1
|
Bungala LDC, Park SU, Nguyen BV, Lim J, Kim K, Kim JK, Park CH, Le AT, Chung YS, Yeo HJ. Effect of LED Lights on Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activities in Red Pakchoi Baby Leaves. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23420-23430. [PMID: 38854528 PMCID: PMC11154946 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is one of the most widely consumed vegetables in Asian countries, and it is high in secondary metabolites. The availability, quantity, and quality of light play a critical role in the growth and development of plants. In this study, we investigated the effect of LEDs (light-emitting diodes; white, blue, red, and red + blue) on anthocyanin, glucosinolates, and phenolic levels in red pakchoi baby leaves. On the 24th day after sowing (DAS), red baby pakchoi leaves were harvested, and shoot length, root length, and fresh weight were measured. Among the different LED treatments, there was no significant difference in shoot length, whereas the highest root length was achieved in the red + blue LED treatment (23.8 cm). The fresh weight also showed a significant difference among the different LED treatments. In total, 12 phenolic and 7 glucosinolate individual compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The highest total glucosinolate (2937 μg/g dry wt) and phenolic (1589 μg/g dry wt) contents were achieved in baby leaves exposed to red + blue light. Similarly, the highest contents of total anthocyanins (1726 μg/g dry wt), flavonoids (4920 μg/g dry wt), and phenolics (5900 μg/g dry wt) were achieved in the red + blue treatment. Plants exposed to red + blue LED light showed the highest accumulation of anthocyanin, glucosinolates, and phenolic compounds. For antioxidant activity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical) free radical scavenging, ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging, and reducing power assays were performed, and the antioxidant activity of red pakchoi baby leaves grown under red + blue LED light was found to be the best. The metabolic profiling of the identified metabolites revealed distinct separation based on the secondary metabolites. This research will be helpful for farmers to choose the best LED light combination to increase the secondary metabolic content in pakchoi plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonel
Tarcisio da Cristina Bungala
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Mozambique
Agricultural Research Institute, Central Regional Center, Highway N° 6, P.O. Box 42, Chimoio 0606-01, Mozambique
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Van Nguyen
- Department
of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Lim
- Department
of Bio-AI Convergence, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division
of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro,
Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Convergence
Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon
National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- Department
of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju
National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Suk Chung
- Department
of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju
National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park C, Sathasivam R, Yeo HJ, Park YJ, Kim JK, Shin SY, Park SU. Comparative Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Different In Vitro Tissues of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23761-23771. [PMID: 38854557 PMCID: PMC11154942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis is a perennial monocot plant that is well known for its pharmaceutical and ornamental uses. This study aimed to understand the changes in the primary and secondary metabolites in different in vitro tissues of N. tazetta (callus, adventitious root, and shoot) using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, to optimize the most efficient in vitro culture methods for primary and secondary metabolite production, N. tazetta bulbs were used as explants and cultivated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different hormones at various concentrations. In addition, the present study found suitable hormonal concentrations for callus, adventitious root, and shoot induction and analyzed the primary and secondary metabolites. The MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 dicamba, 3.0 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 3.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was the most efficient media for callus, adventitious root, and shoot induction in N. tazetta. The tissue induced in this medium was subjected to primary (amines, amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols) and secondary metabolite (galantamine and phenolic acids) analysis. The shoots and roots showed the highest amounts of metabolites. This study showed that bulb in vitro culture can be an efficient micropropagation method for N. tazetta and the production of primary and secondary metabolites, offering implications for the mass production of primary and secondary metabolite compounds from N. tazetta tissues generated in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanung Park
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Park
- Division
of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division
of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Shin
- Using
Technology Development Department, Bio-resources Research Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources
(NNIBR), 137, Donam 2-gil, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Bio-AI Convergence, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han AR, Choi E, Park J, Jo SH, Hong MJ, Kim JB, Ryoo GH, Jin CH. Comparison of Policosanol Profiles of the Sprouts of Wheat Mutant Lines and the Effect of Differential LED Lights on Selected Lines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3377. [PMID: 37836116 PMCID: PMC10574449 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Policosanols (PCs) are long-chain linear aliphatic alcohols that are present in the primary leaves of cereal crops, such as barley and wheat, sugar cane wax, and beeswax. PCs have been used as a nutraceutical for improving hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. However, the PC content in mutant wheat lines has not been investigated. To select highly functional wheat sprouts with a high content of PCs in wheat mutant lines developed via gamma-irradiated mutation breeding, we cultivated the sprouts of wheat mutant lines in a growth chamber with white LED light (6000 K) and analyzed the PC content in these samples using GC-MS. We studied the PC content in 91 wheat sprout samples: the original variety (Woori-mil × D-7; WS01), commercially available cv. Geumgang (WS87) and cv. Cheongwoo (WS91), and mutant lines (WS02-WS86 and WS88-WS90) developed from WS01 and WS87. Compared to WS01, 18 mutant lines exhibited a high total PC content (506.08-873.24 mg/100 g dry weight). Among them, the top 10 mutant lines were evaluated for their PC production after cultivating under blue (440 nm), green (520 nm), and red (660 nm) LED light irradiation; however, these colored LED lights reduced the total PC production by 35.8-49.7%, suggesting that the cultivation with white LED lights was more efficient in promoting PCs' yield, compared to different LED lights. Therefore, our findings show the potential of radiation-bred wheat varieties as functional foods against hyperlipidemia and obesity and the optimal light conditions for high PC production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Han
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea; (E.C.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.); (M.J.H.); (J.-B.K.); (G.-H.R.); (C.H.J.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao J, Meng P, Zhao Y, Zhang J, He C, Wang Q, Cai J. Light-Emitting Diodes Modify Medicinal Quality of Mown Rabdosia rubescens, with Changes in Growth, Physiology, and Antioxidant Activity, under Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3189. [PMID: 37765353 PMCID: PMC10536318 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants accommodated by understory habitats can easily suffer over-exploitation in the heavy harvest of natural products. It is necessary to develop a sustainable cultural protocol to provide high-quality stocks for efficient regeneration. Drought places stress on medicinal plants during their culture by limiting new sprout growth and reducing the quality of medicinal extracts. Artificial mediating approaches should be considered in a sustainable regime of medicinal plant culture to test the potential tradeoff between resistance to drought and production ability. In this study, Rabdosia rubescens seedlings were raised in three light-emitting diode (LED) spectra from red (71.7% red, 14.6% green, 13.7% blue), green (26.2% red, 17.4% green, 56.4% blue), and blue (17.8% red, 33.7% green, 48.5% blue) lights. Mown seedlings were subjected to a simulated drought event. Drought stressed the seedlings by reducing the growth, dry mass, nitrogen (N) uptake, and oridonin content. Mowing increased the oridonin content but decreased total C and N accumulation and the δ13C level. The red light benefitted starch accumulation only under the well-watered condition, and the green light induced an upregulation of δ13C but decreased antioxidant activity. Oridonin content was negatively associated with combined δ13C and catalase activity. Overall, either mowing or blue light can be recommended for the culture of R. rubescens to increase oridonin content, alleviating some of the negative consequences of drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.G.); (P.M.); (J.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Henan Xiaolangdi Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Jiyuan 454650, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.G.); (P.M.); (J.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Henan Xiaolangdi Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Jiyuan 454650, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.G.); (P.M.); (J.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Henan Xiaolangdi Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Jiyuan 454650, China
| | - Chunxia He
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.G.); (P.M.); (J.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Henan Xiaolangdi Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Jiyuan 454650, China
| | - Qirui Wang
- School of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jinfeng Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee S, Park CH, Kim JK, Ahn K, Kwon H, Kim JK, Park SU, Yeo HJ. LED Lights Influenced Phytochemical Contents and Biological Activities in Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) Microgreens. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1686. [PMID: 37759989 PMCID: PMC10525181 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are regarded as an effective artificial light source for producing sprouts, microgreens, and baby leaves. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the influence of different LED lights (white, red, and blue) on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (glucosinolates, carotenoids, and phenolics) and the biological effects on kale microgreens. Microgreens irradiated with white LEDs showed higher levels of carotenoids, including lutein, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotene, β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene, than those irradiated with red or blue LEDs. These findings were consistent with higher expression levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes (BoPDS and BoZDS) in white-irradiated kale microgreens. Similarly, microgreens irradiated with white and blue LEDs showed slightly higher levels of glucosinolates, including glucoiberin, progoitrin, sinigrin, and glucobrassicanapin, than those irradiated with red LEDs. These results agree with the high expression levels of BoMYB28-2, BoMYB28-3, and BoMYB29 in white- and blue-irradiated kale microgreens. In contrast, kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs contained higher levels of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and quercetin). According to the total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition assays, the extracts of kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs had slightly higher antioxidant activities, and the DPPH inhibition percentage had a positive correlation with TPC in the microgreens. Furthermore, the extracts of kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs exhibited stronger antibacterial properties against normal pathogens and multidrug-resistant pathogens than those irradiated with white and red LEDs. These results indicate that white-LED lights are suitable for carotenoid production, whereas blue-LED lights are efficient in increasing the accumulation of phenolics and their biological activities in kale microgreens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seom Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Ahn
- Department of Statistics, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Kwon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frede K, Winkelmann S, Busse L, Baldermann S. The effect of LED light quality on the carotenoid metabolism and related gene expression in the genus Brassica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:328. [PMID: 37340342 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New vegetable production systems, such as vertical farming, but also well-established in-door production methods led to the implementation of light emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs are the most important light sources in modern indoor-production systems and offer the possibility for enhancing growth and specific metabolites in planta. Even though the number of studies investigating the effects of LED lighting on vegetable quality has increased, the knowledge about genus variability is limited. In the present study, the effect of different LED spectra on the metabolic and transcriptional level of the carotenoid metabolism in five different Brassica sprouts was investigated. Cruciferous vegetables are one of the main food crops worldwide. Pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis), green kale (Brassica oleracea ssp. sabellica) and turnip cabbage (Brassica oleracea spp. gongylodes) sprouts were grown under a combination of blue & white LEDs, red & white LEDs or only white LEDs to elucidate the genus-specific carotenoid metabolism. RESULTS Genus-specific changes in plant weight and on the photosynthetic pigment levels as well as transcript levels have been detected. Interestingly, the transcript levels of the three investigated carotenoid biosynthesis genes phytoene synthase (PSY), β-cyclase (βLCY) and β-carotene hydroxylase (βOHASE1) were increased under the combination of blue & white LEDs in the majority of the Brassica sprouts. However, only in pak choi, the combination of blue & white LEDs enhanced the carotenoid levels by 14% in comparison to only white LEDs and by ~ 19% in comparison to red & white LEDs. CONCLUSIONS The effects of light quality differ within a genus which leads to the conclusion that production strategies have to be developed for individual species and cultivars to fully benefit from LED technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Frede
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Plant Quality and Food Security, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany.
| | - Sara Winkelmann
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Plant Quality and Food Security, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Linda Busse
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Plant Quality and Food Security, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Plant Quality and Food Security, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
- University of Bayreuth; Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition & Health; Professorship for Food Metabolome, Fritz-Hornschuch-Straße 13, 95326, Kulmbach, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan W, El-Shehawi AM, Ali F, Ali M, Alqurashi M, Althaqafi MM, Alharthi SB. A Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern of LMCO Gene Family from Turnip ( Brassica rapa L.) under Various Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091904. [PMID: 37176963 PMCID: PMC10180887 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Laccase-like multi-copper oxidases (LMCOs) are a group of enzymes involved in the oxidation of numerous substrates. Recently, these enzymes have become extremely popular due to their practical applications in various fields of biology. LMCOs generally oxidize various substrates by linking four-electron reduction of the final acceptor, molecular oxygen (O2), to water. Multi-copper oxidases related to laccase are extensively distributed as multi-gene families in the genome sequences of higher plants. The current study thoroughly investigated the LMCO gene family (Br-Lac) and its expression pattern under various abiotic stresses in B. rapa L. A total of 18 Br-Lac gene family members located on five different chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis classified the documented Br-Lac genes into seven groups: Group-I (four genes), Group-II (nine genes), Group-III (eight genes), Group-IV (four genes), Group-V (six genes), and Group-VI and Group-VII (one gene each). The key features of gene structure and responsive motifs shared the utmost resemblance within the same groups. Additionally, a divergence study also assessed the evolutionary features of Br-Lac genes. The anticipated period of divergence ranged from 12.365 to 39.250 MYA (million years ago). We also identified the pivotal role of the 18 documented members of the LMCO (Br-lac) gene family using quantitative real-time qRT-PCR. Br-Lac-6, Br-Lac-7, Br-Lac-8, Br-Lac-16, Br-Lac-17, and Br-Lac-22 responded positively to abiotic stresses (i.e., drought, heat, and salinity). These findings set the stage for the functional diversity of the LMCO genes in B. rapa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ahmed M El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayaz Ali
- Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper P.O. Box 18050, Pakistan
| | - Murad Ali
- Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra P.O. Box 21300, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Alqurashi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Althaqafi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siraj B Alharthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 16834, Jeddah 21474, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|