Glucosamine-Modified Mesoporous Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles: A "Raisin-Cake"-like Structure as an Efficient Theranostic Platform for Targeted Methotrexate Delivery

Exosome-based advances in pancreatic cancer: The potential of mesenchymal stem cells

Pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is one of the most challenging clinical conditions due to its late-stage diagnosis and poor survival rates. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), used for targeted therapies, are being explored as a promising treatment because of their tumor-homing properties and potential contributions to the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing effective treatments. In this study, we investigated how MSCs exhibit tropism towards tumors, influence the microenvironment through paracrine effects, and serve as potential drug delivery vehicles. We also examined their role in progression and therapeutic resistance in pancreatic cancer therapy. The cytotoxic effects of certain compounds on tumor cells, the use of genetically modified MSCs as drug carriers, and the potential of exosomal biomarkers like miRNAs and riRNAs for diagnosis and monitoring of pancreatic cancer were analyzed. Overall, MSC-based therapies, coupled with insights into tumor-stromal interactions, offer new avenues for improving outcomes in pancreatic cancer treatment. Additionally, the use of MSC-based therapies in clinical trials is discussed. While MSCs show promising potential for pancreatic cancer monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment, results so far have been limited.

Enhancing Drug Solubility, Bioavailability, and Targeted Therapeutic Applications through Magnetic Nanoparticles

Biological variability poses significant challenges in the development of effective therapeutics, particularly when it comes to drug solubility and bioavailability. Poor solubility across varying physiological conditions often leads to reduced absorption and inconsistent therapeutic outcomes. This review examines how nanotechnology, especially through the use of nanomaterials and magnetic nanoparticles, offers innovative solutions to enhance drug solubility and bioavailability. This comprehensive review focuses on recent advancements and approaches in nanotechnology. We highlight both the successes and remaining challenges in this field, emphasizing the role of continued innovation. Future research should prioritize developing universal therapeutic solutions, conducting interdisciplinary research, and leveraging personalized nanomedicine to address biological variability.

In vivo treatment of zinc phosphide poisoning by administration of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as an effective antidote agent

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are highly advanced engineered particles with increased surface area and extreme adsorption capacity for various molecules. Herein, two types of MSNs were synthesized and applied as adsorbents for phosphine gas. One was without functional groups (MSN), and the other was post-modified with boric acid (MSN-BA). The structures of MSN and boric acid-modified MSN with high surface areas of about 1025 and 650 m2/g, respectively, were defined. MSN was found to have particles with sizes around 30 nm by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study, MSNs were used as an antidote to phosphorus poisoning, and zinc phosphide (phosphorus) powder was used as the toxic and lethal agent. In vivo analysis was carried out on rats to demonstrate the ability of MSNs to chemisorb phosphine gas. In the survival percentage assessment, Phos-poisoned animals were kept alive after treatment with MSNs, and the MSN-BA-treated group (dose of 5 mg/kg) was shown to have a 60 % survival rate. Blood serum analysis showed that MSNs have a high potential to alleviate organ blood damage, and serum biomarkers dropped sharply while phosphine-poisoned animals were treated with MSN-BA.

Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Novel Insights and Perspectives on Lung Cancer from Early Detection to Targeted Treatment

Lung cancer demands innovative approaches for early detection and targeted treatment. In addressing this urgent need, exosomes play a pivotal role in revolutionizing both the early detection and targeted treatment of lung cancer. Their remarkable capacity to encapsulate a diverse range of biomolecules, traverse biological barriers, and be engineered with specific targeting molecules makes them highly promising for both diagnostic markers and precise drug delivery to cancer cells. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of exosomal content and biogenesis offers crucial insights into the molecular profile of lung tumors. This knowledge holds significant potential for the development of targeted therapies and innovative diagnostic strategies for cancer. Despite notable progress in this field, challenges in standardization and cargo loading persist. Collaborative research efforts are imperative to maximize the potential of exosomes and advance the field of precision medicine for the benefit of lung cancer patients.

Nano Strategies for Artemisinin Derivatives to Enhance Reverse Efficiency of Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer

Artemisinin (ART) has been found to exert anti-tumor activity by regulating the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor invasion and metastasis. Its derivatives (ARTs) can regulate the expression of drug-resistant proteins and reverse the multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells by inhibiting intracellular drug efflux, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of tumor cells, thus enhancing the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recent studies have shown that nanodrugs play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, which can effectively solve the shortcomings of poor hydrophilicity and low bioavailability of ARTs in the human body, prolong the in vivo circulation time, improve the targeting of drugs (including tumor tissues or specific organelles), and control the release of drugs in target tissues, thereby reducing the side effect. This review systematically summarized the latest research progress of nano-strategies of ARTs to enhance the efficiency of MDR reversal in breast cancer (BC) from the following two aspects: (1) Chemicals encapsulated in nanomaterials based on innovative anti-proliferation mechanism: non-ABC transporter receptor candidate related to ferroptosis (dihydroartemisinin/DHA analogs). (2) Combination therapy strategy of nanomedicine (drug-drug combination therapy, drug-gene combination, and chemical-physical therapy). Self-assembled nano-delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy through increased drug loading, rapid reactive release, optimized delivery sequence, and realization of cascade-increasing effects. New nanotechnology methods must be designed for specific delivery routines to achieve targeting administration and overcome MDR without affecting normal cells. The significance of this review is to expect that ART and ARTs can be widely used in clinical practice. In the future, nanotechnology can help people to treat multidrug resistance of breast cancer more accurately and efficiently.