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Wasiak T, Just D, Dzienia A, Łukowiec D, Wacławek S, Mielańczyk A, Kodan S, Bansal A, Chandra R, Janas D. PdNPs/NiNWs as a welding tool for the synthesis of polyfluorene derivatives by Suzuki polycondensation under microwave radiation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2336. [PMID: 38282019 PMCID: PMC10822865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52795-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are promising tools to differentiate various types of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs). However, their synthesis is challenging. Insufficient control over molecular weights, and unpredictive/unrepeatable batches hinder possible applications and scale-up. Furthermore, commercial homogeneous catalysts often require inert conditions and are almost impossible to recycle. To overcome these problems, we present a nanocatalyst consisting of magnetic nickel nanowires decorated with highly active palladium nanoparticles. A two-step wet chemical reduction protocol with the assistance of sonochemistry was employed to obtain a heterogeneous catalyst capable of conducting step-growth Suzuki polycondensation of a fluorene-based monomer. Additionally, we enhanced the performance of our catalytic system via controlled microwave irradiation, which significantly shortened the reaction time from 3 d to only 1 h. We studied the influence of the main process parameters on the yield and polymer chain length to gain insight into phenomena occurring in the presence of metallic species under microwave irradiation. Finally, the produced polymers were used to extract specific s-SWCNTs by conjugated polymer extraction to validate their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasiak
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dominik Just
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dzienia
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Łukowiec
- Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mielańczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sonika Kodan
- Nanoscience Laboratory, Institute Instrumentation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Ananya Bansal
- Nanoscience Laboratory, Institute Instrumentation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Nanoscience Laboratory, Institute Instrumentation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Dawid Janas
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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Mdluli SB, Ramoroka ME, Yussuf ST, Modibane KD, John-Denk VS, Iwuoha EI. π-Conjugated Polymers and Their Application in Organic and Hybrid Organic-Silicon Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:716. [PMID: 35215629 PMCID: PMC8877693 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution and emergence of organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells have been deemed as promising sustainable future technologies, owing to the use of π-conjugated polymers. In this regard, the scope of this review article presents a comprehensive summary of the applications of π-conjugated polymers as hole transporting layers (HTLs) or emitters in both organic solar cells and organic-silicon hybrid heterojunction solar cells. The different techniques used to synthesize these polymers are discussed in detail, including their electronic band structure and doping mechanisms. The general architecture and principle of operating heterojunction solar cells is addressed. In both discussed solar cell types, incorporation of π-conjugated polymers as HTLs have seen a dramatic increase in efficiencies attained by these devices, owing to the high transmittance in the visible to near-infrared region, reduced carrier recombination, high conductivity, and high hole mobilities possessed by the p-type polymeric materials. However, these cells suffer from long-term stability due to photo-oxidation and parasitic absorptions at the anode interface that results in total degradation of the polymeric p-type materials. Although great progress has been seen in the incorporation of conjugated polymers in the various solar cell types, there is still a long way to go for cells incorporating polymeric materials to realize commercialization and large-scale industrial production due to the shortcomings in the stability of the polymers. This review therefore discusses the progress in using polymeric materials as HTLs in organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells with the intention to provide insight on the quest of producing highly efficient but less expensive solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyabonga B. Mdluli
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
| | - Morongwa E. Ramoroka
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
| | - Sodiq T. Yussuf
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
| | - Kwena D. Modibane
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mineral Science, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Polokwane 0727, South Africa;
| | - Vivian S. John-Denk
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
| | - Emmanuel I. Iwuoha
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
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Electrospun Nanomaterials: Applications in Food, Environmental Remediation, and Bioengineering. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091714. [PMID: 32872555 PMCID: PMC7559815 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the large number of methods to fabricate nanofibers[…] .
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Physico-Chemically Distinct Nanomaterials Synthesized from Derivates of a Poly(Anhydride) Diversify the Spectrum of Loadable Antibiotics. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030486. [PMID: 32182677 PMCID: PMC7153258 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology such as nanoencapsulation offer new biomedical applications, potentially increasing the scope and efficacy of therapeutic drug delivery. In addition, the discovery and development of novel biocompatible polymers increases the versatility of these encapsulating nanostructures, enabling chemical properties of the cargo and vehicle to be adapted to specific physiological requirements. Here, we evaluate the capacity of various polymeric nanostructures to encapsulate various antibiotics of different classes, with differing chemical structure. Polymers were sourced from two separate derivatives of poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PMVE/MA): an acid (PMVE/MA-Ac) and a monoethyl ester (PMVE/MA-Es). Nanoencapsulation of antibiotics was attempted through electrospinning, and nanoparticle synthesis through solvent displacement, for both polymers. Solvent incompatibilities prevented the nanoencapsulation of amikacin, neomycin and ciprofloxacin in PMVE/MA-Es nanofibers. However, all compounds were successfully loaded into PMVE/MA-Es nanoparticles. Encapsulation efficiencies in nanofibers reached approximately 100% in all compatible systems; however, efficiencies varied substantially in nanoparticles systems, depending on the tested compound (14%-69%). Finally, it was confirmed that both these encapsulation processes did not alter the antimicrobial activity of any tested antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, supporting the viability of these approaches for nanoscale delivery of antibiotics.
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Torres-Moya I, Vázquez-Guilló R, Fernández-Palacios S, Carrillo JR, Díaz-Ortiz Á, López Navarrete JT, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Mallavia R, Prieto P. Fluorene-Based Donor-Acceptor Copolymers Containing Functionalized Benzotriazole Units: Tunable Emission and their Electrical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E256. [PMID: 31979007 PMCID: PMC7077272 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomers 4,7-dibromo-2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole (m1) and 4,7-(bis(4-bromophenyl)ethynyl)-2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole (m2) have been synthesized in good yields using different procedures. Monomers m1 and m2 have been employed for building new copolymers of fluorene derivatives by a Suzuki reaction under microwave irradiation using the same conditions. In each case different chain lengths have been achieved, while m1 gives rise to polymers for m2 oligomers have been obtained (with a number of monomer units lower than 7). Special interest has been paid to their photophysical properties due to excited state properties of these D-A units alternates, which have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using two methods: (i) An oligomer approach and (ii) by periodic boundary conditions (PBC). It is highly remarkable the tunability of the photophysical properties as a function of the different monomer functionalization derived from 2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole units. In fact, a strong modulation of the absorption and emission properties have been found by functionalizing the nitrogen N-2 of the benzotriazole units or by elongation of the π-conjugated core with the introduction of alkynylphenyl groups. Furthermore, the charge transport properties of these newly synthesized macromolecules have been approached by their implementation in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) in order to assess their potential as active materials in organic optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Rebeca Vázquez-Guilló
- Instituto de Investigación Desarrollo e innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), University of Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Sara Fernández-Palacios
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - José Ramón Carrillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Ángel Díaz-Ortiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Juan Teodomiro López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Mari Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Investigación Desarrollo e innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), University of Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
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Choi JY, Jin SW, Kim DM, Song IH, Nam KN, Park HJ, Chung CM. Enhancement of the Mechanical Properties of Polyimide Film by Microwave Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030477. [PMID: 30960461 PMCID: PMC6473371 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyimide films have conventionally been prepared by thermal imidization of poly(amic acid)s (PAAs). Here we report that the improvement of tensile strength while increasing (or maintaining) film flexibility of polyimide films was accomplished by simple microwave (MW) irradiation of the PAAs. This improvement in mechanical properties can be attributed to the increase in molecular weight of the polyimides by MW irradiation. Our results show that the mechanical properties of polyimide films can be improved by MW irradiation, which is a green approach that requires relatively low MW power, very short irradiation time, and no incorporation of any additional inorganic substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - Seung-Won Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - Dong-Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - In-Ho Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - Kyeong-Nam Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - Hyeong-Joo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - Chan-Moon Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
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7
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Martínez-Ortega L, Mira A, Fernandez-Carvajal A, Mateo CR, Mallavia R, Falco A. Development of A New Delivery System Based on Drug-Loadable Electrospun Nanofibers for Psoriasis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E14. [PMID: 30621136 PMCID: PMC6359116 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune systemic disease with an approximate incidence of 2% worldwide; it is commonly characterized by squamous lesions on the skin that present the typical pain, stinging, and bleeding associated with an inflammatory response. In this work, poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic ethyl monoester) (PMVEMA-ES) nanofibers have been designed as a delivery vehicle for three therapeutic agents with palliative properties for the symptoms of this disease (salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, and capsaicin). For such a task, the production of these nanofibers by means of the electrospinning technique has been optimized. Their morphology and size have been characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By selecting the optimal conditions to achieve the smallest and most uniform nanofibers, approximate diameters of up to 800⁻900 nm were obtained. It was also determined that the therapeutic agents that were used were encapsulated with high efficiency. The analysis of their stability over time by GC-MS showed no significant losses of the encapsulated compounds 15 days after their preparation, except in the case of methyl salicylate. Likewise, it was demonstrated that the therapeutic compounds that were encapsulated conserved, and even improved, their capacity to activate the transient receptor potential cation channel 1 (TRPV1) channel, which has been associated with the formation of psoriatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Martínez-Ortega
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Amalia Mira
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Asia Fernandez-Carvajal
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - C Reyes Mateo
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
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8
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Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of copolymer/metal oxide nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vázquez-Guilló R, Martínez-Tomé MJ, Kahveci Z, Torres I, Falco A, Mallavia R, Mateo CR. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Green Cationic Polyfluorene and Its Potential Use as a Fluorescent Membrane Probe. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E938. [PMID: 30960863 PMCID: PMC6404094 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we have synthesized a novel green-emitter conjugated polyelectrolyte Copoly-{[9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl]-2,7-(fluorene)-alt-4,7-(2-(phenyl) benzo[d] [1,2,3] triazole)} bromide (HTMA-PFBT) by microwave-assisted Suzuki coupling reaction. Its fluorescent properties have been studied in aqueous media and in presence of model membranes of different composition, in order to explore its ability to be used as a green fluorescent membrane probe. The polyelectrolyte was bound with high affinity to the membrane surface, where it exhibited high fluorescence efficiency and stability. HTMA-PFBT showed lower affinity to zwitterionic membranes as compared to anionic ones, as well as a more external location, near the membrane-aqueous interface. Fluorescence microscopy studies confirmed the interaction of HTMA-PFBT with the model membranes, labelling the lipid bilayer without perturbing its morphology and showing a clear preference towards anionic systems. In addition, the polyelectrolyte was able to label the membrane of bacteria and living mammalian cells, separately. Finally, we explored if the polyelectrolyte can function also as a sensitive probe able of detecting lipid-phase transitions. All these results suggest the potential use of HTMA-PFBT as a green membrane marker for bioimaging and selective recognition of bacteria cell over mammalian ones and as a tool to monitor changes in physical state of lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Vázquez-Guilló
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | | | - Zehra Kahveci
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Ivan Torres
- Departamento de Química Inorgánca, Orgánica y Bioqímica, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, 13071 Cuidad Real, Spain.
| | - Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - C Reyes Mateo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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Jessop IA, Díaz FR, Terraza CA, Tundidor-Camba A, Leiva Á, Cattin L, Bèrnede JC. PANI Branches onto Donor-Acceptor Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Electroluminescent Properties of New 2D-Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E553. [PMID: 30966587 PMCID: PMC6415409 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of two-dimensional statistical conjugated polymers based on aniline and 9,9-dihexylfluorene as donor units and benzo- or naphtho-quinoxaline/thiadiazole derivatives as acceptor moieties, possessing PANI segments as side chains, were designed and synthesized. To investigate the effects of the perpendicular PANI branches on the properties of the main chain, the optical, electrochemical, morphological and electroluminescence properties were studied. The 2D materials tend to possess lower molecular weights and to absorb and to emit light red-shifted compared to the trunk 1D-polymers, in the yellow-red region of the visible spectrum. The 1D- and 2D-conjugated polymers present optical band gaps ranging from 2.15⁻2.55 eV, HOMO energy levels between -5.37 and -5.60 eV and LUMO energy levels between -3.02 and -3.29 eV. OLED devices based on these copolymers were fabricated. Although the performances were far from optimal due to the high turn-on voltages for which electroluminescence phenomena occur, a maximum luminescence of 55,100 cd/m² together with a current density of 65 mA/cm² at 18.5 V were recorded for a 2D-copolymer, PAFC6TBQ-PANI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A Jessop
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, P.O. Box 7-D, Av. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - Fernando R Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 306, Post 22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Claudio A Terraza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 306, Post 22, Santiago, Chile.
- UC Energy Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 306, Post 22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alain Tundidor-Camba
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 306, Post 22, Santiago, Chile.
- UC Energy Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 306, Post 22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ángel Leiva
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 306, Post 22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Linda Cattin
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), CNRS, UMR 6502, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
| | - Jean-Christian Bèrnede
- MOLTECH-Anjou, CNRS, UMR 6200, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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