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Daroodi Z, Taheri P. The genus Acrophialophora: History, phylogeny, morphology, beneficial effects and pathogenicity. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 171:103875. [PMID: 38367800 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The genus Acrophialophora is a thermotolerant fungus, which is widely distributed in temperate and tropical zones. This fungus is classified in Ascomycota and belongs to the Chaetomiaceae family and the genera of Parathielavia, Pseudothielavia and Hyalosphaerella are closely related to Acrophialophora. For this genus have been reported 28 species so far, which two species of Acrophialophora jodhpurensis and Acrophialophora teleoafricana produce only sexual phase and other species produce asexual form. Therefore, producing both sexual and asexual forms were not reported by any species. Many applications were reported by some species in agriculture, pharmacy and industry. Production of enzymes, antimicrobial metabolites and plant growth-promoting factors were reported by some species. The species of A. nainiana is used in the industries of textile, fruit juice, pulp and paper due to extracellular enzyme production. Also, other species produce extracellular enzymes that can be used in various industries. The species Acrophialophora are used in the composting industry due to the production of various enzymes and to be thermotolerant. In addition, some species were isolated from hostile environmental conditions. Therefore has been suggested that it can be used for mycoremediation. Also, antimicrobial metabolites of Acrophialophora have been reported to be effective against human and plant pathogens. In contrast to the beneficial effects described, the Acrophialophora pathogenicity has been rarely reported. Two species A. fusispora and A. levis are opportunistic fungi and have been reported as pathogens in humans, animals and plants. Currently, the development and applications of Acrophialophora species have increased more than past. To our knowledge, there is no report with comprehensive information on the species of Acrophialophora, which include their disadvantage and beneficial effects, particularly in agriculture. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay more in-depth attention to the application of this genus as a beneficial fungus in agriculture, pharmaceutical and industry. This review is focused on the history, phylogeny, morphology, valuable roles of Acrophialophora and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoha Daroodi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parissa Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Ji S, Zhu G, Dong Y, Li J, Jing Y, Jin S. Ferric reduction oxidase in Lilium pumilum affects plant saline-alkaline tolerance by regulating ROS homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108305. [PMID: 38241829 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Ferric reduction oxidase (FRO) plays important roles in biotic and abiotic stress. However, the function of ferric reduction oxidase from Lilium pumilum in response to NaHCO3 is unknown. Here we report the functional characterization of ferric reduction oxidase 7 in Lilium pumilum (LpFRO7) in stresses. Under NaHCO3 stress, the LpFRO7 overexpression lines exhibited lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), higher activities in antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD and POD) and ferrite reductase, resulting in improved tolerance compared to the wild type (WT). In order to determine the functional network of LpFRO7, it was confirmed by EMSA assays, Yeast one-hybrid assays and Dual luciferase reporter assays that LpbHLH115 transcription factor can bind to the promoter of LpFRO7. Yeast two-hybrid assays, BiFC, and LCI assays were performed to prove that LpFRO7 can interact with LpTrx. Combining these findings, we concluded that LpFRO7 affects plant saline-alkaline tolerance by regulating ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zongying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Shangwei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yibo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Shumei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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Pablo-Rodríguez JL, Bravo-Monzón ÁE, Montiel-González C, Benítez-Malvido J, Álvarez-Betancourt S, Ramírez-Sánchez O, Oyama K, Arena-Ortiz ML, Alvarez-Añorve MY, Avila-Cabadilla LD. Linking Anthropogenic Landscape Perturbation to Herbivory and Pathogen Leaf Damage in Tropical Tree Communities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3839. [PMID: 38005736 PMCID: PMC10675074 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbance of tropical humid forests leads to habitat loss, biodiversity decline, landscape fragmentation, altered nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, soil erosion, pest/pathogen outbreaks, among others. Nevertheless, the impact of these alterations in multitrophic interactions, including host-pathogen and vector-pathogen dynamics, is still not well understood in wild plants. This study aimed to provide insights into the main drivers for the incidence of herbivory and plant pathogen damage, specifically, into how vegetation traits at the local and landscape scale modulate such interactions. For this purpose, in the tropical forest of Calakmul (Campeche, Mexico), we characterised the foliar damage caused by herbivores and pathogens in woody vegetation of 13 sampling sites representing a gradient of forest disturbance and fragmentation in an anthropogenic landscape from well preserved to highly disturbed and fragmented areas. We also evaluated how the incidence of such damage was modulated by the vegetation and landscape attributes. We found that the incidence of damage caused by larger, mobile, generalist herbivores, was more sensitive to changes in landscape configuration, while the incidence of damage caused by small and specialised herbivores with low dispersal capacity was more influenced by vegetation and landscape composition. In relation to pathogen symptoms, the herbivore-induced foliar damage seems to be the main factor related to their incidence, indicating the enormous importance of herbivorous insects in the modulation of disease dynamics across tropical vegetation, as they could be acting as vectors and/or facilitating the entry of pathogens by breaking the foliar tissue and the plant defensive barriers. The incidence of pathogen damage also responded to vegetation structure and landscape configuration; the incidence of anthracnose, black spot, and chlorosis, for example, were favoured in sites surrounded by smaller patches and a higher edge density, as well as those with a greater aggregation of semi-evergreen forest patches. Fungal pathogens were shown to be an important cause of foliar damage for many woody species. Our results indicate that an increasing transformation and fragmentation of the tropical forest of southern Mexico could reduce the degree of specialisation in plant-herbivore interactions and enhance the proliferation of generalist herbivores (chewers and scrapers) and of mobile leaf suckers, and consequently, the proliferation of some symptoms associated with fungal pathogens such as fungus black spots and anthracnose. The symptoms associated with viral and bacterial diseases and to nutrient deficiency, such as chlorosis, could also increase in the vegetation in fragmented landscapes with important consequences in the health and productivity of wild and cultivated plant species. This is a pioneering study evaluating the effect of disturbances on multitrophic interactions, offering key insights on the main drivers of the changes in herbivory interactions and incidence of plant pathogens in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Pablo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
| | - Ángel E. Bravo-Monzón
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
| | - Cristina Montiel-González
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Francisco de Campeche 24500, Mexico;
| | - Julieta Benítez-Malvido
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Hábitats Alterados, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Mexico;
| | - Sandra Álvarez-Betancourt
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
| | - Oriana Ramírez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ken Oyama
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Mexico;
| | - María Leticia Arena-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Ecogenómica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Parque Científico y Tecnológico, Mérida 97302, Mexico;
| | - Mariana Yólotl Alvarez-Añorve
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico
| | - Luis Daniel Avila-Cabadilla
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico
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Mohamadzadeh M, Janmohammadi M, Abbasi A, Sabaghnia N, Ion V. Physiochemical response of Cicer arietinum to zinc-containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles under water stress. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2023; 104:263-273. [PMID: 37850114 PMCID: PMC10578114 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2023.130729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickpea is an important food legume cultivated in semiarid regions, where water scarcity and nutrient deficiencies negatively affect crop production. This study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc and silicon from different sources, including bulk and nanostructures, on various biochemical traits of chickpea plants grown under field conditions in Maragheh, Northwest Iran. The main experimental factor consisted of three soil moisture levels: irrigation to 90% of field capacity (FC), 60% FC, and 30% FC. The subplots were assigned for foliar application of different fertilizers: control (distilled water), zinc sulfate (ZnSO), silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), ZnSO + SiO2 NPs, and zinc-containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs -Zn). The results showed that although decreased soil moisture had a negative impact on several biochemical processes, foliar application of Zn and Si in both conventional bulk and nanostructure significantly affected plant antioxidant system, plasma membrane integrity, and the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and compatible solutes. However, the most inducing effects on catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and anthocyanin were observed with the foliar spray of MSNPs-Zn and ZnSO + SiO2 under 60% FC. Moreover, foliar spray of MSNPs-Zn alleviated the negative effects of water deficit stress on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a /b and carotenoid content). Water stress significantly induced the accumulation of free proline in the leaves. Overall, the results indicated that foliar spray of MSNPs -Zn, especially under 60% FC, improved the plant's defense system, scavenged reactive oxygen species, and enhanced the accumulation and stability of pigments, thereby mitigating the effects of drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohsen Janmohammadi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Naser Sabaghnia
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Viorel Ion
- Department of Plant Sciences of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romani
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El Amine B, Mosseddaq F, Naciri R, Oukarroum A. Interactive effect of Fe and Mn deficiencies on physiological, biochemical, nutritional and growth status of soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 199:107718. [PMID: 37182277 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the most common problems of soybean. It causes upper leaves yellowing, interveinal chlorosis, stunted growth and yield loss. Manganese (Mn) deficiency affects the reactions in the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II and increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this research is to study the effect of Fe and Mn deficiencies applied separately and simultaneously on physiological, biochemical, nutritional and growth (morphological) parameters of soybean cultivars (Glycine max L.). The experiment was conducted in nutrient hydroponic solution lacking Fe or Mn or both Fe and Mn. Chlorophyll content index (CCI) and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured through time to detect nutritional disorders at an early growth stage before the apparition of visual symptoms. The results showed that Fe and Mn deficiencies had a significant negative effect on the photosynthetic efficiency, CCI, stomatal conductance, protein content and shoot/root nutrient uptakes. Iron and manganese stress conditions were found to enhance the accumulation of secondary metabolites and increase the antioxidant activity such as total polyphenol content (TPC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). These impacts were more accentuated when Fe and Mn stress were applied simultaneously than when any of the deficiencies was applied alone. More than that, Mn stress alone did not significantly affect the biomass accumulation. The obtained results showed that, in hydroponic conditions, iron and manganese rational fertilization can improve the studied parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouthayna El Amine
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, AgoBioSciences, Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Benguerir, 43150, Morocco; Department of Plant Production, Protection and Biotechnology, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Madinate Al Irfane, Morocco.
| | - Fatema Mosseddaq
- Department of Plant Production, Protection and Biotechnology, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Madinate Al Irfane, Morocco
| | - Rachida Naciri
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, AgoBioSciences, Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Benguerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Oukarroum
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, AgoBioSciences, Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Benguerir, 43150, Morocco
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Roriz M, Pereira SI, Castro PM, Carvalho SM, Vasconcelos MW. Impact of soybean-associated plant growth-promoting bacteria on plant growth modulation under alkaline soil conditions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14620. [PMID: 37180927 PMCID: PMC10172870 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional strategies to manage iron (Fe) deficiency still present drawbacks, and more eco-sustainable solutions are needed. Knowledge on soybean-specific diversity and functional traits of their plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) potentiates their applicability as bioinoculants to foster soybean performance under calcareous soil conditions. This work aimed to assess the efficacy of PGPB, retrieved from soybean tissues/rhizosphere, in enhancing plant growth and development as well as crop yield under alkaline soil conditions. Seventy-six bacterial strains were isolated from shoots (18%), roots (53%), and rhizosphere (29%) of soybean. Twenty-nine genera were identified, with Bacillus and Microbacterium being the most predominant. Based on distinct plant growth-promoting traits, the endophyte Bacillus licheniformis P2.3 and the rhizobacteria Bacillus aerius S2.14 were selected as bioinoculants. In vivo tests showed that soybean photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, total fresh weight, and Fe concentrations were not significantly affected by bioinoculation. However, inoculation with B. licheniformis P2.3 increased pod number (33%) and the expression of Fe-related genes (FRO2, IRT1, F6'H1, bHLH38, and FER4), and decreased FC-R activity (45%). Moreover, bioinoculation significantly affected Mn, Zn, and Ca accumulation in plant tissues. Soybean harbors several bacterial strains in their tissues and in the rhizosphere with capacities related to Fe nutrition and plant growth promotion. The strain B. licheniformis P2.3 showed the best potential to be incorporated in bioinoculant formulations for enhancing soybean performance under alkaline soil conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Roriz
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| | - Sofia I.A. Pereira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula M.L. Castro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana M.P. Carvalho
- GreenUPorto – Research Centre on Sustainable Agrifood Production / Inov4Agro & DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marta W. Vasconcelos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
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Singh S, Singh AL, Pal KK, Reddy KK, Gangadhara K, Dey R, Mahatma MK, Verma A, Kumar N, Patel CB, Thawait LK, Ahmed S, Navapara R, Rani K, Kona P. Accumulation of resveratrol, ferulic acid and iron in seeds confer iron deficiency chlorosis tolerance to a novel genetic stock of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in calcareous soils. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:725-737. [PMID: 37363420 PMCID: PMC10284743 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Peanut is mostly grown in calcareous soils with high pH which are deficient in available iron (Fe2+) for plant uptake causing iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). The most pertinent solution is to identify efficient genotypes showing tolerance to limited Fe availability in the soil. A field screening of 40 advanced breeding lines of peanut using NRCG 7472 and ICGV 86031 as IDC susceptible and tolerant checks, respectively, was envisaged for four years. PBS 22040 and 29,192 exhibited maximum tolerance while PBS 12215 and 12,185 were most susceptible. PBS 22040 accumulated maximum seed resveratrol (5.8 ± 0.08 ppm), ferulic acid (378.6 ± 0.31 ppm) and Fe (45.59 ± 0.41 ppm) content. Enhanced chlorophyll retention (8.72-9.50 µg ml-1), carotenoid accumulation (1.96-2.08 µg ml-1), and antioxidant enzyme activity (APX: 35.9-103.9%; POX: 51- 145%) reduced the MDA accumulation (5.61-9.11 µM cm-1) in tolerant lines. The overexpression of Fe transporters IRT1, ZIP5, YSL3 was recorded to the tune of 2.3-9.54; 1.45-3.7; 2.20-2.32- folds respectively in PBS 22040 and 29,192, over NRCG 7472. PBS 22040 recorded the maximum pod yield (282 ± 4.6 g/row), hundred kernel weight (55 ± 0.7 g) and number of pods per three plants (54 ± 1.7). The study thus reports new insights into the roles of resveratrol, ferulic acid and differential antioxidant enzyme activities in imparting IDC tolerance. PBS 22040, being the best performing line, can be the potent source of IDC tolerance for introgression in high yielding but susceptible genotypes under similar edaphic conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01321-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Singh
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - Amrit Lal Singh
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - Kamal Krishna Pal
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - Kiran K. Reddy
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - K. Gangadhara
- ICAR- Central Tobacco Research Institute, Kandukur, AP India
| | - Rinku Dey
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - M. K. Mahatma
- ICAR- National Research Centre On Seed and Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan India
| | - Aman Verma
- ICAR- Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - C. B. Patel
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Thawait
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - Suhail Ahmed
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - Radha Navapara
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - Kirti Rani
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
| | - Praveen Kona
- Plant Physiology, ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat India
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Zahedi SM, Hosseini MS, Karimi M, Gholami R, Amini M, Abdelrahman M, Tran LSP. Chitosan-based Schiff base-metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) complexes mitigate the negative consequences of drought stress on pomegranate fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:952-964. [PMID: 36889234 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major environmental stresses that impairs fruit productivity and quality. The proper management of minerals can, however, assist plant to maintain their growth even under drought incidents, and is considered one of the encouraging approaches to refine the drought tolerance of plants. The beneficial effects of chitosan (CH)-based Schiff base-metal complexes (e.g., CH-Fe, CH-Cu and CH-Zn) in reducing the harmful impacts of different levels of drought stress on the growth and productivity of 'Malase Saveh' pomegranate cultivar were examined. All CH-metal complexes displayed favorable effects on the yield- and growth-related attributes of pomegranate trees cultivated under well-watered and different drought situations, with the best effects were observed with CH-Fe application. Specifically, leaves of CH-Fe-treated pomegranate plants showed higher concentrations of photosynthetic pigments [chlorophyll a (Chl a), Chl b, Chl a+b, and carotenoids by 28.0, 29.5, 28.6 and 85.7%, respectively] and microelements (Fe by 27.3%), along with increased levels of superoxide dismutase (by 35.3%) and ascorbate peroxidase (by 56.0%) enzymatic activities relative to those of CH-Fe-non-treated pomegranate plants under intense drought stress. CH-Fe-treated drought-stressed pomegranate leaves showed high increment of abscisic acid (by 25.1%) and indole-3-acetic acid (by 40.5%) relative to CH-Fe-non-treated pomegranates. The increased contents of total phenolics, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, and titratable acidity (by 24.3, 25.8, 9.3 and 30.9%, respectively) in the fruits of CH-Fe-treated drought-stressed pomegranates indicated the advantageousness of CH-Fe on the enhancement of fruit nutritional qualities. Collectively, our results prove the explicit functions of these complexes, particularly CH-Fe, in the control of drought-induced negative effects on pomegranate trees grown in semi-arid and dry areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Morteza Zahedi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.
| | | | - Mahdieh Karimi
- Horticultural Sector, Ministry of Markazi Province Jihad-e-Agriculture, Khondab, Iran
| | - Rahmatollah Gholami
- Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Amini
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Abdelrahman
- Molecular Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Galala University, Suze, New Galala, 43511, Egypt; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt; Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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9
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Mihai RA, Melo Heras EJ, Terán Maza VA, Espinoza Caiza IA, Pinto Valdiviezo EA, Catana RD. The Panoramic View of Ecuadorian Soil Nutrients (Deficit/Toxicity) from Different Climatic Regions and Their Possible Influence on the Metabolism of Important Crops. TOXICS 2023; 11:123. [PMID: 36850998 PMCID: PMC9964189 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil nutrients influence all stages (reproduction, growth, and development) of a plant species' life, and it is known that the deficit and/or toxicity of one or more nutrients has negative effects on the production of crops of commercial interest. Ecuador represents one of the "mega-diverse" countries in the world, with an agricultural sector of great importance, due to its contribution to the country's economy. This review provides a panoramic view of soil nutrients from different climatic regions of Ecuador and revises the importance of knowledge about the possible influence of nutrients from the soil on the plant metabolism able to influence the crop resistance against pathogens or to enrich the biological characteristics of these crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca A. Mihai
- CICTE, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Erly J. Melo Heras
- CICTE, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Vanessa A. Terán Maza
- CICTE, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Iván A. Espinoza Caiza
- CICTE, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Eliza A. Pinto Valdiviezo
- CICTE, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Rodica D. Catana
- Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Berni R, Leclercq CC, Roux P, Hausman JF, Renaut J, Guerriero G. A molecular study of Italian ryegrass grown on Martian regolith simulant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158774. [PMID: 36108852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the exploration of deep space has become the objective of the national space programs of many countries. The International Space Exploration Coordination Group has set a roadmap whose long-range strategy envisions the expansion of human presence in the solar system to progress with exploration and knowledge and to accelerate innovation. Crewed missions to Mars could be envisaged by 2040. In this scenario, finding ways to use the local resources for the provision of food, construction materials, propellants, pharmaceuticals is needed. Plants are important resources for deep space manned missions because they produce phytochemicals of pharmaceutical relevance, are sources of food and provide oxygen which is crucial in bioregenerative life support systems. Growth analysis and plant biomass yield have been previously evaluated on Martian regolith simulants; however, molecular approaches employing gene expression analysis and proteomics are still missing. The present work aims at filling this gap by providing molecular data on a representative member of the Poaceae, Lolium multiflorum Lam., grown on potting soil and a Martian regolith simulant (MMS-1). The molecular data were complemented with optical microscopy of root/leaf tissues and physico-chemical analyses. The results show that the plants grew for 2 weeks on regolith simulants. The leaves were bent downwards and chlorotic, the roots developed a lacunar aerenchyma and small brownish deposits containing Fe were observed. Gene expression analysis and proteomics revealed changes in transcripts related to the phenylpropanoid pathway, stress response, primary metabolism and proteins involved in translation and DNA methylation. Additionally, the growth of plants slightly but significantly modified the pH of the regolith simulants. The results here presented constitute a useful resource to get a comprehensive understanding of the major factors impacting the growth of plants on MMS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Berni
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Céline C Leclercq
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Philippe Roux
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg.
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11
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Chen Y, Bao W, Hong W, Dong X, Gong M, Cheng Q, Mao K, Yao C, Liu Z, Wang N. Evaluation of eleven kiwifruit genotypes for bicarbonate tolerance and characterization of two tolerance-contrasting genotypes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:202-213. [PMID: 36427382 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Screening bicarbonate-tolerant genotypes is an environmentally-friendly and long-term effective strategy to cope with bicarbonate-induced chlorosis in fruit crops grown on calcareous soils. We investigated eleven genotypes from four kiwifruit species (Actinidia chinensis, A. macrosperma, A. polygama, and A. valvata) for differences in bicarbonate tolerance. We also characterized the physiological and molecular differences in two contrasting genotypes of this group. In the first experiment, bicarbonate-treated plantlets were irrigated with 3.0 g L-1 CaCO3 and 5.04 g L-1 NaHCO3 in peat and perlite medium culture. Based on principal component analysis, weight-based membership function method and cluster analysis, the tested genotypes were classified into three groups: (1) tolerant, including YX, Av-1, Acd, Ap, Av-2, and QM; (2) moderately tolerant, including Av-3, Am, Av-4, and HWD; and (3) sensitive, including only QH. In the second experiment, QH (bicarbonate-sensitive) and YX (bicarbonate-tolerant) were grown in sand culture with 4.0 g L-1 CaCO3 and 0.84 g L-1 or 1.26 g L-1 NaHCO3. Compared with QH, YX showed a better ability to take up iron (Fe) by roots and to transport Fe from roots to shoots in the bicarbonate treatments, probably due to a better capacity to protect from oxidative damage and to excrete protons, and a differential expression of genes associated with Fe uptake and translocation, including HA8, IRT1, YSL3 and NRAMP3. The results can facilitate identifying potential resources for bicarbonate tolerance and breeding new rootstocks, and contribute to the elucidation of the bicarbonate tolerance mechanisms in the genus Actinidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenwu Bao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weijin Hong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoke Dong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manyu Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanqi Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Mao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunchao Yao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhande Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Nannan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Gao B, Chai X, Huang Y, Wang X, Han Z, Xu X, Wu T, Zhang X, Wang Y. Siderophore production in
Pseudomonas
sp. strain
SP3
enhances iron acquisition in apple rootstock. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:720-732. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Gao
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Xiaofen Chai
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Yimei Huang
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
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13
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Khan ZI, Muhammad FG, Ahmad K, Akhtar S, Sohail M, Nadeem M, Mahpara S, Awan MUF, Alwahibi MS, Elshikh MS, Hussain MI. Effects of diverse irrigation with wastewater in soil and plants: assessing the risk of metal to the animal food chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27140-27149. [PMID: 34978030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In District Jhang, farmers use municipal wastewater to irrigate fodder crops as an alternative source to the deficient availability of fresh water. Therefore, the present study selected the three irrigation sources in District Jhang (canal water, ground water and municipal wastewater) to study the iron (Fe) concentration in the soil, fodder crops and ultimately their transfer into the animal body. Analysed Fe concentration varied as 16.40-27.53 mg/kg in soil samples, 19.72-30.34 mg/kg in fodder crops and 2.49-5.11 mg/kg in animals. Analysed Fe concentration in soil was higher on the wastewater irrigation site while canal water-irrigated fodder crop Zea mays exhibit the higher Fe concentration. In animal samples, higher Fe concentration was observed in the cow blood (4.09 mg/l), cow hairs (3.39 mg/kg) and cow faeces (5.11 mg/kg). Results of pollution load index (0.288-0.484 mg/kg) and enrichment factor (0.112-0.197 mg/kg) indicated that Fe concentration was minimally dispersed and enriched in these sites. Health risk and daily intake values were observed between the 0.029-0.059 and 0.042-0.084 mg/kg/day. Bio-concentration factor (0.834-1.47 mg/kg) for Fe which was greater than 1 explains that Fe contamination was transferred from the soil to fodder tissues and may raise health issues in the grazing animals if they are continuously exposed to these contaminated forages. Wastewater irrigation in study area has increased the Fe content in soil-plant environment that is a risking factor for animal and human health. Hence, this study recommended that wastewater should be treated prior to their irrigation on agricultural lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | | | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shahzadi Mahpara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Mona S Alwahibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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14
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Ceballos-Laita L, Takahashi D, Uemura M, Abadía J, López-Millán AF, Rodríguez-Celma J. Effects of Fe and Mn Deficiencies on the Root Protein Profiles of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Using Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Label-Free Shotgun Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073719. [PMID: 35409079 PMCID: PMC8998858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are two essential elements for plants that compete for the same uptake transporters and show conflicting interactions at the regulatory level. In order to understand the differential response to both metal deficiencies in plants, two proteomic techniques (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and label-free shotgun) were used to study the proteome profiles of roots from tomato plants grown under Fe or Mn deficiency. A total of 119 proteins changing in relative abundance were confidently quantified and identified, including 35 and 91 in the cases of Fe deficiency and Mn deficiency, respectively, with 7 of them changing in both deficiencies. The identified proteins were categorized according to function, and GO-enrichment analysis was performed. Data showed that both deficiencies provoked a common and intense cell wall remodelling. However, the response observed for Fe and Mn deficiencies differed greatly in relation to oxidative stress, coumarin production, protein, nitrogen, and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (J.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (D.T.); (M.U.)
- Department of Plant-Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (D.T.); (M.U.)
- Department of Plant-Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Javier Abadía
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (J.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
| | - Ana Flor López-Millán
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (J.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (J.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Transcriptomic Changes in Internode Explants of Stinging Nettle during Callogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212319. [PMID: 34830202 PMCID: PMC8618292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Callogenesis, the process during which explants derived from differentiated plant tissues are subjected to a trans-differentiation step characterized by the proliferation of a mass of cells, is fundamental to indirect organogenesis and the establishment of cell suspension cultures. Therefore, understanding how callogenesis takes place is helpful to plant tissue culture, as well as to plant biotechnology and bioprocess engineering. The common herbaceous plant stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a species producing cellulosic fibres (the bast fibres) and a whole array of phytochemicals for pharmacological, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical use. Thus, it is of interest as a potential multi-purpose plant. In this study, callogenesis in internode explants of a nettle fibre clone (clone 13) was studied using RNA-Seq to understand which gene ontologies predominate at different time points. Callogenesis was induced with the plant growth regulators α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) after having determined their optimal concentrations. The process was studied over a period of 34 days, a time point at which a well-visible callus mass developed on the explants. The bioinformatic analysis of the transcriptomic dataset revealed specific gene ontologies characterizing each of the four time points investigated (0, 1, 10 and 34 days). The results show that, while the advanced stage of callogenesis is characterized by the iron deficiency response triggered by the high levels of reactive oxygen species accumulated by the proliferating cell mass, the intermediate and early phases are dominated by ontologies related to the immune response and cell wall loosening, respectively.
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16
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Nitric Oxide Prevents Fe Deficiency-Induced Photosynthetic Disturbance, and Oxidative Stress in Alfalfa by Regulating Fe Acquisition and Antioxidant Defense. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101556. [PMID: 34679691 PMCID: PMC8533379 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency impairs photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth and biomass yield. This study aimed to reveal the role of nitric oxide (NO) in restoring Fe-homeostasis and oxidative status in Fe-deficient alfalfa. In alfalfa, a shortage of Fe negatively affected the efficiency of root andshoot length, leaf greenness, maximum quantum yield PSII (Fv/Fm), Fe, S, and Zn accumulation, as well as an increase in H2O2 accumulation. In contrast, in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, these negative effects of Fe deficiency were largely reversed. In response to the SNP, the expression of Fe transporters (IRT1, NRAMP1) and S transporter (SULTR1;2) genes increased in alfalfa. Additionally, the detection of NO generation using fluorescence microscope revealed that SNP treatment increased the level of NO signal, indicating that NO may act as regulatory signal in response to SNP in plants. Interestingly, the increase of antioxidant genes and their related enzymes (Fe-SOD, APX) in response to SNP treatment suggests that Fe-SOD and APX are key contributors to reducing ROS (H2O2) accumulation and oxidative stress in alfalfa. Furthermore, the elevation of Ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway-related genes (GR and MDAR) Fe-deficiency with SNP implies that the presence of NO relates to enhanced antioxidant defense against Fe-deficiency stress.
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17
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Santos CS, Rodrigues E, Ferreira S, Moniz T, Leite A, Carvalho SMP, Vasconcelos MW, Rangel M. Foliar application of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone Fe-chelate [Fe(mpp) 3 ] induces responses at the root level amending iron deficiency chlorosis in soybean. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:235-245. [PMID: 33629743 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis (IDC) affects the growth of several crops, especially when growing in alkaline soils. The application of synthetic Fe-chelates is one of the most commonly used strategies in IDC amendment, despite their associated negative environmental impacts. In a previous work, the Fe-chelate tris(3-hydroxy-1-(H)-2-methyl-4-pyridinonate) iron(III) [Fe(mpp)3 ] has shown great potential for alleviating IDC in soybean (Glycine max) in the early stages of plant development under hydroponic conditions. Herein, its efficacy was verified under soil conditions in soybean grown from seed to full maturity. Chlorophyll levels, plant growth, root and shoot mineral accumulation (K, Mg, Ca, Na, P, Mn, Zn, Ni, and Co) and FERRITIN expression were accessed at V5 phenological stage. Compared to a commonly used Fe chelate, FeEDDHA, supplementation with [Fe(mpp)3 ] led to a 29% higher relative chlorophyll content, 32% higher root biomass, 36% higher trifoliate Fe concentration, and a twofold increase in leaf FERRITIN gene expression. [Fe(mpp)3 ] supplementation also resulted in increased accumulation of P, K, Zn, and Co. At full maturity, the remaining plants were harvested and [Fe(mpp)3 ] application led to a 32% seed yield increase when compared to FeEDDHA. This is the first report on the use of [Fe(mpp)3 ] under alkaline soil conditions for IDC correction, and we show that its foliar application has a longer-lasting effect than FeEDDHA, induces efficient root responses, and promotes the uptake of other nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Santos
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Rodrigues
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto - Research Centre on Sustainable Agrifood Production and DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Sofia Ferreira
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Moniz
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Leite
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana M P Carvalho
- GreenUPorto - Research Centre on Sustainable Agrifood Production and DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Marta W Vasconcelos
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Dey S, Paul S, Nag A, Banerjee R, Gopal G, Mukherjee A, Kundu R. Iron-pulsing, a novel seed invigoration technique to enhance crop yield in rice: A journey from lab to field aiming towards sustainable agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144671. [PMID: 33482554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bulk fertilizer application is one of the easiest means of improving yield of crops however it comes with several environmental impediments and consumer health menace. In the wake of this situation, sustainable agricultural practices stand as pertinent agronomic tool to increase yield and ensure sufficient food supply from farm to fork. In the present study, efficacy of iron-pulsing in improving the rice yield has been elucidated. This technique involves seed treatment with different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10 mM) of iron salts (FeCl3 and FeSO4) during germination. FeCl3 or FeSO4 was used to treat the sets and depending on the concentration of the salts, the sets were named as C2.5, C5, C10 and S2.5, S5, S10 (where C and S stands for FeCl3 and FeSO4 respectively and the numbers succeeding them denotes the concentration of salt in mM). Our investigation identified 72 h of treatment as ideal duration for iron-pulsing. At this time point, the seedling emergence attributes and activities of α-amylase and protease increased. The relative water uptake of the seeds also increased through upregulation of aquaporin expression. The treatment efficiently maintained the ROS balance with the aid of antioxidant enzymes and increased the iron content within the treated seeds. After transplantation in field, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content enhanced in the treated plants. Finally, the post-harvest agro-morphological traits (represented through panicle morphology, 1000 seed weight, harvest index) and yield showed significant improvement with treatment. Sets C5 and S5 showed optimum efficiency in terms of yield improvement. To our best knowledge, this study is the first report deciphering the efficacy of iron-pulsing as a safe, cost effective and promising technique to escalate the yield of rice crops without incurring an environmental cost. Thus, iron-pulsing is expected to serve as a potential tool to address global food security in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnali Dey
- Centre of Advance Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Subhabrata Paul
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University (2nd Campus), Kolkata 700156, India
| | - Anish Nag
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Ritesh Banerjee
- Centre of Advance Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Geetha Gopal
- Centre for Nano Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nano Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rita Kundu
- Centre of Advance Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Balparda M, Armas AM, Gomez-Casati DF, Pagani MA. PAP/SAL1 retrograde signaling pathway modulates iron deficiency response in alkaline soils. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110808. [PMID: 33568304 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants and is present abundantly in the Earth's crust. However, Fe bioavailability in alkaline soils is low due to the decreased solubility of the ferric ions. Previously, we have demonstrated the relationship between the PAP/SAL1 retrograde signaling pathway, the activity of Strategy I Fe uptake genes (FIT, FRO2, IRT1), and ethylene signaling. In this work, we have characterized mutant lines that are deficient in this retrograde signaling pathway and their ability to grow in alkaline soils. This adverse growth condition caused less impact on mutant plants, which showed less reduced rosette area, and higher carotenoid, chlorophyll and Fe content than wild-type plants. Several genes involved in the biosynthesis and excretion of secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, which improve Fe uptake, were elevated in mutant plants. Finally, we observed an increase in excreted fluorescent phenolic compounds in mutant lines compared to wild-type plants. In this way, PAP/SAL1 mutants showed alterations in the biosynthesis of metabolites that mobilize Fe, which ultimately improved these plants ability to grow in alkaline soils. Results agree with the existence of a link between the PAP/SAL1 retrograde signaling pathway and the regulation of Fe deficiency responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Balparda
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alejandro M Armas
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego F Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - María Ayelén Pagani
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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20
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Nunes da Silva M, Santos CS, Cruz A, López-Villamor A, Vasconcelos MW. Chitosan increases Pinus pinaster tolerance to the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) by promoting plant antioxidative metabolism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3781. [PMID: 33580134 PMCID: PMC7881030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine wilt disease (PWD), for which no effective treatment is available at the moment, is a constant threat to Pinus spp. plantations worldwide, being responsible for significant economic and environmental losses every year. It has been demonstrated that elicitation with chitosan increases plant tolerance to the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of the PWD, but the biochemical and genetic aspects underlying this response have not been explored. To understand the influence of chitosan in Pinus pinaster tolerance against PWN, a low-molecular-weight (327 kDa) chitosan was applied to mock- and PWN-inoculated plants. Nematode population, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, lignin and gene expression related to oxidative stress (thioredoxin 1, TRX) and plant defence (defensin, DEF, and a-farnesene synthase, AFS), were analysed at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 28 dpi, PWN-infected plants elicited with chitosan showed a sixfold lower nematode population when compared to non-elicited plants. Higher levels of MDA, catalase, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and lignin were detected in chitosan-elicited plants following infection. The expression levels of DEF gene were higher in elicited plants, while TRX and AFS expression was lower, possibly due to the disease containment-effect of chitosan. Combined, we conclude that chitosan induces pine defences against PWD via modulation of metabolic and transcriptomic mechanisms related with plant antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nunes da Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla S Santos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cruz
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián López-Villamor
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marta W Vasconcelos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Pérez-Martín L, Busoms S, Tolrà R, Poschenrieder C. Transcriptomics Reveals Fast Changes in Salicylate and Jasmonate Signaling Pathways in Shoots of Carbonate-Tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana under Bicarbonate Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1226. [PMID: 33513755 PMCID: PMC7865540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High bicarbonate concentrations of calcareous soils with high pH can affect crop performance due to different constraints. Among these, Fe deficiency has mostly been studied. The ability to mobilize sparingly soluble Fe is a key factor for tolerance. Here, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed with two naturally selected Arabidopsis thaliana demes, the carbonate-tolerant A1(c+) and the sensitive T6(c-). Analyses of plants exposed to either pH stress alone (pH 5.9 vs. pH 8.3) or to alkalinity caused by 10 mM NaHCO3 (pH 8.3) confirmed better growth and nutrient homeostasis of A1(c+) under alkaline conditions. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that bicarbonate quickly (3 h) induced Fe deficiency-related genes in T6(c-) leaves. Contrastingly, in A1(c+), initial changes concerned receptor-like proteins (RLP), jasmonate (JA) and salicylate (SA) pathways, methionine-derived glucosinolates (GS), sulfur starvation, starch degradation, and cell cycle. Our results suggest that leaves of carbonate-tolerant plants do not sense iron deficiency as fast as sensitive ones. This is in line with a more efficient Fe translocation to aerial parts. In A1(c+) leaves, the activation of other genes related to stress perception, signal transduction, GS, sulfur acquisition, and cell cycle precedes the induction of iron homeostasis mechanisms yielding an efficient response to bicarbonate stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/de la Vall Moronta s/n, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (L.P.-M.); (S.B.); (R.T.)
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22
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Farghaly FA, Radi AA, Al-Kahtany FA, Hamada AM. Impacts of zinc oxide nano and bulk particles on redox-enzymes of the Punica granatum callus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19722. [PMID: 33184350 PMCID: PMC7665012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of cellular membranes were sustained by redox-enzymes. We studied the interaction between the oxidative stress caused by excessive accumulation of ZnO-nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in plants and the role of redox-enzymes that can alleviate this stress. The crude callus extract from pomegranate, which was treated with 0, 10, and 150 µg mL-1 ZnO-NPs or bulk particles (ZnO-BPs), was applied to study the activity and kinetics of redox-enzymes. The elevated ZnO-NPs, enhanced the lipoxygenase and polyphenol oxidase activity, while the ZnO-BPs did not modify them. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were induced under ZnO-NPs or BPs treatments, whilst the opposite trend of peroxidase was observed. Ascorbate peroxidase activity increased under ZnO-NPs treatments but decreased under ZnO-BPs. The kinetics activity of enzymes showed changes under different levels of NPs and BPs. Additionally, NPs or BPs treatments reduced the uptake of copper, iron, magnesium, but increased zinc accumulation in callus tissues. Meanwhile, these treatments enhanced the accumulation of manganese ions but did not affect the accumulation of potassium and phosphorous in ZnO-NPs or BPs-stressed calli. Collectively, these results gave a quantitative evaluation of the competition of zinc and other minerals on the carriers, and in addition, they provided a basis for how to control ZnO-NPs or BPs toxicity via redox-enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A Farghaly
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Radi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | | | - Afaf M Hamada
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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Kaya C, Ashraf M, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Nitrate reductase rather than nitric oxide synthase activity is involved in 24-epibrassinolide-induced nitric oxide synthesis to improve tolerance to iron deficiency in strawberry (Fragaria × annassa) by up-regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:486-499. [PMID: 32302942 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like enzyme in 24-epibrassinolide (EB)-triggered nitric oxide (NO) synthesis to improve iron deficiency (ID) tolerance in strawberry plants was studied. EB was sprayed to strawberry plants every two days for two weeks. Then, the EB-treated plants were pre-treated with inhibitors of NR, tungstate, or NOS, L-NAME for 3 h. During the first three weeks, Fe was supplied as 100 μM EDTA-Fe or FeSO4 to Fe-sufficient or Fe-deficient plants, respectively. Thereafter, plants were subjected for further three weeks to control (100 μM EDTA-Fe) and Fe deficiency (ID; without Fe). ID reduced biomass, chlorophyll, and chlorophyll fluorescence, while increased oxidative stress parameters, ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), endogenous NO, and the activities of NR, NOS, and antioxidant enzymes. Pre-treatments with EB and EB + SNP improved ID tolerance of strawberry by improving leaf Fe2+, plant growth, and antioxidant enzyme activities, and causing a further elevation in AsA, GSH, NO, NR and NOS. L-NAME application reversed NOS activity, but it did not eliminate NO, however, tungstate application reversed both NR activity and NO synthesis in plants exposed to ID + EB, suggesting that NR is the main contributor of EB-induced NO synthesis to improve ID tolerance in strawberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saudi University, P. O. Box. 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saudi University, P. O. Box. 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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