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Ferreira MJ, Silva J, Takeuchi H, Suzuki T, Higashiyama T, Coimbra S. Transcriptomic landscape of seedstick in Arabidopsis thaliana funiculus after fertilisation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:771. [PMID: 39134964 PMCID: PMC11320993 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Angiosperms, the continuation of plant species is intricately dependent on the funiculus multifaceted role in nutrient transport, mechanical support, and dehiscence of seeds. SEEDSTICK (STK) is a MADS-box transcription factor involved in seed size and abscission, and one of the few genes identified as affecting funiculus growth. Given the importance of the funiculus to a correct seed development, allied with previous phenotypic observations of stk mutants, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of stk funiculi from floral stage 17, using RNA-sequencing, to infer on the deregulated networks of genes. RESULTS The generated dataset of differentially expressed genes was enriched with cell wall biogenesis, cell cycle, sugar metabolism and transport terms, all in accordance with stk phenotype observed in funiculi from floral stage 17. We selected eight differentially expressed genes for transcriptome validation using qPCR and/or promoter reporter lines. Those genes were involved with abscission, seed development or novel functions in stk funiculus, such as hormones/secondary metabolites transport. CONCLUSION Overall, the analysis performed in this study allowed delving into the STK-network established in Arabidopsis funiculus, fulfilling a literature gap. Simultaneously, our findings reinforced the reliability of the transcriptome, making it a valuable resource for candidate genes selection for functional genetic studies in the funiculus. This will enhance our understanding on the regulatory network controlled by STK, on the role of the funiculus and how seed development may be affected by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Jessy Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
- School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Hidenori Takeuchi
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa- ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa- ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
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Boccaccini A, Cimini S, Kazmi H, Lepri A, Longo C, Lorrai R, Vittorioso P. When Size Matters: New Insights on How Seed Size Can Contribute to the Early Stages of Plant Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1793. [PMID: 38999633 PMCID: PMC11244240 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The seed habit is the most complex and successful method of sexual reproduction in vascular plants. It represents a remarkable moment in the evolution of plants that afterward spread on land. In particular, seed size had a pivotal role in evolutionary success and agronomic traits, especially in the field of crop domestication. Given that crop seeds constitute one of the primary products for consumption, it follows that seed size represents a fundamental determinant of crop yield. This adaptative feature is strictly controlled by genetic traits from both maternal and zygotic tissues, although seed development and growth are also affected by environmental cues. Despite being a highly exploited topic for both basic and applied research, there are still many issues to be elucidated for developmental biology as well as for agronomic science. This review addresses a number of open questions related to cues that influence seed growth and size and how they influence seed germination. Moreover, new insights on the genetic-molecular control of this adaptive trait are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boccaccini
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Cimini
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Hira Kazmi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Andrea Lepri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Chiara Longo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Riccardo Lorrai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Paola Vittorioso
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
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Vukelić I, Radić D, Pećinar I, Lević S, Djikanović D, Radotić K, Panković D. Spectroscopic Investigation of Tomato Seed Germination Stimulated by Trichoderma spp. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:340. [PMID: 38785822 PMCID: PMC11118608 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Seed germination is a complex process that can be negatively affected by numerous stresses. Trichoderma spp. are known as effective biocontrol agents as well as plant growth and germination stimulators. However, understanding of the early interactions between seeds and Trichoderma spp. remains limited. In the present paper, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to reveal the nature of tomato seed germination as stimulated by Trichoderma. A rapid response of tomato seeds to Trichoderma spp. was observed within 48 h on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) substrate, preceding any physical contact. Raman analysis indicated that both Trichoderma species stimulated phenolic compound synthesis by triggering plant-specific responses in seed radicles. The impact of T. harzianum and T. brevicompactum on two tomato cultivars resulted in alterations to the middle lamella pectin, cellulose, and xyloglucan in the primary cell wall. The Raman spectra indicated increased xylan content in NA with T9 treatment as well as increased hemicelluloses in GZ with T4 treatment. Moreover, T4 treatment resulted in elevated conjugated aldehydes in lignin in GZ, whereas the trend was reversed in NA. Additionally, FTIR analysis revealed significant changes in total protein levels in Trichoderma spp.-treated tomato seed radicles, with simultaneous decreases in pectin and/or xyloglucan. Our results indicate that two complementary spectroscopic methods, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, can give valuable information on rapid changes in the plant cell wall structure of tomato radicles during germination stimulated by Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vukelić
- Faculty of Ecological Agriculture, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia;
| | - Danka Radić
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ilinka Pećinar
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Steva Lević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Daniela Djikanović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Ksenija Radotić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Dejana Panković
- Faculty of Ecological Agriculture, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia;
- Julius Kuehn Institute, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin Baur Strasse 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
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Xiang Y, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Dong H, Chen H, Hu Y, Huang CH, Xiang J, Ma H. Angiosperm-wide analysis of fruit and ovary evolution aided by a new nuclear phylogeny supports association of the same ovary type with both dry and fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:228-251. [PMID: 38351714 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Fruit functions in seed protection and dispersal and belongs to many dry and fleshy types, yet their evolutionary pattern remains unclear in part due to uncertainties in the phylogenetic relationships among several orders and families. Thus we used nuclear genes of 502 angiosperm species representing 231 families to reconstruct a well supported phylogeny, with resolved relationships for orders and families with previously uncertain placements. Using this phylogeny as a framework, molecular dating supports a Triassic origin of the crown angiosperms, followed by the emergence of most orders in the Jurassic and Cretaceous and their rise to ecological dominance during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. The robust phylogeny allowed an examination of the evolutionary pattern of fruit and ovary types, revealing a trend of parallel carpel fusions during early diversifications in eudicots, monocots, and magnoliids. Moreover, taxa in the same order or family with the same ovary type can develop either dry or fleshy fruits with strong correlations between specific types of dry and fleshy fruits; such associations of ovary, dry and fleshy fruits define several ovary-fruit "modules" each found in multiple families. One of the frequent modules has an ovary containing multiple ovules, capsules and berries, and another with an ovary having one or two ovules, achenes (or other single-seeded dry fruits) and drupes. This new perspective of relationships among fruit types highlights the closeness of specific dry and fleshy fruit types, such as capsule and berry, that develop from the same ovary type and belong to the same module relative to dry and fleshy fruits of other modules (such as achenes and drupes). Further analyses of gene families containing known genes for ovary and fruit development identified phylogenetic nodes with multiple gene duplications, supporting a possible role of whole-genome duplications, in combination with climate changes and animal behaviors, in angiosperm fruit and ovary diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
| | - Taikui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Biology, the Eberly College of Science, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Yiyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hongjin Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, the Eberly College of Science, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Chien-Hsun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, the Eberly College of Science, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
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Costantini S, Benedetti M, Pontiggia D, Giovannoni M, Cervone F, Mattei B, De Lorenzo G. Berberine bridge enzyme-like oxidases of cellodextrins and mixed-linked β-glucans control seed coat formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:296-313. [PMID: 37590952 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved various resistance mechanisms to cope with biotic stresses that threaten their survival. The BBE23 member (At5g44360/BBE23) of the Arabidopsis berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-l) protein family (Arabidopsis thaliana) has been characterized in this paper in parallel with the closely related and previously described CELLOX (At4g20860/BBE22). In addition to cellodextrins, both enzymes, renamed here as CELLODEXTRIN OXIDASE 2 and 1 (CELLOX2 and CELLOX1), respectively, oxidize the mixed-linked β-1→3/β-1→4-glucans (MLGs), recently described as capable of activating plant immunity, reinforcing the view that the BBE-l family includes members that are devoted to the control of the homeostasis of potential cell wall-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The 2 putatively paralogous genes display different expression profiles. Unlike CELLOX1, CELLOX2 is not expressed in seedlings or adult plants and is not involved in immunity against Botrytis cinerea. Both are instead expressed in a concerted manner in the seed coat during development. Whereas CELLOX2 is expressed mainly during the heart stage, CELLOX1 is expressed at the immediately later stage, when the expression of CELLOX2 decreases. Analysis of seeds of cellox1 and cellox2 knockout mutants shows alterations in the coat structure: the columella area is smaller in cellox1, radial cell walls are thicker in both cellox1 and cellox2, and the mucilage halo is reduced in cellox2. However, the coat monosaccharide composition is not significantly altered, suggesting an alteration of the organization of the cell wall, thus reinforcing the notion that the architecture of the cell wall in specific organs is determined not only by the dynamics of the synthesis/degradation of the main polysaccharides but also by its enzymatic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Costantini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Moira Giovannoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Ramos-Pulido J, de Folter S. Organogenic events during gynoecium and fruit development in Arabidopsis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102440. [PMID: 37633079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms are the most successful group of land plants. This success is mainly due to the gynoecium, the innermost whorl of the flower. In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium is a syncarpic structure formed by two congenitally fused carpels. At the fusion edges of the carpels, the carpel margin meristem forms. This quasi-meristem is important for medial-tissue development, including the ovules. After the double fertilization, both the seeds and fruit begin to develop. Due to the importance of seeds and fruits as major food sources worldwide, it has been an important task for the scientific community to study gynoecium development. In this review, we present the most recent advances in Arabidopsis gynoecium patterning, as well as some questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramos-Pulido
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato CP 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato CP 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Liu H, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang G, Fang H, Li Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of different fruit appearance between apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.) and its seedling. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7995-8003. [PMID: 37540452 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apricot fruit has great economic value. In the process of apricot breeding using traditional breeding methods, we obtained a larger seedling (named Us) from the original variety (named U). And Us fruit is larger than U, taste better. Therefore, revealing its mechanism is very important for Apricot breeding. METHODS In this study, de novo assembly and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to screen the differently expressed genes (DEGs) between U and Us at three development stages, including young fruits stage, mid-ripening stage and mature fruit stage. RESULTS The results showed that there were 6,753 DEGs at different sampling time. "Cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) activity" and "cellulose synthase activity" were the key GO terms enriched in GO, of which CESA and CSL family played a key role. "Photosynthesis-antenna proteins" and "Plant hormone signal transduction" were the candidate pathways and lhca, lhcb, Aux/IAA and SAUR were the main regulators. CONCLUSION The auxin signaling pathway was active in Us, of which Aux/IAAs and SAUR were the key fruit size regulators. The low level of lhca and lhcb in Us could reveal the low demand for exogenous carbon, but they increased at mature stage, which might be due to the role of aux, who was keeping the fruit growing. Aux and photosynthesis maight be the main causes of appearance formation of Us fruits. Interestingly, the higher expression of CESA and CSL proved that Us entered the hardening process earlier than U. The advanced developmental progress might also be due to the role of Aux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Jianshe Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021, China
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Guangdi Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
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Yan X, Chen X, Li Y, Li Y, Wang F, Zhang J, Ning G, Bao M. The Abundant and Unique Transcripts and Alternative Splicing of the Artificially Autododecaploid London Plane ( Platanus × acerifolia). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14486. [PMID: 37833935 PMCID: PMC10572260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription and alternative splicing (AS) are now appreciated in plants, but few studies have examined the effects of changing ploidy on transcription and AS. In this study, we showed that artificially autododecaploid plants of London plane (Platanus × acerifolia (Aiton) Willd) had few flowers relative to their hexaploid progenitors. Transcriptome analysis based on full-length Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONTs) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed that the increased ploidy level in P. × acerifolia led to more transcribed isoforms, accompanied by an increase in the number of isoforms per gene. The functional enrichment of genes indicated that novel genes transcribed specifically in the dodecaploids may have been highly correlated with the ability to maintain genome stability. The dodecaploids showed a higher number of genes with upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with the hexaploid counterpart. The genome duplication of P. × acerifolia resulted mainly in the DEGs involved in basic biological pathways. It was noted that there was a greater abundance of alternative splicing (AS) events and AS genes in the dodecaploids compared with the hexaploids in P. × acerifolia. In addition, a significant difference between the structure and expression of AS events between the hexaploids and dodecaploids of Platanus was found. Of note, some DEGs and differentially spliced genes (DSGs) related to floral transition and flower development were consistent with the few flower traits in the dodecaploids of P. × acerifolia. Collectively, our findings explored the difference in transcription and AS regulation between the hexaploids and dodecaploids of P. × acerifolia and gained new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the few-flower phenotype of P. × acerifolia. These results contribute to uncovering the regulatory role of transcription and AS in polyploids and breeding few-flower germplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manzhu Bao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Y.); (J.Z.)
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