Development and Evaluation of Docetaxel-Phospholipid Complex Loaded Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System: Optimization and In Vitro/Ex Vivo Studies

Optimising Cannabidiol Delivery: Improving Water Solubility and Permeability Through Phospholipid Complexation

Cannabidiol (CBD) has demonstrated therapeutic potential in treating epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Crohn's diseases. Despite its promising effects and analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties, oral CBD's full potential is hindered by poor water solubility (0.7-10 μg/mL), low permeability, and chemical instability. This study aimed to enhance CBD's dissolution, stability, and gastrointestinal (GI) permeability by forming a CBD-phospholipid complex (CBD-PLC). We hypothesised that CBD-PLC would enhance CBD's hydrophilicity, thus improving GI barrier permeability. This study involved screening an optimal phospholipid (PL) using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach to prepare CBD-PLC with nanosized droplets (194.3 nm). Dissolution studies revealed significantly enhanced release rates for CBD-PLC-44.7% at 2 h and 67.1% at 3 h-compared to 0% for pure CBD and 7.2% for a physical mixture (PM). Cellular uptake studies showed that at 30 µM, CBD-PLC exhibited 32.7% higher apparent permeability coefficients (Papp), nearly doubling at 40 µM compared to pure CBD. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed safety over 24 h, while 12-month stability tests demonstrated consistent performance under varied conditions. The results indicate that CBD-PLC improves CBD's solubility, permeability, and stability, offering a promising strategy to address the limitations of oral CBD delivery systems.

A Comprehensive Review of Challenges in Oral Drug Delivery Systems and Recent Advancements in Innovative Design Strategies

The oral route of drug administration is often preferred by patients and healthcare providers due to its convenience, ease of use, non-invasiveness, and patient acceptance. However, traditional oral dosage forms have several limitations, including low bioavailability, limited drug loading capacity, and stability and storage issues, particularly with solutions and suspensions. Over the years, researchers have dedicated considerable effort to developing novel oral drug delivery systems to overcome these limitations. This review discusses various challenges associated with oral drug delivery systems, including biological, pharmaceutical, and physicochemical barriers. It also explores common delivery approaches, such as gastroretentive drug delivery, small intestine drug delivery, and colon-targeting drug delivery systems. Additionally, numerous strategies aimed at improving oral drug delivery efficiency are reviewed, including solid dispersion, absorption enhancers, lipidbased formulations, nanoparticles, polymer-based nanocarriers, liposomal formulations, microencapsulation, and micellar formulations. Furthermore, innovative approaches like orally disintegrating tablets (ODT), orally disintegrating films (ODF), layered tablets, micro particulates, self-nano emulsifying formulations (SNEF), and controlled release dosage forms are explored for their potential in enhancing oral drug delivery efficiency and promoting patients' compliance. Overall, this review highlights significant progress in addressing challenges in the pharmaceutical industry and clinical settings, offering novel approaches for the development of effective oral drug delivery systems.

Enhancing docetaxel efficacy and reducing toxicity using biodegradable periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles

Taxanes, such as docetaxel (DTX), are pivotal in cancer therapy, showcasing remarkable efficacy against various cancers, like breast, lung, and ovarian malignancies. However, DTX's efficacy is hindered by poor target specificity and significant adverse effects. Formulations containing DTX often include polysorbate 80 and ethanol, exacerbating reactions like hypersensitivity and neurological disorders. Nanotechnology offers a promising avenue to address these challenges, aiming to enhance DTX's targeted delivery and solubility. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), notably biodegradable periodic organosilane (BPMO), have emerged as promising carriers due to their stability, biocompatibility, and drug-loading capacity. BPMO's intracellular biodegradability reduces the risk of toxic accumulation. Compared to conventional MSN, BPMO particles exhibit superior characteristics, including size, surface area, and DTX loading ability. Moreover, cell line studies suggest BPMO's potential to mitigate DTX-associated adverse effects. These findings highlight BPMO nanoparticles' potential in improving DTX delivery, solubility, and reducing adverse effects, underscoring their significance in cancer therapy.

Waterborne polyurethane nanoparticles incorporating linoleic acid as a potential strategy for controlling antibiotic resistance spread in the mammalian intestine

Plasmid-mediated conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within the human and animal intestine represents a substantial global health concern. linoleic acid (LA) has shown promise in inhibiting conjugation in vitro, but its in vivo effectiveness in the mammalian intestinal tract is constrained by challenges in efficiently reaching the target site. Recent advancements have led to the development of waterborne polyurethane nanoparticles for improved drug delivery. In this study, we synthesized four waterborne polyurethane nanoparticles incorporating LA (WPU@LA) using primary raw materials, including N-methyldiethanolamine, 2,2'-(piperazine-1,4-diyl) diethanol, isophorone diisocyanate, castor oil, and acetic acid. These nanoparticles, identified as WPU0.89@LA, WPU0.99@LA, WPU1.09@LA, and WPU1.19@LA, underwent assessment for their pH-responsive release property and biocompatibility. Among these, WPU0.99@LA displayed superior pH-responsive release properties and biocompatibility towards Caco-2 and IPEC-J2 cells. In a mouse model, a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day WPU0.99@LA effectively reduced the conjugation of IncX4 plasmids carrying the mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) by more than 45.1-fold. In vivo toxicity assessment demonstrated that 10 mg/kg/day WPU0.99@LA maintains desirable biosafety and effectively preserves gut microbiota homeostasis. In conclusion, our study provides crucial proof-of-concept support, demonstrating that WPU0.99@LA holds significant potential in controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance within the mammalian intestine.

Novel PEGylated cholephytosomes for targeting fisetin to breast cancer: in vitro appraisal and in vivo antitumoral studies

Fisetin (FIS) is a multifunctional bioactive flavanol that has been recently exploited as anticancer drug against various cancers including breast cancer. However, its poor aqueous solubility has constrained its clinical application. In the current work, fisetin is complexed for the first time with soy phosphatidylcholine in the presence of cholesterol to form a novel biocompatible phytosomal system entitled "cholephytosomes." To improve fisetin antitumor activity against breast cancer, stearylamine bearing cationic cholephytosomes (mPHY) were prepared and furtherly modified with hyaluronic acid (HPHY) to allow their orientation to cancer cells through their surface exposed phosphatidylserine and CD-44 receptors, respectively. In vitro characterization studies revealed promising physicochemical properties of both modified vesicles (mPHY and HPHY) including excellent FIS complexation efficiency (˷100%), improved octanol/water solubility along with a sustained drug release over 24 h. In vitro cell line studies against MDA-MB-231 cell line showed about 10- and 3.5-fold inhibition in IC50 of modified vesicles compared with free drug and conventional drug-phospholipid complex, respectively. Preclinical studies revealed that both modified cholephytosomes (mPHY and HPHY) had comparable cytotoxicity that is significantly surpassing free drug cytotoxicity. TGF-β1and its non-canonical related signaling pathway; ERK1/2, NF-κB, and MMP-9 were involved in halting tumorigenesis. Thus, tailoring novel phytosomal nanosystems for FIS could open opportunity for its clinical utility against cancer.

A review of nanomaterials from synthetic and natural molecules for prospective breast cancer nanotherapy

Breast cancer being one of the most frequent cancers in women accounts for almost a quarter of all cancer cases. Early and late-stage breast cancer outcomes have improved dramatically, with considerable gains in overall survival rate and disease-free state. However, the current therapy of breast cancer suffers from drug resistance leading to relapse and recurrence of the disease. Also, the currently used synthetic and natural agents have bioavailability issues which limit their use. Recently, nanocarriers-assisted delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs has been introduced to the breast cancer therapy which alienates the limitations associated with the current therapy to a great extent. Significant progress has lately been made in the realm of nanotechnology, which proved to be vital in the fight against drug resistance. Nanotechnology has been successfully applied in the effective and improved therapy of different forms of breast cancer including invasive, non-invasive as well as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), etc. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various nanoformulations prepared for the improved delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs alone or in combination showing better efficacy and pharmacokinetics. In addition to this, various ongoing and completed clinical studies and patents granted on nanotechnology-based breast cancer drug delivery are also reviewed.

The protective effects of baicalin for respiratory diseases: an update and future perspectives

Background: Respiratory diseases are common and frequent diseases. Due to the high pathogenicity and side effects of respiratory diseases, the discovery of new strategies for drug treatment is a hot area of research. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) has been used as a medicinal herb in China for over 2000 years. Baicalin (BA) is a flavonoid active ingredient extracted from SBG that BA has been found to exert various pharmacological effects against respiratory diseases. However, there is no comprehensive review of the mechanism of the effects of BA in treating respiratory diseases. This review aims to summarize the current pharmacokinetics of BA, baicalin-loaded nano-delivery system, and its molecular mechanisms and therapeutical effects for treating respiratory diseases.

Method: This review reviewed databases such as PubMed, NCBI, and Web of Science from their inception to 13 December 2022, in which literature was related to “baicalin”, “Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi”, “COVID-19”, “acute lung injury”, “pulmonary arterial hypertension”, “asthma”, “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”, “pulmonary fibrosis”, “lung cancer”, “pharmacokinetics”, “liposomes”, “nano-emulsions”, “micelles”, “phospholipid complexes”, “solid dispersions”, “inclusion complexes”, and other terms.

Result: The pharmacokinetics of BA involves mainly gastrointestinal hydrolysis, the enteroglycoside cycle, multiple metabolic pathways, and excretion in bile and urine. Due to the poor bioavailability and solubility of BA, liposomes, nano-emulsions, micelles, phospholipid complexes, solid dispersions, and inclusion complexes of BA have been developed to improve its bioavailability, lung targeting, and solubility. BA exerts potent effects mainly by mediating upstream oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune response pathways. It regulates are the NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β/Smad, Nrf2/HO-1, and ERK/GSK3β pathways.

Conclusion: This review presents comprehensive information on BA about pharmacokinetics, baicalin-loaded nano-delivery system, and its therapeutic effects and potential pharmacological mechanisms in respiratory diseases. The available studies suggest that BA has excellent possible treatment of respiratory diseases and is worthy of further investigation and development.

Amphotericin B and monoacyl-phosphatidylcholine form a stable amorphous complex

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a "life-saving" medicine for the treatment of invasive fungal infections and visceral leishmaniasis. To date, all marketed AmB formulations require parenteral administration, which causes high rates of acute infusion-related side effects and dose-dependent nephrotoxicity. The development of an oral AmB formulation will entail numerous advantages including increased patient compliance, eliminated infusion-related toxicities and reduced nephrotoxicity. Unfortunately, the gastrointestinal absorption of AmB is negligible due to its extremely low solubility in both aqueous and lipid solvents, and its poor gastrointestinal permeability. Drug-phospholipid complexation is an emerging strategy for oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs. In this study, monoacyl-phosphatidylcholine (MAPC) was complexed with AmB forming an AmB-MAPC complex (APC), to enhance the dissolution rate and aqueous solubility of AmB, in order to enable oral delivery of AmB. X-ray powder diffraction demonstrated that AmB was transformed to its amorphous form following complexation with MAPC, i.e. in the APC. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy suggested molecular interactions between AmB and MAPC. Dynamic light scattering indicated formation of colloidal structures after aqueous dispersion of APC; Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy showed that APC formed small round, "rod-like" and "worm-like" micellar structures and Small-angle neutron scattering provided three-dimensional micellar structures formed by APC upon aqueous dispersion, which indicated that AmB was inserted into the micellar mono-layer membrane formed by MAPC. Additionally, APC showed an increased dissolution rate and a higher amount of AmB solubilized in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid, compared to AmB/MAPC physical mixtures and crystalline AmB. In conclusion, an APC exhibiting amorphous properties was developed, the APC showed improved dissolution rate and increased apparent aqueous solubility compared to AmB, indicating that the application of APC could be a promising strategy to enable the oral delivery of AmB.

Efficacy and Safety of Camrelizumab in Combination with Docetaxel + S-1 Sequenced by Camrelizumab + S-1 for Stage III (PD-1+/MSI-H/EBV+/dMMR) Gastric Cancer: Study Protocol for a Single-Center, Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm Trial

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer occupies the fourth highest morbidity rate of cancers worldwide. A higher incidence of gastric cancer had been found in East Asia compared to the other regions. Gastrectomy with radical lymph node dissection is the cornerstone of curative treatment for Stage III gastric cancer, and postoperative systemic chemotherapy with docetaxel, S-1 improved patients' disease-free survival rates. However, advances in immunotherapy bring innovations in the management of patients with gastric cancer. The objective of this study was to explore the efficacy and safety of camrelizumab in combination with docetaxel + S-1, sequenced by camrelizumab + S-1 in stage III gastric cancer patients who are EBV positive, with defective mismatch repair and CPS ≥5.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This prospective, open-label, single-arm trial was performed at Renji Hospital. In this study, a total of 70 adult patients aged 18-80 years with Stage III (PD-1+/MSI-H/EBV+/dMMR) gastric cancer confirmed by post-operative pathology will be enrolled after screening. Participants will receive the specific chemotherapy regimen until 1 year after the operation or until tumor recurrence or metastasis. The primary outcome is the 3-year disease-free survival rate measured by the Clopper-Pearson method and 95% confidence intervals. The secondary outcomes include overall survival, incidence and severity of adverse effects, and laboratory abnormalities. The data will be analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. The patients will be followed up every 3 months with imaging investigation until clinical remission.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

All participants will provide informed consent. The protocol has been approved by the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital Ethics Committee (KY2019-191). The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts, reports and presentations.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: ChiCTR1900027123. Registration date November 2019; first enrolment December 2019; expected end date December 2021; trial status: Ongoing.

BRIEF ABSTRACT

A clinical trial for Stage III (PD-1+/MSI-H/EBV+/dMMR) gastric cancer patients who accepted anti-PD-1 therapy combined with docetaxel + S-1 as the first-line treatment and explored improvements in three-year disease-free survival rate.

Preparation of injectable clopidogrel loaded submicron emulsion for enhancing physicochemical stability and anti-thrombotic efficacy

Due to the superior safety and therapeutic efficacy, clopidogrel (CLP) has been widely used to prevent postoperative thrombosis. However, limitations of delayed absorption and metabolic activation of clopidogrel after oral administration hinder its clinic use for acute thrombosis treatment in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although clopidogrel aqueous injection systems were designed and developed, chemical instability under physiological condition or vascular irritation remains to be solved. In this study, we aim to prepare an injectable clopidogrel loaded submicron emulsion to overcome the drawbacks of conventional clopidogrel aqueous formulation and improve the antiplatelet aggregation effects. Results showed that this delivery system exerted inspiring features including uniform particle size, higher drug loading capacity and sustained drug release behavior. It can dramatically upgrade the formulation stability and prevent the drug degradation under sterilization or higher pH environments. No remarkable droplet size increase or drug content decrease was observed during storage. Compared to CLP tablet, the peak drug concentration (C_max) and area under the curve (AUC) of CLP emulsion increased by 12.01-fold and 4.69-fold, respectively. Most importantly, it exerted excellent in vivo anti-thrombotic effect on numerous designed animal models. Conclusively, submicron emulsion is a promising delivery system for improving clopidogrel stability and anti-thrombotic efficacy.

Docetaxel-loaded exosomes for targeting non-small cell lung cancer: preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a highly lethal disease and the majority of NSCLC patients are desperate for therapies that can effectively target their cancer and ultimately improve their overall survival. Docetaxel (DTX) represents the first-line of the antitumor agent that is used to treat NSCLC; however, it has poor solubility in water and unsatisfactory encapsulation efficiency. In our study, exosomes were isolated from A549 cancer cells by ultracentrifugation and then characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blot (WB). The particle size changes of EXO and EXO-DTX were measured daily for seven days to test the stability. DTX was selected payload by electroporation (EXO-DTX). For the in vitro evaluation, cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and cellular uptake were evaluated in the A549 cells. Also, this study evaluated the target and therapeutic effect of DTX as an antitumor agent in vivo. As a result, EXO-DTX with a particle size of 149.5 nm were successfully prepared and the cytotoxicity of the EXO-DTX was much greater than that of DTX monomers. Exosomes significantly increased the cellular uptake in vitro evaluation and showed better targeting to tumor tissue compared to the free DTX in the mice. We also explored the potential of tumor cell-derived exosomes as a drug delivery agent to target the parent cancer. Hence, we conclude that exosomes might be used as a potential antitumor drug delivery system (DDS).

Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Augmented Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Integrating Ultrasound Imaging and Synergistic Therapy of Metastatic Breast Cancer

The metastasis of breast cancer is believed to have a negative effect on its prognosis. Benefiting from the remarkable deep-penetrating and noninvasive characteristics, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) demonstrates a whole series of potential leading to cancer treatment. To relieve the limitation of monotherapy, a multifunctional nanoplatform has been explored to realize the synergistic treatment efficiency. Herein, we establish a novel multifunctional nano-system which encapsulates chlorin e6 (Ce6, for SDT), perfluoropentane (PFP, for ultrasound imaging), and docetaxel (DTX, for chemotherapy) in a well-designed PLGA core-shell structure. The synergistic Ce6/PFP/DTX/PLGA nanoparticles (CPDP NPs) featured with excellent biocompatibility and stability primarily enable its further application. Upon low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) irradiation, the enhanced ultrasound imaging could be revealed both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, combined with LIFU, the nanoparticles exhibit intriguing antitumor capability through Ce6-induced cytotoxic reactive oxygen species as well as DTX releasing to generate a concerted therapeutic efficiency. Furthermore, this treating strategy actives a strong anti-metastasis capability by which lung metastatic nodules have been significantly reduced. The results indicate that the SDT-oriented nanoplatform combined with chemotherapy could be provided as a promising approach in elevating effective synergistic therapy and suppressing lung metastasis of breast cancer.

Simultaneous Optimization of Oral and Transdermal Nanovesicles for Bioavailability Enhancement of Ivabradine Hydrochloride

PURPOSE

Ivabradine hydrochloride is selective pacemaker current (If) ion channel inhibitor used in case of chronic heart failure (CHF) with superior efficacy and lower side effects than most β-blockers. However, the drug suffers from low bioavailability (≈40%) due to extensive first-pass metabolism. Hence, this work aims to formulate nanovesicular platforms to enhance their bioavailability both orally and transdermally.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A central composite face-centered design was employed to formulate the nanovesicles, both phosphatidylcholine: drug ratio and percentage of pluronic F68 were used as independent variables. The nine developed formulae were characterized in terms of vesicle size (nm), polydispersity index, zeta potential (mV), entrapment efficiency (%). Decreasing vesicle size, increasing negative value of the zeta potential, and increasing entrapment efficiency were the chosen constraints to optimize the engineered nanovesicles. The candidate formula was subjected to further investigation including lyophilization, loading into carbopol gel, in vitro release, imaging with a transmission electron microscope, histopathological examination, in vitro cytotoxicity study and in vivo pharmacokinetics.

RESULTS

The optimized nanovesicular formula was composed of lipid: drug ratio of 3.91:1 and 100% pluronic as a stabilizer. It has particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of 337.6 nm, -40.5 mV and 30.5, respectively. It was then lyophilized in the presence of 5% trehalose as a cryoprotectant, dispersed in 0.5% carbopol to develop the transdermal gel. The two different forms of the candidate formula (lyophilized and gel form) displayed sustained drug release in comparison to drug solution. The histopathological and cytotoxicity studies showed that the optimized formula was safe and highly biocompatible. The pharmacokinetics parameters measured declared a higher Cmax and half-life of both formulae in comparison to market product (Procoralan®) with a 2.54- and 1.85-folds increase in bioavailability, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Hence, the developed nanovesicles can be reported as the first nanoplatforms to be used for simultaneous ivabradine delivery by both oral and topical routes with enhanced oral and transdermal drug delivery. The developed nanoplatforms hence can be further used to formulate other drugs that suffer from low bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism.

Development of phospholipid complex loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of resveratrol

Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a formulation that combines a phospholipid complex (PC) and self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble resveratrol (RES), called RPC-SMEDDS. Methods: RES-PC (RPC) and RPC-SMEDDS were optimized by orthogonal experiment and central composite design, respectively. The characteristics and mechanism of intestinal absorption were studied by Ussing chamber model. The pharmacokinetics was evaluated in rats. Results: RES was the substrate of MRP2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) rather than P-gp. The prepared RPC-SMEDDS prevented the efflux mediated by MRP2 and BCRP and improved the bioavailability of RES. Conclusion: These results suggested that the combination system of PC and SMEDDS was a promising method to improve the oral bioavailability of RES.