|
1
|
Sandulovici RC, Gălăţanu ML, Cima LM, Panus E, Truţă E, Mihăilescu CM, Sârbu I, Cord D, Rîmbu MC, Anghelache ŞA, Panţuroiu M. Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of the Vegetative Buds from Romanian Spruce, Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. Molecules 2024; 29:2128. [PMID: 38731619 PMCID: PMC11085860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the vegetative buds from Picea abies (spruce), naturally found in a central region of Romania, through a comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition to identify bioactive compounds responsible for pharmacological properties. Using HPLC/derivatization technique of GC-MS and quantitative spectrophotometric assays, the phenolic profile, and main components of an ethanolic extract from the buds were investigated. The essential oil was characterized by GC-MS. Moreover, the antioxidant activity with the DPPH method, and the antimicrobial activity were tested. Heavy metal detection was performed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The main components of the alcoholic extract were astragalin, quercetin, kaempferol, shikimic acid, and quinic acid. A total content of 25.32 ± 2.65 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry plant (mg GAE/g DW) and of 10.54 ± 0.083 mg rutin equivalents/g of dry plant (mg RE/g DW) were found. The essential oil had D-limonene, α-cadinol, δ-cadinene, 13-epimanool, and δ-3-carene as predominant components. The spruce vegetative buds exhibited significant antioxidant activity (IC50 of 53 μg/mL) and antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, concentrations of heavy metals Pb and Cd were below detection limits, suggesting that the material was free from potentially harmful contaminants. The results confirmed the potential of this indigenous species to be used as a source of compounds with pharmacological utilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Colette Sandulovici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Mona Luciana Gălăţanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Luiza Mădălina Cima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Emilia Panus
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Public Health Constanta, 900587 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Elena Truţă
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Carmen Marinela Mihăilescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A. Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 72996 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulian Sârbu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Daniel Cord
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
- National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Romania, Stefan Sanatescu Street 48, 011478 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Claudia Rîmbu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Ştefan Alexandru Anghelache
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Mariana Panţuroiu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Sincai, Boulevard, 040314 Bucharest, Romania or (R.C.S.); (L.M.C.); (E.T.); (C.M.M.); (I.S.); (D.C.); (M.C.R.); (Ş.A.A.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Ștefănescu BE, Socaci SA, Fărcaș AC, Nemeș SA, Teleky BE, Martău GA, Călinoiu LF, Mitrea L, Ranga F, Grigoroaea D, Vodnar DC, Socaciu C. Characterization of the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Bog Bilberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum L.) Leaf Extracts Obtained via Various Extraction Techniques. Foods 2024; 13:258. [PMID: 38254559 PMCID: PMC10814626 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to assess the chemical composition and biological activities of bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) leaves. Hydroethanolic extracts were obtained using four extraction techniques: one conventional (CE) and three alternative methods; ultrasound (UAE), microwave (MAE) and high-pressure (HPE) extractions. Spectrophotometric analysis was conducted to determine their chemical content, including the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Furthermore, their antioxidative and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis identified and quantified 17 phenolic compounds, with chlorogenic acid being the predominant compound, with the lowest level (37.36 ± 0.06 mg/g) for the bog bilberry leaf extract obtained by CE and the highest levels (e.g., HPE = 44.47 ± 0.08 mg/g) for the bog bilberry leaf extracts obtained by the alternative methods. Extracts obtained by HPE, UAE and MAE presented TPC values (135.75 ± 2.86 mg GAE/g; 130.52 ± 1.99 mg GAE/g; 119.23 ± 1.79 mg GAE/g) higher than those obtained by the CE method (113.07 ± 0.98 mg GAE/g). Regarding the TFC values, similar to TPC, the highest levels were registered in the extracts obtained by alternative methods (HPE = 43.16 ± 0.12 mg QE/g; MAE = 39.79 ± 0.41 mg QE/g and UAE = 33.89 ± 0.35 mg QE/g), while the CE extract registered the lowest level, 31.47 ± 0.28 mg QE/g. In the case of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity, the extracts from HPE, UAE and MAE exhibited the strongest radical scavenging capacities of 71.14%, 63.13% and 60.84%, respectively, whereas the CE extract registered only 55.37%. According to Microbiology Reader LogPhase 600 (BioTek), a common MIC value of 8.88 mg/mL was registered for all types of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Salmonella enterica (Gram-negative bacteria). Moreover, the alternative extraction methods (UAE, HPE) effectively inhibited the growth of Candida parapsilosis, in comparison to the lack of inhibition from the CE method. This study provides valuable insights into bog bilberry leaf extracts, reporting a comprehensive evaluation of their chemical composition and associated biological activities, with alternative extraction methods presenting greater potential for the recovery of phenolic compounds with increased biological activities than the conventional method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Eugenia Ștefănescu
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.E.Ș.); (S.A.N.); (B.E.T.); (G.A.M.); (F.R.); (D.C.V.)
| | - Sonia Ancuța Socaci
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Anca Corina Fărcaș
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Silvia Amalia Nemeș
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.E.Ș.); (S.A.N.); (B.E.T.); (G.A.M.); (F.R.); (D.C.V.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Bernadette Emőke Teleky
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.E.Ș.); (S.A.N.); (B.E.T.); (G.A.M.); (F.R.); (D.C.V.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Gheorghe Adrian Martău
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.E.Ș.); (S.A.N.); (B.E.T.); (G.A.M.); (F.R.); (D.C.V.)
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia Florina Călinoiu
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.E.Ș.); (S.A.N.); (B.E.T.); (G.A.M.); (F.R.); (D.C.V.)
| | - Laura Mitrea
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Floricuța Ranga
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.E.Ș.); (S.A.N.); (B.E.T.); (G.A.M.); (F.R.); (D.C.V.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Dan Grigoroaea
- Călimani National Park Administration, Șaru Dornei, 727515 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.E.Ș.); (S.A.N.); (B.E.T.); (G.A.M.); (F.R.); (D.C.V.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Buț MG, Jîtcă G, Imre S, Vari CE, Ősz BE, Jîtcă CM, Tero-Vescan A. The Lack of Standardization and Pharmacological Effect Limits the Potential Clinical Usefulness of Phytosterols in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1722. [PMID: 37111945 PMCID: PMC10142909 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) markedly increases with age. Phytotherapeutic approaches have been developed over time owing to the adverse side effects of conventional medications such as 5-reductase inhibitors and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Therefore, dietary supplements (DS) containing active compounds that benefit BPH are widely available. Phytosterols (PSs) are well recognized for their role in maintaining blood cholesterol levels; however, their potential in BPH treatment remains unexplored. This review aims to provide a general overview of the available data regarding the clinical evidence and a good understanding of the detailed pharmacological roles of PSs-induced activities at a molecular level in BPH. Furthermore, we will explore the authenticity of PSs content in DS used by patients with BPH compared to the current legislation and appropriate analytical methods for tracking DS containing PSs. The results showed that PSs might be a useful pharmacological treatment option for men with mild to moderate BPH, but the lack of standardized extracts linked with the regulation of DS containing PSs and experimental evidence to elucidate the mechanisms of action limit the use of PSs in BPH. Moreover, the results suggest multiple research directions in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina-Georgiana Buț
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (C.-M.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (C.E.V.); (B.E.Ő.)
| | - Silvia Imre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Camil Eugen Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (C.E.V.); (B.E.Ő.)
| | - Bianca Eugenia Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (C.E.V.); (B.E.Ő.)
| | - Carmen-Maria Jîtcă
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (C.-M.J.)
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Valorisation of phytochemical from Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) needles: impact of ultrasound/microwave-assisted extraction. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
|
|
5
|
Sut S, Maccari E, Zengin G, Ferrarese I, Loschi F, Faggian M, Paolo B, De Zordi N, Dall’Acqua S. "Smart Extraction Chain" with Green Solvents: Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Picea abies Bark Waste for Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical and Cosmetic Uses. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196719. [PMID: 36235255 PMCID: PMC9571752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from the sawmill waste Picea abies bark were extracted using an innovative two-step extraction that includes a first step with supercritical CO2 (SCO2) and a second step using green solvents, namely ethanol, water, and water ethanol mixture. Maceration (M), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) techniques were applied in the second step. A total of nineteen extract were obtained and yield were compared. Bark extracts were characterized by LC-DAD-MSn and classes of compounds were quantified as abietane derivatives, piceasides, flavonoids, and phenolics to compare different extractions. Obtained extracts were studied by in vitro assay to evaluate potential pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic uses assessing the antioxidant activity as well as the inhibitory activity on target enzymes. Results show that the “smart extraction chain” is advantageous in term of yield of extraction and phytoconstituent concentration. SCO2 extract, presenting a unique composition with a large amount of abietane derivatives, exerted the best activity for amylase inhibition compared to the other extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Erica Maccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Irene Ferrarese
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Loschi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Faggian
- Unired Srl, Via Niccolò Tommaseo 69, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Bertoni Paolo
- Holz Pichler SpA, Ega—Stenk 2, Bolzano, 39050 Nova Ponente, Italy
| | - Nicola De Zordi
- Società Agricola Moldoi—S.A.M, SrL, Belluno, Loc. Maras Moldoi 151/a, 32037 Sospirolo, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall’Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Yaraki MT, Zahed Nasab S, Zare I, Dahri M, Moein Sadeghi M, Koohi M, Tan YN. Biomimetic Metallic Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications, Catalysis, and Beyond. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Zahed Nasab
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 143951561, Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz 7178795844, Iran
| | - Mohammad Dahri
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moein Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Maedeh Koohi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yen Nee Tan
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute, Newcastle University in Singapore, 80 Jurong East Street 21, No. 05-04, 609607, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Tomasi IT, Machado CA, Boaventura RAR, Botelho CMS, Santos SCR. Tannin-based coagulants: Current development and prospects on synthesis and uses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153454. [PMID: 35093370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Population growth, industrialization, urbanization, and agriculture lead to a decrease in the availability of clean water. Coagulation/flocculation is one of the most common operations in water, urban wastewater, and industrial effluents treatment systems. Usually, this process is achieved using conventional coagulants that have their performance affected by pH, are poorly biodegradable, produce a huge volume of sludge, and are associated with degenerative diseases. As a substitute for these chemicals, natural coagulants have been highly researched for the last ten/fifteen years, especially the tannin-based (TB) ones. This review paper highlights the advantages of using these greener products to treat different types of water, wastewater, and effluents, especially from dairy, cosmetics, laundries, textile, and other industries. TB coagulants can successfully remove turbidity, color, suspended solids, soluble organic (chemical/biochemical oxygen demand) and inorganic matter (total phosphate, and heavy metals), and microorganisms. TB coagulants are compatible with other treatment technologies and can be used as coagulant-aid to reduce the consumption of chemicals. TB coagulants can reduce operating costs of water treatment due to less alkalinity consumption, as pH adjustment is sometimes unnecessary, and the production of a smaller volume of biodegradable sludge. TB coagulants can be synthesized by valorizing wastes/by-products, from the bark of some specific trees and skins/pomace of different fruits and vegetables. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) on TB coagulants are discussed. The progress of TB coagulants is promising, but some threats should be overcome, especially on tannin extraction and cationization. The market competition with conventional coagulants, the feasibility of application in real waters, and the reluctance of the industries to adapt to new technologies are other weaknesses to be surpassed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella T Tomasi
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A Machado
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui A R Boaventura
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália M S Botelho
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia C R Santos
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|