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Sun M, Liu N, Miao J, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Zhang J, Li H, Bai H, Shi L. Creation of New Oregano Genotypes with Different Terpene Chemotypes via Inter- and Intraspecific Hybridization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087320. [PMID: 37108486 PMCID: PMC10138667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oregano is a medicinal and aromatic plant of value in the pharmaceutical, food, feed additive, and cosmetic industries. Oregano breeding is still in its infancy compared with traditional crops. In this study, we evaluated the phenotypes of 12 oregano genotypes and generated F1 progenies by hybridization. The density of leaf glandular secretory trichomes and the essential oil yield in the 12 oregano genotypes varied from 97-1017 per cm2 and 0.17-1.67%, respectively. These genotypes were divided into four terpene chemotypes: carvacrol-, thymol-, germacrene D/β-caryophyllene-, and linalool/β-ocimene-type. Based on phenotypic data and considering terpene chemotypes as the main breeding goal, six oregano hybrid combinations were performed. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed based on unpublished whole-genome sequencing data of Origanum vulgare, and 64 codominant SSR primers were screened on the parents of the six oregano combinations. These codominant primers were used to determine the authenticity of 40 F1 lines, and 37 true hybrids were identified. These 37 F1 lines were divided into six terpene chemotypes: sabinene-, β-ocimene-, γ-terpinene-, thymol-, carvacrol-, and p-cymene-type, four of which (sabinene-, β-ocimene-, γ-terpinene-, and p-cymene-type) were novel (i.e., different from the chemotypes of parents). The terpene contents of 18 of the 37 F1 lines were higher than those of their parents. The above results lay a strong foundation for the creating of new germplasm resources, constructing of genetic linkage map, and mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of key horticultural traits, and provide insights into the mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in oregano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahui Miao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanpeng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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Meurillon M, Anderson C, Angénieux M, Mercier F, Kondjoyan N, Engel E. Sensory acceptability of antioxidant-based formulations dedicated to mitigate heterocyclic aromatic amines in cooked meat. Meat Sci 2023; 198:109088. [PMID: 36623338 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work, we studied the inhibition of heterocyclic aromatic amine formation by natural ingredients rich in antioxidants: caper, oregano, wine and green tea. This present work aimed to assess the sensory impact of the addition of these ingredients in ground beef patties. The best liked formulations were determined by a hedonic scoring. Caper and oregano were not significantly different from the standard, the most appreciated, due to their congruency with cooked meat. Direct dissimilarity assessment was performed to evaluate the overall, gustative and odor differences between formulations. Olfactive differences were evidenced as key drivers of these differences. Standard and caper were close while oregano was found significantly different from them. A fast sensory profiling permitted to evidence that aromatic plant note was discriminant for oregano formulation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/multibooth olfactometry identified the distinctive odor-active compounds of the formulations as pyrazines and sulfide for oregano formulation and ester for caper formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïa Meurillon
- INRAE, UR370 QuaPA, Microcontaminants, Aroma and Separation Science Lab, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - Chloé Anderson
- INRAE, UR370 QuaPA, Microcontaminants, Aroma and Separation Science Lab, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Magaly Angénieux
- INRAE, UR370 QuaPA, Microcontaminants, Aroma and Separation Science Lab, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Frédéric Mercier
- INRAE, UR370 QuaPA, Microcontaminants, Aroma and Separation Science Lab, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Nathalie Kondjoyan
- INRAE, UR370 QuaPA, Microcontaminants, Aroma and Separation Science Lab, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Erwan Engel
- INRAE, UR370 QuaPA, Microcontaminants, Aroma and Separation Science Lab, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Rathore S, Mukhia S, Kumar R, Kumar R. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial potential of aromatic plants grown in the mid-hill conditions of the Western Himalayas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4878. [PMID: 36966174 PMCID: PMC10039882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are highly concentrated natural extracts obtained from plants, rich in bioactive constituents with antimicrobial properties, but the distinctive climate of the Western Himalayan region influences the same. Aromatic and medicinal plants, viz., Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon winterianus, Pelargonium graveolens, and Nepeta cataria were grown in the foothills of the Western Himalayan condition and evaluated for essential oil content, composition, and their effect on some of the most common pathogenic microorganisms. The essential oil content (%) was 0.77, 0.45, 1.37, 0.15 and 0.17% in O. majorana, O. vulgare, C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria, respectively. The major essential oil constituents of the isolated oils were terpinen-4-ol, thymol, citronellal, citronellol, and nepetalactone, contributing 41.24%, 31.81%, 43.13%, 43.35% and 91.43% in O. majorana, O. vulgare, C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria, respectively. Well-diffusion assay revealed that the essential oil of O. majorana and O. vulgare was active against both the tested Gram-positive, viz., Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121, Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470, and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96; and Gram-negative, viz., Escherichia coli MTCC 43, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 109, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453 bacteria, while the essential oil of C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria showed activity against only some Gram-positive bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (v/v) values indicated the highest efficacy of O. majorana essential oil against B. subtilis (0.5%), M. luteus (1%), and S. aureus (1%), while O. vulgare was most efficient to E. coli (2%) and K. pneumoniae (2%). C. winterianus essential oil did not inhibit any bacterial strains. M. luteus was susceptible to the essential oil of P. graveolens (1%) and N. cataria (0.5%) at low concentrations. Present findings showed the association between the chemical constituents' profile of isolated essential oils from the Himalayan region and their antimicrobial activity, indicating their perspective to be utilized as antibacterial means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalika Rathore
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Srijana Mukhia
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005, Punjab, India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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Zinno P, Guantario B, Lombardi G, Ranaldi G, Finamore A, Allegra S, Mammano MM, Fascella G, Raffo A, Roselli M. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Origanum vulgare Genotypes Belonging to the Carvacrol and Thymol Chemotypes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1344. [PMID: 36987032 PMCID: PMC10059975 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable biological activities of oregano essential oils (EOs) have recently prompted a host of studies aimed at exploring their potential innovative applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The chemical composition and biological activities of EOs from two Origanum vulgare genotypes, widely cultivated in Sicily and not previously studied for their biological properties, were characterized. Plants of the two genotypes, belonging to the carvacrol (CAR) and thymol (THY) chemotypes and grown in different cultivation environments, were considered for this study. The chemical profiles, including the determination of enantiomeric distribution, of the EOs, obtained by hydrodistillation from dried leaves and flowers, were investigated by GC-MS. Biological activity was evaluated as antimicrobial properties against different pathogen indicator strains, while intestinal barrier integrity, reduction in pathogen adhesion and anti-inflammatory actions were assayed in the intestinal Caco-2 cell line. The chemical profile of the CAR genotype was less complex and characterized by higher levels of the most active compound, i.e., carvacrol, when compared to the THY genotype. The enantiomeric distribution of chiral constituents did not vary across genotypes, while being markedly different from that observed in Origanum vulgare genotypes from other geographical origins. In general, all EOs showed high antimicrobial activity, both in vitro and in a food matrix challenge test. Representative EOs from the two genotypes resulted not altering epithelial monolayer sealing only for concentrations lower than 0.02%, were able to reduce the adhesion of selected pathogens, but did not exert relevant anti-inflammatory effects. These results suggest their potential use as control agents against a wide spectrum of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zinno
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
- Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Barbara Guantario
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Lombardi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ranaldi
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Finamore
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Allegra
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Massimo Mammano
- CREA-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, S.S. 113-Km 245.500, 90011 Bagheria, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Fascella
- CREA-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, S.S. 113-Km 245.500, 90011 Bagheria, Italy
| | - Antonio Raffo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Roselli
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
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Amato G, Caputo L, Francolino R, Martino M, De Feo V, De Martino L. Origanum heracleoticum Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Phytotoxic and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:866. [PMID: 36840214 PMCID: PMC9959193 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the herbicidal effects of several essential oils and their possible use as substitutes for chemical herbicides. Several enzymes play a very significant role in seed germination: among these, α-amylase could be involved in essential oil phytotoxic processes. The aims of this study were to compare the chemical composition of the essential oils of two ecotypes of O. heracleoticum growing in Cilento (Southern Italy) and to study their possible use as natural herbicide using Raphanus sativus, Sinapis arvensis and Lolium multiflorum seeds. Moreover, a possible inhibitory activity on the α-amylase enzyme extracted from germinating seeds was evaluated as a possible mechanism of action. Both oils, characterized by GC-MS, belonged to a carvacrol chemotype. The alpha-amylase activity was determined using DNSA (dinitrosalicylic acid) assay quantifying the reducing sugar produced. Furthermore, the essential oils demonstrated phytotoxicity at the highest dose tested, and an inhibitory effect on α-amylase, probably correlated with the phytotoxic effects, was registered. The oils showed interesting phytotoxic and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities, which deserve to be further investigated.
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6
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Kampasakali E, Nakas A, Mertzanidis D, Kokkini S, Assimopoulou AN, Christofilos D. μ-Raman Determination of Essential Oils' Constituents from Distillates and Leaf Glands of Origanum Plants. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031221. [PMID: 36770888 PMCID: PMC9920943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, inexpensive and simple experimental setup for collecting μ-Raman spectra of volatile liquids in very small quantities was developed. It takes advantage of capillary forces to detain minute volatile liquid volumes. Spectra of volatile and even scattering or absorbing media can be measured more effectively. The method is used to facilitate the collection of intensity-consistent Raman spectra from a series of reference compounds present in Origanum essential oils, in order to quantify their constituents by multiple linear regression. Wild grown Origanum plants, collected from five different regions in Greece and taxonomically identified as O. onites, O. vulgare subsp. hirtum and O. vulgare subsp. vulgare, were appropriately distilled to acquire their essential oils. Comparison of the Raman results with those from headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS GC-MS) confirmed the successful relative quantification of the most abundant essential oil constituents, highlighting the similarities and differences of the three Origanum taxa examined. Finally, it is demonstrated that directly measuring the leaf peltate glandular hairs yields exploitable results to identify the main components of the essential oil they contain, underlining the potential of in situ (field or industry) measurements utilizing microscope-equipped portable Raman spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Kampasakali
- School of Chemical Engineering & Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Nakas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mertzanidis
- Laboratory of Systematic Botany and Phytogeography, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Kokkini
- Laboratory of Systematic Botany and Phytogeography, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreana N. Assimopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Christofilos
- School of Chemical Engineering & Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Napoli E, Ruberto G, Carrubba A, Sarno M, Muscarà C, Speciale A, Cristani M, Cimino F, Saija A. Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Hydrodistillation Wastewaters from Five Lamiaceae Species. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217427. [PMID: 36364258 PMCID: PMC9656622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Distillation is the most widely used method to obtain an essential oil from plant material. The biomass used in the process is returned as a solid residue together with variable amounts of water rich in water-soluble compounds, which currently are not addressed to any further application. The scope of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical composition of wastewaters coming from hydrodistillation (DWWs) of five aromatic plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and to assess their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The phenolic profiles of the DWWs were determined by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. Free radical scavenging ability, oxygen radical antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase mimetic activity of the samples under study were measured. Moreover, to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the DWWs, an in vitro experimental model of intestinal inflammation was used. The DWW samples’ phytochemical analysis allowed the identification of 37 phenolic compounds, all exhibiting good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Our study contributes to the knowledge on the polyphenolic composition of the DWWs of five aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae family. The results highlight the presence of compounds with proven biological activity, and therefore of great interest in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Napoli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.N.); (F.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carrubba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Build 4, Entr. L, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mauro Sarno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Build 4, Entr. L, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cristani
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.N.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Semenzato G, Faddetta T, Falsini S, Del Duca S, Esposito A, Padula A, Greco C, Mucci N, Zaccaroni M, Puglia AM, Papini A, Fani R. Endophytic Bacteria Associated with Origanum heracleoticum L. (Lamiaceae) Seeds. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102086. [PMID: 36296360 PMCID: PMC9612275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed-associated microbiota are believed to play a crucial role in seed germination, seedling establishment, and plant growth and fitness stimulation, due to the vertical transmission of a core microbiota from seeds to the next generations. It might be hypothesized that medicinal and aromatic plants could use the seeds as vectors to vertically transfer beneficial endophytes, providing plants with metabolic pathways that could influence phytochemicals production. Here, we investigated the localization, the structure and the composition of the bacterial endophytic population that resides in Origanum heracleoticum L. seeds. Endocellular bacteria, surrounded by a wall, were localized close to the aleurone layer when using light and transmission electron microscopy. From surface-sterilized seeds, cultivable endophytes were isolated and characterized through RAPD analysis and 16S RNA gene sequencing, which revealed the existence of a high degree of biodiversity at the strain level and the predominance of the genus Pseudomonas. Most of the isolates grew in the presence of six selected antibiotics and were able to inhibit the growth of clinical and environmental strains that belong to the Burkholderia cepacia complex. The endophytes production of antimicrobial compounds could suggest their involvement in plant secondary metabolites production and might pave the way to endophytes exploitation in the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Semenzato
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Faddetta
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies-STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Falsini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Del Duca
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonia Esposito
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Padula
- Unit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Ca’ Fornacetta, 9, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Greco
- Unit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Ca’ Fornacetta, 9, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Mucci
- Unit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Ca’ Fornacetta, 9, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccaroni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Puglia
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies-STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Comparison of Mechanical, Assisted and Manual Harvest of Origanum vulgare L. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In Italy, the production of Origanum vulgare L. is lower than the national market demand, so there is an increasing interest in this crop, even if the manual harvest and bunch binding represent ca. 60% of the production cost. The aim of this work is to evaluate the harvest efficiency, as well as the working capacity, productivity and quality of mechanical harvesting by means of a reaper-binder designed for cereal and forage crops and assisted harvesting by means of a long-reach edge trimmer. In fact, the final aim is to suggest a machine and a method for oregano harvesting that could significantly reduce the time and, therefore, the cost of this crop operation, while achieving a product quality similar to that obtained by manual harvesting. Tests of mechanical and assisted harvesting were carried out using a reaper-binder after modifying it (i.e., reducing its forward speed, cutting height and bunch size to improve its working capacity, productivity and quality) and an edge trimmer, respectively. The tests of mechanical and assisted harvesting were compared with manual harvesting. In the testing field, with an irregular shape and an area of one hectare, nine rows were selected and divided into three replications, each comprising three tests, i.e., mechanical, assisted and manual harvesting. The modified reaper-binder allowed us to achieve working capacity and productivity rates much higher than those obtained with manual harvesting. Moreover, its harvest quality, in terms of bunch weight and binding height, favourably compares with that manually obtained. Furthermore, the edge trimmer allowed us to achieve working capacity and productivity rates lower than those obtained by means of the reaper-binder but much higher than in manual harvesting. Thus, the reaper-binder can minimise the harvest time and, therefore, cost while harvesting bunches slightly bigger than those manually harvested, even if it requires a high initial investment cost. Instead, the edge trimmer can be a cheap solution for reducing the harvest time and cost. Therefore, mechanical and assisted harvesting could spread oregano production in areas of inland Sicily and other Mediterranean regions that are often cultivated with low-profit herbaceous plant species or lie fallow. Thus, it would be possible to increase farmers’ incomes and job opportunities, as well as preventing or minimising the hydrogeological instability in these areas.
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Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of drought stress on growth and secondary compound accumulation of Ocimum species, in a semi-controlled greenhouse during the year 2020. The experiment was performed as a factorial that was based on a randomized complete design with three species of basil namely O. basilicum ‘Genovese’, O. x africanum, and O. americanum, and three levels of water supply (70, 50, and 30% soil water capacity-SWC) that were replicated twice. The results revealed that severe drought conditions (30% SWC) significantly lowered the relative water content and, as a consequence, plants were shorter, narrower in the canopy, and produced smaller leaves which, in turn, resulted in a 50% fresh and dry herb yield loss. Furthermore, severe drought stress negatively affected the essential oil content (except O. x africanum where no change was seen), essential oil yield, and the antioxidant capacity. However, slight enhancements of glandular hair density were observed in the drought treatment than in the control. Regardless of the soil water capacity variation, the major compound of the essential oil and total polyphenol content remained unchanged. Besides drought, morphological and chemical variations were also detected among the Ocimum species. Sweet basil cultivar Genovese produced the maximum biomass (344.7 g/plant) whereas O. x africanum accumulated higher essential oil (2.79%). The major compounds that were identified were linalool in O. basilicum; 1, 8-cineole, and camphor in O. x africanum; and O. americanum had more neral and geranial. In conclusion, a higher water supply is recommended for higher biomass and essential oil yield production in the tested basil species.
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11
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D’Aquila P, Paparazzo E, Crudo M, Bonacci S, Procopio A, Passarino G, Bellizzi D. Antibacterial Activity and Epigenetic Remodeling of Essential Oils from Calabrian Aromatic Plants. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020391. [PMID: 35057572 PMCID: PMC8780331 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds have historically had a wide application in nutrition. Recently, a fundamental role has been identified for essential oils extracted from aromatic plants for their nutritional, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, and as food preservatives. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) from ten aromatic plants grown in Calabria (Italy), used routinely to impart aroma and taste to food, were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. This activity was investigated against Escherichia coli strain JM109, and its derived antibiotic-resistant cells selected by growing the strain at low concentrations of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Although all the essential oils showed bactericidal activity, those from Clinopodium nepeta, Origanum vulgare, and Foeniculum vulgare displayed the greatest inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth of all cell lines. It is plausible that the antibacterial activity is mediated by epigenetic modifications since the tested essential oils induce methylation both at adenine and cytosine residues in the genomes of most cell lines. This study contributes to a further characterization of the properties of essential oils by shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms that mediate these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia D’Aquila
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.D.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Ersilia Paparazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.D.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Michele Crudo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.D.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Sonia Bonacci
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Procopio
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.D.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Dina Bellizzi
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.D.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Nazar N, Howard C, Slater A, Sgamma T. Challenges in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants DNA Barcoding-Lessons from the Lamiaceae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:137. [PMID: 35009140 PMCID: PMC8747715 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The potential value of DNA barcoding for the identification of medicinal plants and authentication of traded plant materials has been widely recognized; however, a number of challenges remain before DNA methods are fully accepted as an essential quality control method by industry and regulatory authorities. The successes and limitations of conventional DNA barcoding are considered in relation to important members of the Lamiaceae. The mint family (Lamiaceae) contains over one thousand species recorded as having a medicinal use, with many more exploited in food and cosmetics for their aromatic properties. The family is characterized by a diversity of secondary products, most notably the essential oils (EOs) produced in external glandular structures on the aerial parts of the plant that typify well-known plants of the basil (Ocimum), lavender (Lavandula), mint (Mentha), thyme (Thymus), sage (Salvia) and related genera. This complex, species-rich family includes widely cultivated commercial hybrids and endangered wild-harvested traditional medicines, and examples of potential toxic adulterants within the family are explored in detail. The opportunities provided by next generation sequencing technologies to whole plastome barcoding and nuclear genome sequencing are also discussed with relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nazar
- Biomolecular Technology Group, Leicester School of Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
| | - Caroline Howard
- Tree of Life Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK;
| | - Adrian Slater
- Biomolecular Technology Group, Leicester School of Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
| | - Tiziana Sgamma
- Biomolecular Technology Group, Leicester School of Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
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13
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Capatina L, Napoli EM, Ruberto G, Hritcu L. Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil Prevents Behavioral and Oxidative Stress Changes in the Scopolamine Zebrafish Model. Molecules 2021; 26:7085. [PMID: 34885665 PMCID: PMC8659137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum has been used as medicinal herbs promoting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities. We investigated the protective effects and the mechanism of O. vulgare ssp. hirtum essential oil (OEO) on cognitive impairment and brain oxidative stress in a scopolamine (Sco)-induced zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of cognitive impairment. Our results show that exposure to Sco (100 µM) leads to anxiety, spatial memory, and response to novelty dysfunctions, whereas the administration of OEO (25, 150, and 300 µL/L, once daily for 13 days) reduced anxiety-like behavior and improved cognitive ability, which was confirmed by behavioral tests, such as the novel tank-diving test (NTT), Y-maze test, and novel object recognition test (NOR) in zebrafish. Additionally, Sco-induced brain oxidative stress and increasing of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were attenuated by the administration of OEO. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to elucidate the OEO composition, comprising thymol (38.82%), p-cymene (20.28%), and γ-terpinene (19.58%) as the main identified components. These findings suggest the ability of OEO to revert the Sco-induced cognitive deficits by restoring the cholinergic system activity and brain antioxidant status. Thus, OEO could be used as perspective sources of bioactive compounds, displaying valuable biological activities, with potential pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Capatina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Edoardo Marco Napoli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council ICB-CNR, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.M.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council ICB-CNR, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.M.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
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Milenković L, Ilić ZS, Šunić L, Tmušić N, Stanojević L, Stanojević J, Cvetković D. Modification of light intensity influence essential oils content, composition and antioxidant activity of thyme, marjoram and oregano. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6532-6543. [PMID: 34764769 PMCID: PMC8568991 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Origanum majorana L. (marjoram), and Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) were used to determine whether light modification (plants grown under nets with 40% shaded index or in un-shaded open field) could improve the quantity and quality of essential oils (EOs) and antioxidant activity. The yield of EOs of thyme, marjoram, and oregano obtained after 120 min of hydrodistillation was 2.32, 1.51, and 0.27 mL/100 g of plant material, respectively. At the same time under shading conditions plants synthetized more EOs (2.57, 1.68, and 0.32 mL/100 g of plant material). GC/MS and GC/FID analyses were applied for essential oils determinations. The main components of the thyme essential oil are thymol (8.05-9.35%); γ-terpinene (3.49-4.04%); p-cymene (2.80-3.60%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.54-2.15%). Marjoram main components were terpinene 4-ol (7.44-7.63%), γ-terpinene (2.82-2.86%) and linalool (2.04-2.65%) while oregano essential oil consisted of the following components: caryophyllene oxide (3.1-1.93%); germacrene D (1.17-2.0%) and (E)-caryophyllene (1.48-1.1%). The essential oil from thyme grown under shading (EC50 value after 20 min of incubation) have shown the highest antioxidant activity - 0.85 mg mL-1 in comparison to marjoram and oregano (shaded plants EC50 19.97 mg mL-1 and 7.02 mg mL-1 and unshaded, control plants EC50 54.01 mg mL-1 and 7.45 mg mL-1, respectively). The medicinal plants are a good source of natural antioxidants with potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. For production practice, it can be recommended to grow medicinal plants in shading conditions to achieve optimal quality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Milenković
- University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Agriculture, 38219 Lešak, Serbia
| | - Zoran S Ilić
- University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Agriculture, 38219 Lešak, Serbia
| | - Ljubomir Šunić
- University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Agriculture, 38219 Lešak, Serbia
| | - Nadica Tmušić
- University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Agriculture, 38219 Lešak, Serbia
| | | | | | - Dragan Cvetković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
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15
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Essential oil chemical diversity of twenty Iranian Origanum vulgare L. subsp. viride populations. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bioactivity of Different Chemotypes of Oregano Essential Oil against the Blowfly Calliphora vomitoria Vector of Foodborne Pathogens. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010052. [PMID: 33440619 PMCID: PMC7826667 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Calliphora vomitoria L. is a very common synanthropic blowfly. Since it is attracted by human food, it plays a main role in the transmission of foodborne diseases. Among aromatic plant essential oils (EOs), those of spices are the most suitable to protect food from insect pests. In the present work, we determined the bioactivity of three oregano EOs against C. vomitoria. The chemical analyses showed that the EOs belonged to three chemotypes, one with a prevalence of carvacrol and two with a prevalence of thymol. The bioassays showed that the bioactivity of the EOs significantly varies among chemotypes, with the thymol chemotype showing an overall higher efficacy compared to the carvacrol one. Abstract Blowflies play a substantial role as vectors of microorganisms, including human pathogens. The control of these insect pests is an important aspect of the prevention of foodborne diseases, which represent a significant public health threat worldwide. Among aromatic plants, spices essential oils (EOs) are the most suitable to protect food from insect pests. In this study, we determined the chemical composition of three oregano EOs and assessed their toxicity and deterrence to oviposition against the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria L. The chemical analyses showed that the EOs belonged to three chemotypes: one with a prevalence of carvacrol, the carvacrol chemotype (CC; carvacrol, 81.5%), and two with a prevalence of thymol, the thymol/p-cymene and thymol/γ-terpinene chemotypes (TCC and TTC; thymol, 43.8, and 36.7%, respectively). The bioassays showed that although all the three EOs chemotypes are able to exert a toxic activity against C. vomitoria adults (LD50 from 0.14 to 0.31 μL insect−1) and eggs (LC50 from 0.008 to 0.038 μL cm−2) as well as deter the oviposition (Oviposition Activity Index, OAI, from 0.40 ± 0.04 to 0.87 ± 0.02), the bioactivity of oregano EOs significantly varies among the chemotypes, with the thymol-rich EOs (TCC and TTC) overall demonstrating more effectiveness than the carvacrol-rich (CC) EO.
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Oro V, Krnjajic S, Tabakovic M, Stanojevic JS, Ilic-Stojanovic S. Nematicidal Activity of Essential Oils on a Psychrophilic Panagrolaimus sp. (Nematoda: Panagrolaimidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1588. [PMID: 33212755 PMCID: PMC7696719 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have historically been used for centuries in folk medicine, and nowadays they seem to be a promising control strategy against wide spectra of pathogens, diseases, and parasites. Studies on free-living nematodes are scarce. The free-living microbivorous nematode Panagrolaimus sp. was chosen as the test organism. The nematode possesses extraordinary biological properties, such as resistance to extremely low temperatures and long-term survival under minimal metabolic activity. Fifty EOs from 22 plant families of gymnosperms and angiosperms were tested on Panagrolaimus sp. The aims of this study were to investigate the in vitro impact of EOs on the psychrophilic nematode Panagrolaimus sp. in a direct contact bioassay, to list the activity of EOs based on median lethal concentration (LC50), to determine the composition of the EOs with the best nematicidal activity, and to compare the activity of EOs on Panagrolaimus sp. versus plant parasitic nematodes. The results based on the LC50 values, calculated using Probit analysis, categorized the EOs into three categories: low, moderate and highly active. The members of the laurel family, i.e., Cinnamomum cassia and C. burmannii, exhibited the best nematicidal activity. Aldehydes were generally the major chemical components of the most active EOs and were the chemicals potentially responsible for the nematicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Oro
- Department of Plant Diseases, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Krnjajic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marijenka Tabakovic
- Agroecology and Cropping Practices Group, Maize Research Institute, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena S. Stanojevic
- Faculty of Technology Leskovac, University of Nis, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia; (J.S.S.); (S.I.-S.)
| | - Snezana Ilic-Stojanovic
- Faculty of Technology Leskovac, University of Nis, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia; (J.S.S.); (S.I.-S.)
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