Fahimirad
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Fattahi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Identification and Engineering of Aptamers for Theranostic Application in Human Health and Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189661. [PMID: 34575825 PMCID: PMC8469434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An aptamer is a short sequence of synthetic oligonucleotides which bind to their cognate target, specifically while maintaining similar or higher sensitivity compared to an antibody. The in-vitro selection of an aptamer, applying a conjoining approach of chemistry and molecular biology, is referred as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX). These initial products of SELEX are further modified chemically in an attempt to make them stable in biofluid, avoiding nuclease digestion and renal clearance. While the modification is incorporated, enough care should be taken to maintain its sensitivity and specificity. These modifications and several improvisations have widened the window frame of aptamer applications that are currently not only restricted to in-vitro systems, but have also been used in molecular imaging for disease pathology and treatment. In the food industry, it has been used as sensor for detection of different diseases and fungal infections. In this review, we have discussed a brief history of its journey, along with applications where its role as a therapeutic plus diagnostic (theranostic) tool has been demonstrated. We have also highlighted the potential aptamer-mediated strategies for molecular targeting of COVID-19. Finally, the review focused on its future prospective in immunotherapy, as well as in identification of novel biomarkers in stem cells and also in single cell proteomics (scProteomics) to study intra or inter-tumor heterogeneity at the protein level. Small size, chemical synthesis, low batch variation, cost effectiveness, long shelf life and low immunogenicity provide advantages to the aptamer over the antibody. These physical and chemical properties of aptamers render them as a strong biomedical tool for theranostic purposes over the existing ones. The significance of aptamers in human health was the key finding of this review.
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Exploring pH dependent delivery of 5-fluorouracil from functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111823. [PMID: 34098368 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be applied for pH-sensitive delivery of anticancer drugs. Due to the importance of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in different tumor therapy regimens, it has been widely used in different pH dependent drug delivery systems. To investigate the pH effects on loading (and release) of 5-FU on (and from) the functionalized MWCNTs and propose the optimum condition for drug delivery, both macroscopic and microscopic studies were carried out using chromatography and molecular dynamic simulation at different conditions. For both levels of studies, different analytical approaches were performed to assess the validity of the methods. The experimental results revealed that 5-FU has more binding affinity to the surface of the nanocarrier at physiological pH (pH = 7.4) and showed more release at acidic conditions (pH = 5.0). Meanwhile it has been observed that basic pH (pH = 9.0) can lead to a dramatic decrease effect on loading of the drug. The results of this study can be used to suggest the optimum pH levels for nanocarbon based formulations of 5-FU in cancer therapy.
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Dai Z, Wang L, Wang Z. Functional Immunostimulating DNA Materials: The Rising Stars for Cancer Immunotherapy. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100083. [PMID: 33896107 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has risen as a promising method in clinical practice for cancer treatment and DNA-based immune intervention materials, along with DNA nanotechnology, have obtained increasing importance in this field. In this review, various immunostimulating DNA materials are introduced and the mechanisms via which they exerted an immune effect are explained. Then, representative examples in which DNA is used as the leading component for anticancer applications through immune stimulation are provided and their efficacy is evaluated. Finally, the challenges for those materials in clinical applications are discussed and suggestions for possible further research directions are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Xiong H, Veedu RN, Diermeier SD. Recent Advances in Oligonucleotide Therapeutics in Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3295. [PMID: 33804856 PMCID: PMC8036554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Conventional therapies, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have achieved increased survival rates for many types of cancer over the past decades. However, cancer recurrence and/or metastasis to distant organs remain major challenges, resulting in a large, unmet clinical need. Oligonucleotide therapeutics, which include antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, and aptamers, show promising clinical outcomes for disease indications such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, familial amyloid neuropathies, and macular degeneration. While no approved oligonucleotide drug currently exists for any type of cancer, results obtained in preclinical studies and clinical trials are encouraging. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of oligonucleotide therapeutics in oncology, review current clinical trials, and discuss associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Rakesh N. Veedu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia;
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Sarah D. Diermeier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
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Emrani S, Lamar M, Price CC, Baliga S, Wasserman V, Matusz E, Swenson R, Baliga G, Libon DJ. Assessing the capacity for mental manipulation in patients with statically-determined mild cognitive impairment using digital technology. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Prior research employing a standard backward digit span test has been successful in operationally defining neurocognitive constructs associated with the Fuster’s model of executive attention. The current research sought to test if similar behavior could be obtained using a cross-modal mental manipulation test.
Methods: Memory clinic patients were studied. Using Jak-Bondi criteria, 24 patients were classified with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 33 memory clinic patients did not meet criteria for MCI (i.e. non-MCI). All patients were assessed with the digital version of the WRAML-2 Symbolic Working Memory Test-Part 1, a cross-modal mental manipulation task where patients hear digits, but respond by touching digits from lowest to highest on an answer key. Only 4 and 5-span trials were analyzed. Using an iPad, all test stimuli were played; and, all responses were obtained with a touch key. Only correct trials were analyzed. Average time to complete trials and latency for each digit was recorded.
Results: Groups did not differ when average time to complete 4-span trials was calculated. MCI patients displayed slower latency, or required more time to re-order the 1st and 3rd digits. Regression analyses, primarily involving initial and latter response latencies, were associated with better, but different underlying neuropsychological abilities. Almost no 5-span analyses were significant.
Conclusions: This cross-modal test paradigm found no difference for total average time. MCI patients generated slower 1st and 3rd response latency, suggesting differences in time allocation to achieve correct serial order recall. Moreover, different neuropsychological abilities were associated with different time-based test components. These data extend prior findings using a standard backward digit span test. Differences in time epochs are consistent with constructs underlying the model of executive attention and help explain mental manipulation deficits in MCI. These latency measures could constitute neurocognitive biomarkers that track emergent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheina Emrani
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Catherine C. Price
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Satya Baliga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Victor Wasserman
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Emily Matusz
- 5New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Rod Swenson
- Department Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Fork, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - Ganesh Baliga
- Department of Computer Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - David J. Libon
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA 5New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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Agnello L, Camorani S, Fedele M, Cerchia L. Aptamers and antibodies: rivals or allies in cancer targeted therapy? EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:107-121. [PMID: 36046085 PMCID: PMC9400792 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of an efficacious cancer therapy is to specifically target diseased cells at high accuracy while sparing normal, healthy cells. Over the past three decades, immunotherapy, based on the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against tumor-associated antigens, to inhibit their oncogenic function, or against immune checkpoints, to modulate specific T cell responses against cancer, has proven to be an important strategy for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the number of mAbs approved for clinical use is still limited because of significant drawbacks to their applicability. Oligonucleotide aptamers, similarly to antibodies, form high-affinity bonds with their specific protein targets, thus representing an effective tool for active cancer targeting. Compared to antibodies, aptamers’ use as therapeutic agents benefits from their low size, low/no immunogenicity, simple synthesis and design flexibility for improving efficacy and stability. This review intends to highlight recently emerged applications of aptamers as recognition elements, from biomarker discovery to targeted drug delivery and targeted treatment, showing aptamers’ potential to work in conjunction with antibodies for attacking cancer from multiple flanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Agnello
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Camorani
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Fedele
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Han J, Gao L, Wang J, Wang J. Application and development of aptamer in cancer: from clinical diagnosis to cancer therapy. J Cancer 2020; 11:6902-6915. [PMID: 33123281 PMCID: PMC7592013 DOI: 10.7150/jca.49532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional anticancer therapies can cause serious side effects in clinical treatment due to their nonspecific of tumor cells. Aptamers, also termed as 'chemical antibodies', are short DNA or RNA oligonucleotides selected from the synthetic large random single-strand oligonucleotide library by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) to bind to lots of different targets, such as proteins or nucleic acid structures. Aptamers have good affinities and high specificity with target molecules, thus may be able to act as drugs themselves to directly inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells, or own great potentialities in the targeted drug delivery systems which can be used in tumor diagnosis and target specific tumor cells, thereby minimizing the toxicity to normal cells. Here we review the unique properties of aptamer represents a great opportunity when applied to the rapidly developing fields of biotechnology and discuss the recent developments in the use of aptamers as powerful tools for analytic, diagnostic and therapeutic applications for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000 China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Heji Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000 China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000 China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Immunology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000 China
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Freage L, Jamal D, Williams NB, Mallikaratchy PR. A Homodimeric Aptamer Variant Generated from Ligand-Guided Selection Activates the T Cell Receptor Cluster of Differentiation 3 Complex. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:167-178. [PMID: 32920262 PMCID: PMC7494611 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, immunotherapeutic modalities with engineered cells and monoclonal antibodies have been effective in treating several malignancies. Nucleic acid aptamers can serve as alternative molecules to design immunotherapeutic agents with high functional diversity. Here we report a synthetic prototype consisting of DNA aptamers that can activate the T cell receptor cluster of differentiation 3 (TCR-CD3) complex in cultured T cells. We show that the activation potential is similar to that of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against TCR-CD3, suggesting potential for aptamers in developing efficacious synthetic immunomodulators. The synthetic prototype of anti-TCR-CD3ε, as described here, was designed using aptamer ZUCH-1 against TCR-CD3ε, generated by ligand-guided selection (LIGS). Aptamer ZUCH-1 was truncated and modified with nuclease-resistant RNA analogs to enhance stability. Several dimeric analogs with truncated and modified variants were designed with variable linker lengths to investigate the activation potential of each construct. Among them, a dimeric aptamer with dimensions approximately similar to those of an antibody showed the highest T cell activation, suggesting the importance of optimizing linker lengths in engineering functional aptamers. The observed activation potential of dimeric aptamers shows the vast potential of aptamers in designing synthetically versatile immunomodulators with tunable pharmacokinetic properties, expanding immunotherapeutic designs by using nucleic acid-based ligands such as aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Freage
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Deana Jamal
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Nicole B Williams
- PhD Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Prabodhika R Mallikaratchy
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; PhD Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; PhD Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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10
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Fu Z, Xiang J. Aptamers, the Nucleic Acid Antibodies, in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082793. [PMID: 32316469 PMCID: PMC7215806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The arrival of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology in the 1970s brought with it the hope of conquering cancers to the medical community. However, mAbs, on the whole, did not achieve the expected wonder in cancer therapy although they do have demonstrated successfulness in the treatment of a few types of cancers. In 1990, another technology of making biomolecules capable of specific binding appeared. This technique, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), can make aptamers, single-stranded DNAs or RNAs that bind targets with high specificity and affinity. Aptamers have some advantages over mAbs in therapeutic uses particularly because they have little or no immunogenicity, which means the feasibility of repeated use and fewer side effects. In this review, the general properties of the aptamer, the advantages and limitations of aptamers, the principle and procedure of aptamer production with SELEX, particularly the undergoing studies in aptamers for cancer therapy, and selected anticancer aptamers that have entered clinical trials or are under active investigations are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yanan University, Yanan 716000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (J.X.)
| | - Jim Xiang
- Division of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SA S7N 4H4, Canada
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (J.X.)
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Fechter P, Cruz Da Silva E, Mercier MC, Noulet F, Etienne-Seloum N, Guenot D, Lehmann M, Vauchelles R, Martin S, Lelong-Rebel I, Ray AM, Seguin C, Dontenwill M, Choulier L. RNA Aptamers Targeting Integrin α5β1 as Probes for Cyto- and Histofluorescence in Glioblastoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:63-77. [PMID: 31226519 PMCID: PMC6586995 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are often referred to as chemical antibodies. Because they possess several advantages, like their smaller size, temperature stability, ease of chemical modification, lack of immunogenicity and toxicity, and lower cost of production, aptamers are promising tools for clinical applications. Aptamers against cell surface protein biomarkers are of particular interest for cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy. In this study, we identified and characterized RNA aptamers targeting cells expressing integrin α5β1. This αβ heterodimeric cell surface receptor is implicated in tumor angiogenesis and solid tumor aggressiveness. In glioblastoma, integrin α5β1 expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype and a decrease in patient survival. We used a complex and original hybrid SELEX (selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) strategy combining protein-SELEX cycles on the recombinant α5β1 protein, surrounded by cell-SELEX cycles using two different cell lines. We identified aptamer H02, able to differentiate, in cyto- and histofluorescence assays, glioblastoma cell lines, and tissues from patient-derived tumor xenografts according to their α5 expression levels. Aptamer H02 is therefore an interesting tool for glioblastoma tumor characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fechter
- CNRS, UMR 7242, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Elisabete Cruz Da Silva
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Mercier
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Fanny Noulet
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Nelly Etienne-Seloum
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; Département de Pharmacie, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Paul Strauss, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Guenot
- EA 3430, Progression Tumorale et Micro-environnement, Approches Translationnelles et Épidémiologie, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Lehmann
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Romain Vauchelles
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle Lelong-Rebel
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Anne-Marie Ray
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Cendrine Seguin
- CNRS, UMR 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Laurence Choulier
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France.
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Vandghanooni S, Eskandani M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Aptamedicine: a new treatment modality in personalized cancer therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 9:67-70. [PMID: 31334037 PMCID: PMC6637218 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2019.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers ( Aps ) are short single-strand nucleic acids exhibiting unique 3D structure which facilitate their targeting potential against various cancer molecular markers ( CMMs ). Such features of Aps not only make them as suitable homing agents in targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) but also candidate them as macromolecules that inhibit the interaction of the target ligand with other proteins. On the other hand, the conjugation of Aps with another therapeutic molecule such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), siRNAs/miRNAs, Aps , toxins, chemotherapeutic agents, DNAzymes/Ribozymes provides hopeful strategy to eradicate the malignancies and overcome the off-target unwanted side effects. Such prominent features of Aps make them a promising treatment modality to overcome the tumor complexity and heterogeneity, which can be consequently applied for personalized therapy of cancer by using bispecific Ap-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Vandghanooni
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rezaian M, Maleki R, Dahri Dahroud M, Alamdari A, Alimohammadi M. pH-Sensitive Co-Adsorption/Release of Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel by Carbon Nanotube, Fullerene, and Graphene Oxide in Combination with N-isopropylacrylamide: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E127. [PMID: 30380660 PMCID: PMC6316683 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy have been the topic of interest for many researchers and scientists. In this research, we have studied the pH sensitive co-adsorption and release of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PAX) by carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene, and graphene oxide (GO) in combination with N-isopropylacrylamide (PIN). This simulation study has been performed by use of molecular dynamics. Interaction energies, hydrogen bond, and gyration radius were investigated. Results reveal that, compared with fullerene and GO, CNT is a better carrier for the co-adsorption and co-release of DOX and PAX. It can adsorb the drugs in plasma pH and release it in vicinity of cancerous tissues which have acidic pH. Investigating the number of hydrogen bonds revealed that PIN created many hydrogen bonds with water resulting in high hydrophilicity of PIN, hence making it more stable in the bloodstream while preventing from its accumulation. It is also concluded from this study that CNT and PIN would make a suitable combination for the delivery of DOX and PAX, because PIN makes abundant hydrogen bonds and CNT makes stable interactions with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rezaian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19839-63113 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Maleki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Dahri Dahroud
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
| | - Abdolmohammad Alamdari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
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14
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Zhou G, Latchoumanin O, Hebbard L, Duan W, Liddle C, George J, Qiao L. Aptamers as targeting ligands and therapeutic molecules for overcoming drug resistance in cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018. [DOI: '10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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15
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Zhou G, Latchoumanin O, Hebbard L, Duan W, Liddle C, George J, Qiao L. Aptamers as targeting ligands and therapeutic molecules for overcoming drug resistance in cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 134:107-121. [PMID: 29627370 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional anticancer therapies are often unable to completely eradicate the tumor bulk due to multi-drug resistance (MDR) of cancers. A number of mechanisms such as micro-environmental stress and overexpression of drug efflux pumps are involved in the MDR process. Hence, therapeutic strategies for overcoming MDR are urgently needed to improve cancer treatment efficacy. Aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides or peptides exhibiting unique three-dimensional structures and possess several unique advantages over conventional antibodies such as low immunogenicity and stronger tissue-penetration capacity. Aptamers targeting cancer-associated receptors have been explored to selectively deliver a therapeutic cargo (anticancer drugs, siRNAs, miRNAs and drug-carriers) to the intratumoral compartment where they can exert better tumor-killing effects. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the multiple regulatory mechanisms of MDR, with a particular emphasis on aptamer-mediated novel therapeutic agents and strategies that seek to reversing MDR. The challenges associated with aptamer-based agents and approaches are also discussed.
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16
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Vandghanooni S, Eskandani M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Bispecific therapeutic aptamers for targeted therapy of cancer: a review on cellular perspective. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:885-902. [PMID: 30056527 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers (Aps), as short single-strand nucleic acids, can bind to their corresponding molecular targets with the high affinity and specificity. In comparison with the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and peptides, unique physicochemical and biological characteristics of Aps make them excellent targeting agents for different types of cancer molecular markers (CMMs). Much attention has been paid to the Ap-based multifunctional chimeric and therapeutic systems, which provide promising outcomes in the targeted therapy of various formidable diseases, including malignancies. In the Ap-based chimeric systems, a targeting Ap is conjugated to another therapeutic molecule (e.g., siRNA/miRNA, Ap, toxins, chemotherapeutic agents, DNAzyme/ribozymes) with a capability of binding to a specific cell surface receptor at the desired target site. Having been engineered as multifunctional nanosystems (NSs), Ap-based hybrid scaffolds can be used to concurrently target multiple markers/pathways in cancerous cells, causing drastic inhibitory effects on the growth and the progression of tumor cells. Multi/bispecific Aps composed of two/more Aps provide a versatile tool for the optimal and active targeting of cell surface receptor(s) with markedly high affinity and avidity. Targeting the optimum activity of key receptors and dominant signaling pathways in the activation of immunity, the multi/bispecific Ap-based therapeutics can also be used to enhance the antitumor activity of the immune system. Further, the bispecific systems can be designed to induce cytotoxicity in a heterogeneous population of cancer cells with different CMMs. In this review, we provide some important insights into the construction and applications of the Ap-based chimeric NSs and discuss the multifunctional Ap chimera and their effects on the signaling pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Vandghanooni
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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17
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Soldevilla MM, Hervas S, Villanueva H, Lozano T, Rabal O, Oyarzabal J, Lasarte JJ, Bendandi M, Inoges S, López-Díaz de Cerio A, Pastor F. Identification of LAG3 high affinity aptamers by HT-SELEX and Conserved Motif Accumulation (CMA). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185169. [PMID: 28934318 PMCID: PMC5608357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LAG3 receptor belongs to a family of immune-checkpoints expressed in T lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. It plays an important role as a rheostat of the immune response. Focus on this receptor as a potential therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy has been underscored after the success of other immune-checkpoint blockade strategies in clinical trials. LAG3 showcases the interest in the field of autoimmunity as several studies show that LAG3-targeting antibodies can also be used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this work we describe the identification of a high-affinity LAG3 aptamer by High Throughput Sequencing SELEX in combination with a study of potential conserved binding modes according to sequence conservation by using 2D-structure prediction and 3D-RNA modeling using Rosetta. The aptamer with the highest accumulation of these conserved sequence motifs displays the highest affinity to LAG3 recombinant soluble proteins and binds to LAG3-expressing lymphocytes. The aptamer described herein has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent, as it enhances the threshold of T-cell activation. Nonetheless, in future applications, it could also be engineered for treatment of autoimmune diseases by target depletion of LAG3-effector T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martínez Soldevilla
- Aptamer Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Program Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Helena Villanueva
- Aptamer Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Program Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Obdulia Rabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Program Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maurizio Bendandi
- Section on Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Baptist Healthcare Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, W.G Hefner VA Medical Center, Salisbury/Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Susana Inoges
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ascensión López-Díaz de Cerio
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Pastor
- Aptamer Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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18
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Huang BT, Lai WY, Chang YC, Wang JW, Yeh SD, Lin EPY, Yang PC. A CTLA-4 Antagonizing DNA Aptamer with Antitumor Effect. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 8:520-528. [PMID: 28918052 PMCID: PMC5573796 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful translation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blockade has revolutionized the concept of cancer immunotherapy. Although monoclonal antibody therapeutics remain the mainstream in clinical practice, aptamers are synthetic oligonucleotides that encompass antibody-mimicking functions. Here, we report a novel high-affinity CTLA-4-antagonizing DNA aptamer (dissociation constant, 11.84 nM), aptCTLA-4, which was identified by cell-based SELEX and high-throughput sequencing. aptCTLA-4 is relatively stable in serum, promotes lymphocyte proliferation, and inhibits tumor growth in cell and animal models. Our study demonstrates the developmental pipeline of a functional CTLA-4-targeting aptamer and suggests a translational potential for aptCTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Tsang Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yun Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shauh-Der Yeh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Emily Pei-Ying Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trials and Research Center, Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Functional nucleic acids as in vivo metabolite and ion biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:94-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Enam SF, Krieger JR, Saxena T, Watts BE, Olingy CE, Botchwey EA, Bellamkonda RV. Enrichment of endogenous fractalkine and anti-inflammatory cells via aptamer-functionalized hydrogels. Biomaterials 2017; 142:52-61. [PMID: 28727998 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early recruitment of non-classical monocytes and their macrophage derivatives is associated with augmented tissue repair and improved integration of biomaterial constructs. A promising therapeutic approach to recruit these subpopulations is by elevating local concentrations of chemoattractants such as fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1). However, delivering recombinant or purified proteins is not ideal due to their short half-lives, suboptimal efficacy, immunogenic potential, batch variabilities, and cost. Here we report an approach to enrich endogenous FKN, obviating the need for delivery of exogenous proteins. In this study, modified FKN-binding-aptamers are integrated with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate to form aptamer-functionalized hydrogels ("aptagels") that localize, dramatically enrich and passively release FKN in vitro for at least one week. Implantation in a mouse model of excisional skin injury demonstrates that aptagels enrich endogenous FKN and stimulate significant local increases in Ly6CloCX3CR1hi non-classical monocytes and CD206+ M2-like macrophages. The results demonstrate that orchestrators of inflammation can be manipulated without delivery of foreign proteins or cells and FKN-aptamer functionalized biomaterials may be a promising approach to recruit anti-inflammatory subpopulations to sites of injury. Aptagels are readily synthesized, highly customizable and could combine different aptamers to treat complex diseases in which regulation or enrichment of multiple proteins may be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faaiz Enam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jack R Krieger
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Tarun Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Brian E Watts
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Claire E Olingy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Edward A Botchwey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acids referred to as chemical antibodies as they bind to their specific targets with high affinity and selectivity. They are selected via an iterative process known as ‘selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment’ (SELEX). Aptamers have been developed against numerous cancer targets and among them, many tumor cell-membrane protein biomarkers. The identification of aptamers targeting cell-surface proteins has mainly been performed by two different strategies: protein- and cell-based SELEX, when the targets used for selection were proteins and cells, respectively. This review aims to update the literature on aptamers targeting tumor cell surface protein biomarkers, highlighting potentials, pitfalls of protein- and cell-based selection processes and applications of such selected molecules. Aptamers as promising agents for diagnosis and therapeutic approaches in oncology are documented, as well as aptamers in clinical development.
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22
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Romero-López C, Berzal-Herranz A. Aptamers: Biomedical Interest and Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010032. [PMID: 28300769 PMCID: PMC5374436 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short DNA or RNA oligonucleotides specialized in the specific and efficient binding to a target molecule. They are obtained by in vitro selection or evolution processes. It was in 1990 that two independent research groups described the bases of a new in vitro technology for the identification of RNA molecules able to specifically bind to a target [1,2]. Tuerk and Gold established the principals of the in vitro selection process that was named SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment), which is based on iterative cycles of binding, partitioning, and amplification of oligonucleotides from a pool of variant sequences [2]. Ellington and Szostak coined the term aptamer to define the selected molecules by the application of this method [1]. To date, numerous reports have described the isolation of aptamers directed against a great variety of targets covering a wide diversity of molecules varying in nature, size, and complexity ranging from ions to whole cells, including small molecules (e.g., aminoacids, nucleotides, antibiotics), peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses, among others (for example, see [3-6]). Modifications and optimization of the SELEX procedure aimed to get newly modified aptamers has also attracted much interest (examples can be found in [7,8]). These advances along with the parallel progresses in the nucleic acids chemistry and cellular delivery fields have allowed for the rise of a new hope in developing aptamers as efficient molecular tools for diagnostics and therapeutics (for recent comprehensive reviews, see [9-11]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romero-López
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Berzal-Herranz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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