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Ibrahim M, Wen Z, Sun X, Abdelhamid HN. In situ polymerization of a melamine-based microsphere into 3D nickel foam for supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5566-5576. [PMID: 38352687 PMCID: PMC10862101 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
An in situ synthesis approach is used to directly grow a microsphere of melamine-glutaraldehyde (MAGA) polymer over three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam (NF). The materials are used to produce nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) with and without NF. These precursors undergo carbonization at various temperatures, namely 400 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C. The electrochemical properties of the materials would be significantly improved by directly growing MAGA polymer on the surface of NF. The electrochemical performance of NC/NF-400 was excellent, with a capacitance of 297 F g-1 achieved at a current density of 1 A g-1. The in situ growing approach does not necessitate the use of additional chemical agents, such as binders or conductive compounds when preparing the electrode. In addition, the material exhibits only 10% reduction in capacitance after undergoing 5000 cycles, indicating excellent cycling performance. The outstanding electrochemical performance achieved by using the in situ method of MAGA microsphere polymer on NF may be attributed to the rapid transit of ions to the electrode surfaces, facilitating effortless redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat Ibrahim
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, New Valley University El-Kharja 72511 Egypt
| | - Zhen Wen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xuhui Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Hani Nasser Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Assiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
- Egyptian Russian University Badr City 11829 Egypt
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2
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Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Lei H, Zhou X, Du G, Pizzi A, Xi X. Preparation and fire resistance modification on tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) rigid foams. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128994. [PMID: 38157632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) as a new type of polyurethane material has become a hot research topic in the polyurethane industry due to its no utilization of toxic isocyanates during the synthesis process. And the developing on recyclable biomass materials has also much attention in the industrial sector, hence the preparation and application of bio-based NIPU has also become a very meaningful study work. So, in this paper, tannin as a biomass material was used to synthesize tannin based non-isocyanate polyurethanes (TNIPU) resin, and then successfully prepared a self-blowing TNIPU foam at room temperature by using formic acid as initiator and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. The compressive strength of this foam as high as 0.8 MPa, which is an excellent compressive performance. Meanwhile it will return to the state before compression when removing the pressure. This indicating that the foam has good toughness. In addition, formic acid can react with the amino groups in TNIPU to form amide substances, and generated enough heat to initiate the foaming process. Glutaraldehyde, as a crosslinking agent, reacts with the amino group in TNIPU to form a network structure system. By scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the cell shapes, it can be seen that the foam cells were uniform in size and shape, and the cell pores showed open and closed cells. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) tested value of this TNIPU foam is 24.45 % without any flame retardant added, but compared to the LOI value of polyurethane foam (17 %-19 %), TNIPU foam reveal a better fire resistance. It has a wider application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsen Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China
| | - Qianyu Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass materials, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Xuedong Xi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350108 Fuzhou, China.
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3
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Ding W, Wang Y, Sun J, Bao L, Pang X. Dialdehyde sodium alginate bonded dicyandiamide for formaldehyde-free leather production with enhanced properties. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Chrobak J, Iłowska J, Chrobok A. Formaldehyde-Free Resins for the Wood-Based Panel Industry: Alternatives to Formaldehyde and Novel Hardeners. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154862. [PMID: 35956815 PMCID: PMC9369507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its carcinogenic properties, the presence of formaldehyde in resins and other industrial products has been a subject of great concern in recent years. The presented review focuses on modern alternatives for the production of wood-based panels; i.e., substitutes for formaldehyde in the production of amino and phenolic resins, as well as novel hardeners for formaldehyde-free wood adhesives. Solutions in which formaldehyde in completely replaced are presented in this review. Recent advances indicate that it is possible to develop new formaldehyde-free systems of resins with compatible hardeners. The formaldehyde substitutes that have primarily been tested are glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and dimethoxyethanal. The use of such substitutes eliminates the problem of free formaldehyde emission originating from the resin used in the production of wood-based panels. However, these alternatives are mostly characterized by worse reactivity, and, as a result, the use of formaldehyde-free resins may affect the mechanical and strength properties of wood-based panels. Nonetheless, there are still many substantial challenges for the complete replacement of formaldehyde and further research is needed, especially in the field of transferring the technology to industrial practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Chrobak
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jolanta Iłowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
| | - Anna Chrobok
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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5
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A Green Resin Wood Adhesive from Synthetic Polyamide Crosslinking with Glyoxal. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142819. [PMID: 35890595 PMCID: PMC9318107 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal is considered to be the most likely substitute for formaldehyde to synthesize resin adhesives for wood bonding due to its reactivity, structural characteristics, being non-toxic, low volatility, and acceptable cost. Regrettably, the performance of the resin synthesized using glyoxal to directly replace all formaldehyde is not totally satisfactory, especially as it has almost no water resistance. This makes such a simple alternative fail to be suitable for industrial production. To prepare an environment-friendly glyoxal-based adhesive with good bonding performance, the work presented here relies first on reacting citric acid and hexamethylene diamine, producing a polyamide, with glyoxal, and then crosslinking it, thus synthesizing a thermosetting resin (namely CHG) adhesive and applying it for plywood bonding. The plywood prepared exhibits excellent dry and wet shear strength, which are better than GB/T9846-2015 standard requirements (≥0.7 MPa), and even after being soaked in hot water at 63 °C for 3 h, its strength is still as high as 1.35 MPa. The CHG resin is then potentially an adhesive for industrial application for replacing UF (urea-formaldehyde) and MUF (melamine-urea-formaldehyde) adhesives for wood composites.
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Lavado N, de la Concepción JG, Cintas P, Babiano R. Synthesis of C xN y-rich polycyclic oligomers from primeval monomers in aqueous media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3632-3646. [PMID: 35103738 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multichannel, non-thermolytic and efficient pathway is described toward the formation of functionalized carbon nitride-like oligomers, starting from readily available cyanamide and glyoxal (in ratios >2), in aqueous media under mild conditions. Such oligomers can be isolated as stable solids that result from structures involving cyanamide self-additions along with structures formally derived from the condensation of cyanamide, dicyandiamide or melamine with glyoxal, leading occasionally to oxygen-containing units. The oligomeric aggregates have masses up to 500 u, as inferred from mass spectra analyses, and their formation can be rationalized in terms of polyadditions of cyanamide (up to 10-mer) and glyoxal. The latter is not only a willing reaction partner, but also promotes facile condensation by enhancing the reactivity of nitrile fragments and inducing a significant lowering of the energy barriers. This mechanistic surmise is also supported by DFT calculations of the early condensation steps. As a result, melamine/triazine-type structures are obtained in aquatic environments under much milder conditions than those usually required by other synthetic procedures. Moreover, our results also help unveil the abiotic processes affording complex organic matter on celestial bodies and early earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Lavado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Juan García de la Concepción
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Reyes Babiano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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7
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Cao L, Pizzi A, Zhang Q, Tian H, Lei H, Xi X, Du G. Preparation and characterization of a novel environment-friendly urea-glyoxal resin of improved bonding performance. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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In Polymerization of Environment Friendly Melamine-Urea-Glyoxal Resin in Rubber Wood for Improved Physical and Mechanical Properties. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8510571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study, we report that a safe and simple way for upgrading inferior rubber wood through the combined modification of environment-friendly MUG resin was synthesized from glyoxal, melamine, urea, and other additives. MUG-treated wood samples were prepared with six different MUG resin concentrations (5, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 wt %) into the wood matrix and then heated and polymerized to form a solid and hydrophobic MUG resin in the wood scaffold, and the physico-mechanical properties were evaluated. As the MUG resin concentration increased, the weight percent gain and density increased, water uptake and leachability decreased, and the antiswelling efficiency increased at first and then decreased. MUG-treated wood sample can be prepared when the MUG resin concentration was set as 25%, and the physical properties of treated wood was optimum. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that the MUG resin is widely distributed in the cell lumens and cell walls. With enhanced physico-mechanical properties, MUG-treated wood sample can be well used as a promising alternative to existing engineered wood products for structural applications.
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Potential Use of Wollastonite as a Filler in UF Resin Based Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071435. [PMID: 32605051 PMCID: PMC7408164 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins are primary petroleum-based, increasing their potential environmental footprint. Identifying additives to reduce the total amount of resin needed without adversely affecting the panel properties could reduce these impacts. Wollastonite is a mineral containing calcium and silica that has been used as an additive in a variety of materials and may be useful as a resin extender. Nanoscale wollastonite has been shown to enhance the panel properties but is costly. Micron-scale wollastonite may be a less costly alternative. Medium-density fiberboards were produced by blending a hardwood furnish with UF alone, micron-sized wollastonite alone, or a 9:1 ratio of UF to wollastonite. Panels containing of only wollastonite had poor properties, but the properties of panels with 9:1 UF/wollastonite were similar to the UF-alone panels, except for the internal bond strength. The results suggest that small amounts of micron-sized wollastonite could serve as a resin extender. Further studies are suggested to determine if the micron-sized material has similar positive effects on the resin curing rate.
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10
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Pizzi A, Papadopoulos AN, Policardi F. Wood Composites and Their Polymer Binders. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051115. [PMID: 32414198 PMCID: PMC7285055 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents first, rather succinctly, what are the important points to look out for when preparing good wood composites, the main types of wood composites manufactured industrially, and the mainly oil-derived wood composite adhesives and binders that dominate and have been dominating this industry. Also briefly described are the most characteristic biosourced, renewable-derived adhesives that are actively researched as substitutes. For all these adhesives, synthetic and biosourced, the reviews expose the considerable progresses which have occurred relatively recently, with a host of new approaches and ideas having been proposed and tested, some even implemented, but with even many more already appearing on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonios N. Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, 66100 Drama, Greece;
| | - Franco Policardi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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11
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Xi X, Pizzi A, Lei H, Du G, Zhou X, Lin Y. Characterization and Preparation of Furanic-Glyoxal Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030692. [PMID: 32244975 PMCID: PMC7183269 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic foams have become an essential industrial product for a great variety of applications. Furfuryl alcohol, as a biomass chemical, was reacted with glyoxal at room temperature to prepare furanic-glyoxal rigid foams, and p-toluenesulfonic acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Foams with different molar ratios (furfuryl alcohol/glyoxal) were prepared in this work, and uniform cells foams have been obtained. Their compression resistance, 24-h water absorption, density, and other basic properties were tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the cellular morphology of the foams prepared, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) helped to understand their thermal and combustion properties, and FTIR and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectroscopy to explain the structure of the resulting foams to clarify the reactions occurring during foaming. The results show that the compression resistance of furanic-glyoxal foams declined as the furfuryl alcohol/glyoxal ratio decreases also. SEM observations revealed that foams with open-cell were obtained when furfuryl alcohol was added in greater amounts, and more closed cell structures were formed as the proportion of glyoxal increased. TGA results showed that the initial ignition temperature of furanic-glyoxal foams is ~200 °C higher than that of wood, and the smaller comprehensive combustion index S (about 0.15 × 10−7 (%2 K−3 min−2)) indicates that the foam burns slowly and has poor flammability, that is, it is not easy to burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Xi
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.X.); (H.L.); (G.D.); (X.Z.)
- ENSTIB-LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- ENSTIB-LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-623-126-940
| | - Hong Lei
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.X.); (H.L.); (G.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.X.); (H.L.); (G.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.X.); (H.L.); (G.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuying Lin
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France
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12
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Réh R, Igaz R, Krišťák Ľ, Ružiak I, Gajtanska M, Božíková M, Kučerka M. Functionality of Beech Bark in Adhesive Mixtures Used in Plywood and Its Effect on the Stability Associated with Material Systems. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12081298. [PMID: 31010011 PMCID: PMC6515234 DOI: 10.3390/ma12081298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The results of research into utilizing grinded beech bark in order to substitute commonly used fillers in urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive mixtures to bond plywood are presented in the present study. Four test groups of plywood with various adhesive mixtures were manufactured under laboratory conditions and used for experimentation. Plywood made using the same technology, with the common filler (technical flour), was used as a reference material. Three different concentrations of grinded beech bark were used. The thermal conductivity of the fillers used, viscosity and its time dependence, homogeneity and the dispersion performance of fillers were evaluated in the analysis of adhesive mixture. The time necessary for heating up the material during the pressing process was a further tested parameter. The produced plywood was analyzed in terms of its modulus of elasticity, bending strength, perpendicular tensile strength and free formaldehyde emissions. Following the research results, beech bark can be characterized as an ecologically friendly alternative to technical flour, shortening the time of pressing by up to 27%. At the same time, in terms of the statistics, the mechanical properties and stability of the material changed insignificantly, and the formaldehyde emissions reduced significantly, by up to 74%. The utilization of bark was in compliance with long-term sustainability, resulting in a decrease in the environmental impact of waste generated during the wood processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Réh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Rastislav Igaz
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Ľuboš Krišťák
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Ivan Ružiak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Milada Gajtanska
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Monika Božíková
- Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Kučerka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
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