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Balogh B, Pető Á, Haimhoffer Á, Sinka D, Kósa D, Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Argenziano M, Cavalli R, Bácskay I. Formulation and Evaluation of Different Nanogels of Tapinarof for Treatment of Psoriasis. Gels 2024; 10:675. [PMID: 39590031 PMCID: PMC11594086 DOI: 10.3390/gels10110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin condition. There are many therapeutic options for its treatment; however, none of them is completely effective. Tapinarof is a promising new active substance; it was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of psoriasis. The aim of our study was to prepare topical nanoformulations of the active substance to improve its bioavailability and therapeutic effect. The biocompatibility investigation of the formulations was carried out by MTT assay, and the size distribution of the preparations was investigated by DLS. In parallel, the rheological properties and the texture were examined, and the in vitro release of tapinarof was assessed by the Franz diffusion method. An in vitro wound healing assay was also carried out to study the drug's properties. Our results show that the preparations were safe on HaCaT cells. The particle size of the formulations was proven to be in the nanoscale range. In the in vitro release studies, nanogel II. showed greater release of the active substance. According to the wound healing assay, incorporation of the drug into nanoformulations increases the antiproliferative and antimigration activity of the drug. Overall, nanoformulations of tapinarof were successfully prepared, and our results suggest that they can be a useful addition to the current therapeutic practice of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Balogh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (Á.P.); (Á.H.); (D.S.); (D.K.); (P.F.); (Z.U.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágota Pető
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (Á.P.); (Á.H.); (D.S.); (D.K.); (P.F.); (Z.U.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Haimhoffer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (Á.P.); (Á.H.); (D.S.); (D.K.); (P.F.); (Z.U.)
| | - Dávid Sinka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (Á.P.); (Á.H.); (D.S.); (D.K.); (P.F.); (Z.U.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kósa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (Á.P.); (Á.H.); (D.S.); (D.K.); (P.F.); (Z.U.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (Á.P.); (Á.H.); (D.S.); (D.K.); (P.F.); (Z.U.)
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (Á.P.); (Á.H.); (D.S.); (D.K.); (P.F.); (Z.U.)
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (Á.P.); (Á.H.); (D.S.); (D.K.); (P.F.); (Z.U.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Liu Q, Zhao JN, Fang ZT, Wang X, Zhang BG, He Y, Liu RJ, Chen J, Liu GP. BGP-15 alleviates LPS-induced depression-like behavior by promoting mitophagy. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:648-664. [PMID: 38677623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently imposes severe constraints on psychosocial functioning and detrimentally impacts overall well-being. Despite the growing interest in the hypothesis of mitochondrial dysfunction, the precise mechanistic underpinnings and therapeutic strategies remain unclear and require further investigation. In this study, an MDD model was established in mice using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our research findings demonstrated that LPS exposure induced depressive-like behaviors and disrupted mitophagy by diminishing the mitochondrial levels of PINK1/Parkin in the brains of mice. Furthermore, LPS exposure evoked the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, accompanied by a notable elevation in the concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Additionally, neuronal apoptosis was stimulated through the JNK/p38 pathway. The administration of BGP-15 effectively nullified the impact of LPS, corresponding to the amelioration of depressive-like phenotypes and restoration of mitophagy, prevention of neuronal injury and inflammation, and suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, we elucidated the involvement of mitophagy in BGP-15-attenuated depressive-like behaviors using the inhibitors targeting autophagy (3-MA) and mitophagy (Mdivi-1). Notably, these inhibitors notably counteracted the antidepressant and anti-inflammatory effects exerted by BGP-15. Based on the research findings, it can be inferred that the antidepressant properties of BGP-15 in LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors could potentially be attributed to the involvement of the mitophagy pathway. These findings offer a potential novel therapeutic strategy for managing MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jun-Ning Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhi-Ting Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ye He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rui-Juan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Bácskay I, Papp B, Pártos P, Budai I, Pető Á, Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Kósa D. Formulation and Evaluation of Insulin-Loaded Sodium-Alginate Microparticles for Oral Administration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:46. [PMID: 38258057 PMCID: PMC10819542 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of oral insulin drug delivery systems is still an ongoing challenge for pharmaceutical technology researchers, as the formulation process has to overcome a number of obstacles due to the adverse characteristics of peptides. The aim of this study was to formulate different sodium-alginate microparticles as a possible method for oral insulin administration. In our previous studies, the method has been successfully optimized using a small model peptide. The incorporation of insulin into alginate carriers containing nonionic surfactants has not been described yet. In order to enhance the absorption of insulin through biological barriers, Labrasol ALF and Labrafil M 2125 CS were selected as permeation-enhancing excipients. They were applied at a concentration of 0.10% (v/v%), along with various combinations of the two, to increase oral bioavailability. Encapsulation efficiency showed sufficient drug incorporation, as it resulted in over 80% in each composition. In vitro dissolution and enzymatic stability test results proved that, as a pH-responsive polymer, alginate bead swelling and drug release occur at higher pH, thus protecting insulin against the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. The remaining insulin content was 66% due to SIF degradation after 120 min. Permeability experiments revealed the impact of permeation enhancers and natural polymers on drug absorption, as they enhanced drug transport significantly through Caco-2 cells in the case of alginate microparticle formulations, as opposed to the control insulin solution. These results suggest that these formulations are able to improve the oral bioavailability of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (P.F.); (Z.U.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (P.F.); (Z.U.)
| | - Péter Pártos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (P.F.); (Z.U.)
| | - István Budai
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, Ótemető Utca 2-4, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ágota Pető
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (P.F.); (Z.U.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (P.F.); (Z.U.)
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (P.F.); (Z.U.)
| | - Dóra Kósa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (P.F.); (Z.U.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Bácskay I, Hosszú Z, Budai I, Ujhelyi Z, Fehér P, Kósa D, Haimhoffer Á, Pető Á. Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches Containing BGP-15. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:36. [PMID: 38258047 PMCID: PMC10819821 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BGP-15 is an active ingredient with many advantages, e.g., beneficial cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects. The transdermal administration of BGP-15 has great potential, which has not been investigated yet, despite the fact that it is a non-invasive and safe form of treatment. The aim of our study was to formulate transdermal patches containing BGP-15 and optimize the production with the Box-Behnken design of experiment. The most optimal formulation was further combined with penetration enhancers to improve bioavailability of the active ingredient, and the in vitro drug release and in vitro permeation of BGP-15 from the patches were investigated. FTIR spectra of BGP-15, the formulations and the components were also studied. The most optimal formulation based on the tested parameters was dried for 24 h, with 67% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) content and low ethanol content. The selected penetration enhancer excipients were not cytotoxic on HaCaT cells. The FTIR measurements and SEM photography proved the compatibility of the active substance and the vehicle; BGP-15 was present in the polymer matrix in dissolved form. The bioavailability of BGP-15 was most significantly enhanced by the combination of Transcutol and Labrasol. The in vitro permeation study confirmed that the formulated patches successfully enabled the transdermal administration of BGP-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Hosszú
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Budai
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, Ótemető Utca 2-4, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kósa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Haimhoffer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágota Pető
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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In Vitro and Human Pilot Studies of Different Topical Formulations Containing Rosa Species for the Treatment of Psoriasis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175499. [PMID: 36080266 PMCID: PMC9458126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and antioxidant properties of the extracts from three Rosa species (R. canina, R. damascena, R. cairo), to develop and investigate topical formulations with lyophilized forms of extracts for the treatment of psoriasis. Phytochemical screening and in vitro total antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, SOD) of studied samples were examined and compared. Lyophilized extracts of roses were dissolved in Transcutol HP and different formulations of creams were prepared. Franz diffusion method was used to evaluate the drug release and biocompatibility was tested on HaCaT cells. Rosa damascene had the best results regarding all the analyses that were conducted. After the evaluation of topical products, the formulation with Rosa damascena extract in a self-emulsifying drug delivery system was tested on a human clinical study that involved 20 patients. At the end of the clinical study an improvement in the quality of life of the patients was observed and erythema, induration and scaling were reduced. The present study indicates that our examined extracts exhibited great phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and safety profile of topical formulation and therefore can be used as a reliable source of natural antioxidants and may be used as a complementary treatment to improve the quality life of patients with psoriasis or may be tested on another diseases.
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Pető Á, Kósa D, Haimhoffer Á, Nemes D, Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Vecsernyés M, Váradi J, Fenyvesi F, Frum A, Gligor FG, Vicaș LG, Marian E, Jurca T, Pallag A, Muresan ME, Tóth Z, Bácskay I. Topical Dosage Formulation of Lyophilized Philadelphus coronarius L. Leaf and Flower: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Assessment of the Plant. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092652. [PMID: 35566001 PMCID: PMC9100982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Philadelphus coronarius is a versatile plant and its use in folk medicine has a long tradition; however, scientifically, the medical utilization of the herb is a less explored research field. The aim of our study was to identify and determine the quantity of the bioactive compounds of both the leaf and the flower and prepare a lyophilized product of them, from which medical ointments were formulated, since the topical application of P. coronarius has also not been studied. In vitro drug release, texture analysis and biocompatibility experiments were carried out, as well as the investigation of microbiological, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. According to our results the composition and the selected excipients of the ointments have a great impact on the drug release, texture and bioavailability of the preparation. During the microbiological testing, the P. coronarius leaf was effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but it did not significantly decrease IL-4 production when it was tested on HaCaT cells. P. coronarius is a promising herb, and its topical application in antimicrobial therapy can be a useful addition to modern medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Pető
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kósa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Haimhoffer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Nemes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Miklós Vecsernyés
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Adina Frum
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University Sibiu, Lucian Blaga Street, No 2A, H-550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.F.); (F.G.G.)
| | - Felicia Gabriela Gligor
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University Sibiu, Lucian Blaga Street, No 2A, H-550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.F.); (F.G.G.)
| | - Laura Grațiela Vicaș
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga Street, H-410028 Oradea, Romania; (L.G.V.); (E.M.); (T.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Eleonora Marian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga Street, H-410028 Oradea, Romania; (L.G.V.); (E.M.); (T.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Tunde Jurca
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga Street, H-410028 Oradea, Romania; (L.G.V.); (E.M.); (T.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Annamaria Pallag
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga Street, H-410028 Oradea, Romania; (L.G.V.); (E.M.); (T.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Mariana Eugenia Muresan
- Department of Preclinical Discipline, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st December Square 10, H-410068 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Á.H.); (D.N.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (M.V.); (J.V.); (F.F.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-411-717 (ext. 54034)
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