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Zhang H, Li S, Ma X. Transforming Healthcare with Nanomedicine: A SWOT Analysis of Drug Delivery Innovation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3499-3521. [PMID: 39132625 PMCID: PMC11314449 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s470210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Nanomedicine represents a transformative approach in biomedical applications. This study aims to delineate the application of nanomedicine in the biomedical field through the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis to evaluate its efficacy and potential in clinical applications. Methods The SWOT analysis framework was employed to systematically review and assess the internal strengths and weaknesses, along with external opportunities and threats of nanomedicine. This method provides a balanced consideration of the potential benefits and challenges. Results Findings from the SWOT analysis indicate that nanomedicine presents significant potential in drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and tissue engineering. Nonetheless, it faces substantial hurdles such as safety issues, environmental concerns, and high development costs. Critical areas for development were identified, particularly concerning its therapeutic potential and the uncertainties surrounding long-term effects. Conclusion Nanomedicine holds substantial promise in driving medical innovation. However, successful clinical translation requires addressing safety, cost, and regulatory challenges. Interdisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive strategic planning are crucial for the safe and effective application of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suping Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingming Ma
- School of Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Wang YL, Lee YH, Chou CL, Chang YS, Liu WC, Chiu HW. Oxidative stress and potential effects of metal nanoparticles: A review of biocompatibility and toxicity concerns. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123617. [PMID: 38395133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (M-NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties, driving diverse applications across packaging, biomedicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. However, the potential health risks associated with M-NPs must not be disregarded. M-NPs' ability to accumulate in organs and traverse the blood-brain barrier poses potential health threats to animals, humans, and the environment. The interaction between M-NPs and various cellular components, including DNA, multiple proteins, and mitochondria, triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), influencing several cellular activities. These interactions have been linked to various effects, such as protein alterations, the buildup of M-NPs in the Golgi apparatus, heightened lysosomal hydrolases, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, cell membrane impairment, cytoplasmic disruption, and fluctuations in ATP levels. Despite the evident advantages M-NPs offer in diverse applications, gaps in understanding their biocompatibility and toxicity necessitate further research. This review provides an updated assessment of M-NPs' pros and cons across different applications, emphasizing associated hazards and potential toxicity. To ensure the responsible and safe use of M-NPs, comprehensive research is conducted to fully grasp the potential impact of these nanoparticles on both human health and the environment. By delving into their intricate interactions with biological systems, we can navigate the delicate balance between harnessing the benefits of M-NPs and minimizing potential risks. Further exploration will pave the way for informed decision-making, leading to the conscientious development of these nanomaterials and safeguarding the well-being of society and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Li Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Lin Chou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsin Kuo Min Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Liu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan; Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Antai Medical Care Corporation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, 928, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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3
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Ortiz-Perez A, Zhang M, Fitzpatrick LW, Izquierdo-Lozano C, Albertazzi L. Advanced optical imaging for the rational design of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115138. [PMID: 37980951 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous potential of nanomedicines to shape the future of medicine, their clinical translation remains suboptimal. Translational challenges are present in every step of the development pipeline, from a lack of understanding of patient heterogeneity to insufficient insights on nanoparticle properties and their impact on material-cell interactions. Here, we discuss how the adoption of advanced optical microscopy techniques, such as super-resolution optical microscopies, correlative techniques, and high-content modalities, could aid the rational design of nanocarriers, by characterizing the cell, the nanomaterial, and their interaction with unprecedented spatial and/or temporal detail. In this nanomedicine arena, we will discuss how the implementation of these techniques, with their versatility and specificity, can yield high volumes of multi-parametric data; and how machine learning can aid the rapid advances in microscopy: from image acquisition to data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortiz-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Laurence W Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Izquierdo-Lozano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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4
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Qian J, Guo Y, Xu Y, Wang X, Chen J, Wu X. Combination of micelles and liposomes as a promising drug delivery system: a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2767-2789. [PMID: 37278964 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among various nanocarriers, liposomes, and micelles are relatively mature drug delivery systems with the advantages of prolonging drug half-life, reducing toxicity, and improving efficacy. However, both have problems, such as poor stability and insufficient targeting. To further exploit the excellent properties of micelles and liposomes and avoid their shortcomings, researchers have developed new drug delivery systems by combining the two and making use of their respective advantages to achieve the goals of increasing the drug loading capacity, multiple targeting, and multiple drug delivery. The results have demonstrated that this new combination approach is a very promising delivery platform. In this paper, we review the combination strategies, preparation methods, and applications of micelles and liposomes to introduce the research progress, advantages, and challenges of composite carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecheng Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yankun Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Organization Department, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youfa Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Shanghai Wei Er Lab, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
- Shanghai Wei Er Lab, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
- Shanghai Wei Er Lab, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Chota A, George BP, Abrahamse H. Recent Advances in Green Metallic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Drug Delivery in Photodynamic Therapy: A Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4808. [PMID: 36902238 PMCID: PMC10003542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, cancer is one of the leading causes of death among men and women, it is characterized by the unregulated proliferation of tumor cells. Some of the common risk factors associated with cancer development include the consistent exposure of body cells to carcinogenic agents such as alcohol, tobacco, toxins, gamma rays and alpha particles. Besides the above-mentioned risk factors, conventional therapies such as radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have also been linked to the development of cancer. Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been invested in the synthesis of eco-friendly green metallic nanoparticles (NPs), and their medical application. Comparatively, metallic NPs have greater advantages over conventional therapies. Additionally, metallic NPs can be functionalized with different targeting moieties e.g., liposomes, antibodies, folic acid, transferrin, and carbohydrates. Herein, we review and discuss the synthesis, and therapeutic potential of green synthesized metallic NPs for enhanced cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). Finally, the advantages of green hybridized activatable NPs over conventional photosensitizers (PSs) and the future perspectives of nanotechnology in cancer research are discussed in the review. Furthermore, we anticipate that the insights offered in this review will inspire the design and development of green nano-formulations for enhanced image-guided PDT in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blassan P. George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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6
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Pondman K, Le Gac S, Kishore U. Nanoparticle-induced immune response: Health risk versus treatment opportunity? Immunobiology 2023; 228:152317. [PMID: 36592542 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are not only employed in many biomedical applications in an engineered form, but also occur in our environment, in a more hazardous form. NPs interact with the immune system through various pathways and can lead to a myriad of different scenarios, ranging from their quiet removal from circulation by macrophages without any impact for the body, to systemic inflammatory effects and immuno-toxicity. In the latter case, the function of the immune system is affected by the presence of NPs. This review describes, how both the innate and adaptive immune system are involved in interactions with NPs, together with the models used to analyse these interactions. These models vary between simple 2D in vitro models, to in vivo animal models, and also include complex all human organ on chip models which are able to recapitulate more accurately the interaction in the in vivo situation. Thereafter, commonly encountered NPs in both the environment and in biomedical applications and their possible effects on the immune system are discussed in more detail. Not all effects of NPs on the immune system are detrimental; in the final section, we review several promising strategies in which the immune response towards NPs can be exploited to suit specific applications such as vaccination and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Pondman
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, U.A.E. University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Oualikene-Gonin W, Sautou V, Ezan E, Bastos H, Bellissant E, Belgodère L, Maison P, Ankri J. Regulatory assessment of nano-enabled health products in public health interest. Position of the scientific advisory board of the French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1125577. [PMID: 36935690 PMCID: PMC10018019 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1125577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials are present in a wide variety of health products, drugs and medical devices and their use is constantly increasing, varying in terms of diversity and quantity. The topic is vast because it covers nanodrugs, but also excipients (that includes varying proportions of NMs) and medical devices (with intended or not-intended (by-products of wear) nanoparticles). Although researchers in the field of nanomedicines in clinical research and industry push for clearer definitions and relevant regulations, the endeavor is challenging due to the enormous diversity of NMs in use and their specific properties. In addition, regulatory hurdles and discrepancies are often cited as obstacles to the clinical development of these innovative products. The scientific council of the Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM) undertook a multidisciplinary analysis encompassing fundamental, environmental and societal dimensions with the aim of identifying topics of interest for regulatory assessment and surveillance. This analysis allowed for proposing some recommendations for approximation and harmonization of international regulatory practices for the assessment of the risk/benefit balance of these products, considering as well the public expectations as regards efficacy and safety of nanomaterials used in Health products, in terms of human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Oualikene-Gonin
- Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé, Saint-Denis, France
- *Correspondence: Wahiba Oualikene-Gonin
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Ezan
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Henri Bastos
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Bellissant
- Service de Pharmacologie, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance, de pharmaco-épidémiologie et d'information sur le médicament, CHU de Rennes, UMR INSERM 1085 - Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Laëtitia Belgodère
- Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Patrick Maison
- Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé, Saint-Denis, France
- EA 7379, Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- CHI Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Joël Ankri
- Université de Versailles St Quentin- Paris Saclay, Inserm U1018, Versailles, France
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8
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Besenhard MO, Pal S, Gkogkos G, Gavriilidis A. Non-fouling flow reactors for nanomaterial synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a holistic description of flow reactor fouling for wet-chemical nanomaterial syntheses. Fouling origins and consequences are discussed together with the variety of flow reactors for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayan Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Georgios Gkogkos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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9
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Villuendas H, Vilches C, Quidant R. Influence of Cell Type on the Efficacy of Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:494-502. [PMID: 37101851 PMCID: PMC10125312 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT), illuminated gold nanoparticles are locally heated to produce selective damage in cells. While PPTT is expected to strongly depend on the cell line, available data are sparse and critical parameters remain unclear. To elucidate this pivotal aspect, we present a systematic study of diseased and nondiseased cells from different tissues to evaluate cytotoxicity, uptake of gold nanorods (AuNRs), and viability after PPTT. We identified differences in uptake and toxicity between cell types, linking AuNR concentrations to toxicity. Furthermore, the cell death mechanism is shown to depend on the intensity of the irradiated light and hence the temperature increase. Importantly, the data also underline the need to monitor cell death at different time points. Our work contributes to the definition of systematic protocols with appropriate controls to fully comprehend the effects of PPTT and build meaningful and reproducible data sets, key to translate PPTT to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Villuendas
- Nanophotonic
Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- ICFO
− Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, the Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Clara Vilches
- ICFO
− Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, the Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Romain Quidant
- Nanophotonic
Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- ICFO
− Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, the Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA
− Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Corneal Wound Repair by Regulating Inflammation and Angiogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233892. [PMID: 36497151 PMCID: PMC9736484 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe corneal damage leads to complete vision loss, thereby affecting life quality and impinging heavily on the healthcare system. Current clinical approaches to manage corneal wounds suffer from severe drawbacks, thus requiring the development of alternative strategies. Of late, mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a promising tool in the ophthalmic field. In the present study, we topically delivered bone-marrow-derived MSC-EVs (BMSC-EVs), embedded in methylcellulose, in a murine model of alkali-burn-induced corneal damage in order to evaluate their role in corneal repair through histological and molecular analyses, with the support of magnetic resonance imaging. Our data show that BMSC-EVs, used for the first time in this specific formulation on the damaged cornea, modulate cell death, inflammation and angiogenetic programs in the injured tissue, thus leading to a faster recovery of corneal damage. These results were confirmed on cadaveric donor-derived human corneal epithelial cells in vitro. Thus, BMSC-EVs modulate corneal repair dynamics and are promising as a new cell-free approach for intervening on burn wounds, especially in the avascularized region of the eye.
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Chen WH, Strych U, Bottazzi ME, Lin YP. Past, present, and future of Lyme disease vaccines: antigen engineering approaches and mechanistic insights. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1405-1417. [PMID: 35836340 PMCID: PMC9529901 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transmitted by ticks, Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern hemisphere. Despite the geographical expansion of human Lyme disease cases, no effective preventive strategies are currently available. Developing an efficacious and safe vaccine is therefore urgently needed. Efforts have previously been taken to identify vaccine targets in the causative pathogen (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) and arthropod vector (Ixodes spp.). However, progress was impeded due to a lack of consumer confidence caused by the myth of undesired off-target responses, low immune responses, a limited breadth of immune reactivity, as well as by the complexities of the vaccine process development. AREA COVERED In this review, we summarize the antigen engineering approaches that have been applied to overcome those challenges and the underlying mechanisms that can be exploited to improve both safety and efficacy of future Lyme disease vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Over the past two decades, several new genetically redesigned Lyme disease vaccine candidates have shown success in both preclinical and clinical settings and built a solid foundation for further development. These studies have greatly informed the protective mechanisms of reducing Lyme disease burdens and ending the endemic of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYSDOH, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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