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Yun K, Jeon H, Lee J, Kho Y, Ji K. Effects of two alternative plasticizers on the growth hormone-related endocrine system, neurodevelopment, and oxidative stress of zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122947. [PMID: 37977359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In response to the restriction of phthalate plasticizers, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) have been used in medical devices and food packaging. In the present study, the effects of ATBC and ATEC on the development, behavior, growth hormone (GH)-related endocrine system, neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress of zebrafish embryo or larvae were investigated. After exposure of zebrafish to ATBC and ATEC (0, 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, and 300 μg/L) for 96 h, developmental toxicity, behavioral changes under light/dark condition, changes in hormones and genes involved in GH/insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) axis, changes in hormone, enzyme, and genes related to neurodevelopment, antioxidant enzymes activities were determined. Larvae exposed to 30 or 300 μg/L ATBC showed significant reductions in body length and moving distance and speed, whereas no significant effects on development and locomotor behavior were observed in larvae exposed to ATEC. The contents of GH and IGF-I were significantly reduced in larvae exposed to 3, 30, and 300 μg/L ATBC. Hormonal changes in fish exposed to ATBC are well supported by regulation of genes related to GH (gh1) and the activity of IGF-I (igf1). In fish exposed to ATBC, reduced acetylcholinesterase activity and down-regulation of genes related to the central nervous system development (ache, gap43, mbpa, and syn21) were observed. ATBC increased the production of reactive oxygen species and the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Notably, pre-treatment with the classic antioxidant N-acetylcysteine alleviated ATBC-induced GH-related endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. Our observations showed that exposure to low levels of ATBC could disturb the regulatory systems of GH/IGFs axis and neurobehavior, ultimately leading to developmental inhibition and hypoactivity, and that increased oxidative stress plays a major role in these toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijeong Yun
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Jeon
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Huang S. Efficient analysis of toxicity and mechanisms of environmental pollutants with network toxicology and molecular docking strategy: Acetyl tributyl citrate as an example. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167904. [PMID: 37858827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to promote network toxicology strategy to efficiently investigate the putative toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of environmental pollutants through an example of exploring brain injury induced by ATBC exposure. By utilizing ChEMBL, STITCH, GeneCards, and OMIM databases, we identified 213 potential targets associated with ATBC exposure and brain injury. Further refinements via STRING and Cytoscape software highlight 23 core targets, including AKT1, CASP3, and HSP90AA1. GO and KEGG pathway analysis conducted through DAVID and FUMA databases reveal that core targets of ATBC-induced brain toxicity are predominantly enriched in cancer signaling and neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathways. Molecular docking was performed with Autodock, which confirmed robust binding between ATBC and core targets. Together, these findings suggest that ATBC may impact the occurrence and development of brain cancer and brain related inflammation, whereas pose risks for cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, by modulating the apoptosis and proliferation of brain cancer cells, activating inflammatory signaling pathways, and regulating neuroplasticity. This research provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of ATBC-induced brain toxicity, as well as establishing a foundation for the prevention and treatment of prostatic diseases associated with exposure to plastic products containing ATBC and certain ATBC-overwhelmed environments. Moreover, our network toxicology approach also expedites the elucidation of toxicity pathways for uncharacterized environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Huang
- West China School Of Public Health, West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, China.
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3
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Crépin A, Thiroux A, Alafaci A, Boukerb AM, Dufour I, Chrysanthou E, Bertaux J, Tahrioui A, Bazire A, Rodrigues S, Taupin L, Feuilloley M, Dufour A, Caillon J, Lesouhaitier O, Chevalier S, Berjeaud JM, Verdon J. Sensitivity of Legionella pneumophila to phthalates and their substitutes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22145. [PMID: 38092873 PMCID: PMC10719263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates constitute a family of anthropogenic chemicals developed to be used in the manufacture of plastics, solvents, and personal care products. Their dispersion and accumulation in many environments can occur at all stages of their use (from synthesis to recycling). However, many phthalates together with other accumulated engineered chemicals have been shown to interfere with hormone activities. These compounds are also in close contact with microorganisms that are free-living, in biofilms or in microbiota, within multicellular organisms. Herein, the activity of several phthalates and their substitutes were investigated on the opportunistic pathogen Legionella pneumophila, an aquatic microbe that can infect humans. Beside showing the toxicity of some phthalates, data suggested that Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and DBP (Di-n-butyl phthalate) at environmental doses (i.e. 10-6 M and 10-8 M) can modulate Legionella behavior in terms of motility, biofilm formation and response to antibiotics. A dose of 10-6 M mostly induced adverse effects for the bacteria, in contrast to a dose of 10-8 M. No perturbation of virulence towards Acanthamoeba castellanii was recorded. These behavioral alterations suggest that L. pneumophila is able to sense ATBC and DBP, in a cross-talk that either mimics the response to a native ligand, or dysregulates its physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Crépin
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Audrey Thiroux
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Aurélien Alafaci
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Amine M Boukerb
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Izelenn Dufour
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Eirini Chrysanthou
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10100, Turin, Italy
- Cancer Genomics Lab, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Joanne Bertaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Ali Tahrioui
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Alexis Bazire
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Sophie Rodrigues
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Laure Taupin
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Marc Feuilloley
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Alain Dufour
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Jocelyne Caillon
- Faculté de Médecine, EA3826 Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Berjeaud
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Julien Verdon
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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Jang M, Lee M, Yang H, Lee H, Park SB, Jeon H, Hwang SY, Kim HJ, Oh DX, Park J. Method to analyze phthalate esters from soft toys dissolving into water mimicking infant playing. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138695. [PMID: 37080474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Along with bisphenol-A (BPA), conventional phthalate esters (PAEs) have been reported as environmental hormones, despite their functional usefulness as plasticizers. Nevertheless, they are frequently found in various products, including children's utensils and toys made of poly (vinyl chloride). This is tremendously important because PAEs are harmful to infants. In addition, gel/slime-type toys made of poly (vinyl alcohol) are currently popular for developing infant' tactile senses. In this study, we developed a method to qualitatively and quantitatively detect PAEs in gel/slime-type toys mimicking, infants playing with them in a bathtub. As a result, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), one of the PAE alternatives, transferred into the water from the toys and was detected most commonly (108-719 μg g-1; 0.01-0.07 wt%) among PAEs. The detected DINCH levels were below the universally accepted levels for PAEs (0.1 wt%). However, the amount of DINCH detected could still be toxic, in accordance with toxicity tests using water fleas. Furthermore, unpleasant odors were emitted when the toys containing toxic volatile organic compounds were unpacked. This is the first study to develop a method to analyze PAE in gel/slime-type toys and determine that alternatives to conventional PAEs cannot be unconditionally regarded as safe chemicals. Therefore, the revised standards for regulating PAEs and their alternatives must be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Yang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Huichan Lee
- Core Research Facilities, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Zhang W, Jie J, Xu Q, Wei R, Liao X, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Su G, Chen Y, Weng D. Characterizing the obesogenic and fatty liver-inducing effects of Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizer using both in vivo and in vitro models. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130548. [PMID: 37055963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The global incidence of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising rapidly in recent years. Environmental factors including usage of plastics and exposure to chemicals have been proposed as important contributors to the obesity pandemic. Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) is a non-phthalate plasticizer widely used in food packaging, personal care products, medical devices and children's toys etc. Due to its high leakage rate from plastics, exposure risk of ATBC keeps increasing. Although there are some studies investigating the safety of ATBC on human health, these studies mainly focused on high dosages and information regarding ATBC safety at environmental-relevant low levels is still limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety of subchronic exposure to environmentally-relevant concentrations of ATBC. C57BL/6J mice were orally exposed to ATBC for 6 or 14 weeks. Results indicated that ATBC exposure increased the body weight gain, the body fat content and the size of adipocytes, induced liver steatosis in mice. Consistent with in vivo effects, ATBC treatment increased the intracellular lipid accumulation in vitro hepatocytes. Transcriptome sequencing, qRT-PCR analysis and western blotting revealed that ATBC exposure affected the expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and lipid uptake. Therefore, based on our subchronic and in vitro results, it suggested that ATBC might be a potential environmental obesogen with metabolism-disturbing and fatty liver-inducing risk, and its application in many consumer products should be carefully re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiapeng Jie
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Rong Wei
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Dan Weng
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Wang H, Yu H, Tran TN, Fu K, Kiley K, Kullar S, Hu J, Kamberi M. Chemical Characterization of Leachables in Catheter Device. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48291-48300. [PMID: 36591149 PMCID: PMC9798755 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Extractables or leachables of biomaterials or residues of additives used in the manufacturing process that are potentially released from a medical device may have an adverse effect on a patient. Chemical characterization of leachable chemicals and degradation products in a medical device is an important aspect of its overall biocompatibility assessment process, which helps to ensure that the therapeutical benefits exceed the potential biological risks associated with the use of the device or its components or materials. By evaluating the types and amounts of chemicals that may migrate from a device to a patient during clinical use, potential toxicological risks can be assessed. A semipolar solvent, 40% ethanol in water (v/v), an appropriate surrogate for blood and blood related substances, was used as an extraction medium to mimic the body fluid in contact with a medical device. The extraction was conducted at 37 °C for 24 h for limited exposure medical devices per ISO 10993-12:2021. From gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, leachable chemicals of polylactams, linear polyamides, cyclic polytetramethylene ether (PTME), poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG), cyclic and linear poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol adipate (PTMEGA), cyclic and linear poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol adipamide (PTMEGAA) were structurally elucidated. The workflow presented in this study was proven to be a successful approach for rapid extractable and leachable profiling and identification with confidence.
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7
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Pullulan-based nanocomposite films with enhanced hydrophobicity and antibacterial performances. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Al Rifai N, Desgranges S, Le Guillou-Buffello D, Giron A, Urbach W, Nassereddine M, Charara J, Contino-Pépin C, Taulier N. Ultrasound-triggered delivery of paclitaxel encapsulated in an emulsion at low acoustic pressures. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:1640-1648. [PMID: 32011617 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02493j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro ultrasound-triggered delivery of paclitaxel, a well known anti-cancerous drug, encapsulated in an emulsion and in the presence of CT26 tumor cells. The emulsion was made of nanodroplets, whose volume comprised 95% perfluoro-octyl bromide and 5% tributyl O-acetylcitrate, in which paclitaxel was solubilized. These nanodroplets, prepared using a high-pressure microfluidizer, were stabilized by a tailor-made and recently patented biocompatible fluorinated surfactant. The delivery investigations were performed at 37 °C using a high intensity focused ultrasound transducer at a frequency of 1.1 MHz. The ultrasonic pulse was made of 275 sinusoidal periods and the pulse repetition frequency was 200 Hz with a duty cycle of 5%. The measured viabilities of CT26 cells showed that paclitaxel delivery was achievable for peak-to-peak pressures of 0.4 and 3.5 MPa, without having to vaporize the perfluorocarbon part of the droplet or to induce inertial cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Al Rifai
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France. and Faculté des Sciences, Université Libanaise, Liban
| | - S Desgranges
- Équipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université d'Avignon, Avignon, France
| | - D Le Guillou-Buffello
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - A Giron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - W Urbach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France. and Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - J Charara
- Faculté des Sciences, Université Libanaise, Liban
| | - C Contino-Pépin
- Équipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université d'Avignon, Avignon, France
| | - N Taulier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France.
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Sung CR, Kang HG, Hong JY, Kwack SJ. Citrate ester substitutes for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate: In vivo reproductive and in vitro cytotoxicity assessments. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:589-595. [PMID: 32727286 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1798832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is frequently used as a plasticizer for wrapping films, in toys, and in medical devices. Previous studies demonstrated that DEHP in mouse reduced testicular and epididymis weights, suppressed levels of serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, and decreased synthesis of testosterone by Leydig cells. Due to these anti-androgenic effects of DEHP on the reproductive system, the aim of this study was to examine whether substitutes such as acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) also damaged the reproductive system. In particular, this study investigated the anti-androgenic effects and cytotoxicity of DEHP substitutes using castrated male Sprague--Dawley rats employing the in vivo Hershberger assay and in vitro mouse Leydig (TM3) cells and mouse fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cell lines. In the Hershberger assay, rats were administered testosterone propionate and ATEC or ATBC at 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg b.w./day or DEHP (500 mg/kg b.w./day). Controls received testosterone antagonist flutamide (positive control), testosterone only (negative control), or corn oil only (vehicle control). ATEC/ATBC treatment produced no significant differences compared with testosterone in 5-androgen-dependent tissues weights including ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, Cowper's glands, and glans penis. In the 500 mg/kg ATBC group, there was a significant reduction in liver weight. The MTT assay revealed that cell viability of both TM3 and NIH-3T3 cells treated with ATEC was not markedly altered. However, ATBC significantly reduced TM3 and NIH-3T3 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, ATBC reduced cell viability to greater extent in TM3 versus NIH-3T3 cells. Based upon the observed effects of citrate ester substitutes on reproductive tissue responses and cytotoxicity, ATEC compared to ATBC may be a better alternative to DEHP for potential commercial uses. ABBREVIATIONS ATEC: acetyl triethyl citrate; ATBC: acetyl tributyl citrate; CG: Cowper's glands; DEHP: di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GP: glans penis; LABC: levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle; MTT: methyl tetrazolium; NC: negative control; NT: untreated control; PC: positive control; SV: seminal vesicle; TP: testosterone propionate; VC: vehicle control; VP: ventral prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Rim Sung
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University , Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Kang
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University , Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hong
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University , Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University , Changwon, Republic of Korea
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Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Acetyl Triethyl Citrate, a Water-Soluble Plasticizer for Pharmaceutical Polymers in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040162. [PMID: 30987254 PMCID: PMC6523079 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) is a water-soluble plasticizer used in pharmaceutical plasticized polymers. In this study, the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ATEC were investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in rats. Plasma protein precipitation with methanol was used for sample preparation. For chromatographic separation, a C18 column was used. The mobile phases consisted of 0.1% formic acid and 90% acetonitrile, and gradient elution was used. The following precursor-product ion pairs were selected for reaction monitoring analysis: 319.1 m/z → 157 m/z for ATEC and 361.2 m/z → 185.1 m/z for tributyl citrate (internal standard) in positive ion mode. The LC-MS/MS method was fully validated and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of ATEC in rats. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the volume of distribution and mean residence time of ATEC were higher after oral administration than after intravenous administration, pointing to extensive first-pass metabolism and distribution in tissue. In addition, the plasma concentration profile of the postulated metabolites of ATEC was investigated in plasma, urine, and feces. The resulting data indicated that ATEC was extensively metabolized and excreted mainly as metabolites rather than as the parent form. The developed analytical method and the data on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ATEC may be useful for understanding the safety and toxicity of ATEC.
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