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Gámez-Valenzuela S, Torres-Moya I, Sánchez A, Donoso B, López Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Prieto P, Ponce Ortiz R. Extended π-Conjugation and Structural Planarity Effects of Symmetrical D-π-A-π-D Naphthalene and Perylene Diimide Semiconductors on n-type Electrical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301639. [PMID: 37265227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of donor-π-acceptor-π-donor (D-π-A-π-D) compounds based on naphthalendiimide (NDI) and perylenediimide (PDI) central cores combined with triphenylamine and phenylcarbazole donor groups have been synthesized, characterized and tested in top-contact/bottom gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The results showed high electron mobilities, up to 0.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 , in the case of NDI derivatives and moderate values of around 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for PDI-based semiconductors. Quantum chemical calculations were performed in order to support the experimental data. The results suggest that adequate molecular characteristics and larger crystalline domains in NDI vs. PDI semiconducting films may be the reasons behind the enhanced electrical properties of NDI derivatives. Furthermore, when the lateral donor substituents are triphenylamine groups, the mobilities were slightly higher in comparison to phenylcarbazole donor groups due to an improved electron-donating character. Other characterization techniques, such as AFM, X-ray diffraction or spectroelectrochemistry, among others, have been performed to analyze supramolecular order, charge carriers' nature and stability, parameters closely related to charge transport characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gámez-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia Campus of Espinardo, Murcia, 30005, Spain
| | - Abelardo Sánchez
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Beatriz Donoso
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | | | - M Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
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2
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Ma S, Wang J, Feng K, Zhang H, Wu Z, Wang Y, Liu B, Li Y, An M, Gonzalez-Nuñez R, Ponce Ortiz R, Woo HY, Guo X. n-Type Polymer Semiconductors Based on Dithienylpyrazinediimide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:1639-1651. [PMID: 36571844 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of n-type organic semiconductors critically relies on the design and synthesis of highly electron-deficient building blocks with good solubility and small steric hindrance. We report here a strongly electron-deficient dithienylpyrazinediimide (TPDI) and its n-type semiconducting polymers. The pyrazine substitution leads to the resulting polymers with much lower-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels and improved backbone planarity compared to the reported dithienylbenzodiimide (TBDI)- and fluorinated dithienylbenzodiimide (TFBDI)-based polymer analogues, thus yielding n-type transport character with an electron mobility up to 0.44 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic thin-film transistors. These results demonstrate that dithienylpyrazinediimide is a highly promising electron-deficient building block for constructing high-performance n-type polymers and the incorporation of pyrazine into imide-functionalized (hetero)arenes is an effective strategy to develop n-type polymers with deep-lying frontier molecular orbital (FMO) levels for organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingwei An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Raúl Gonzalez-Nuñez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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3
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Mori S, Moles Quintero S, Tabaka N, Kishi R, González Núñez R, Harbuzaru A, Ponce Ortiz R, Marín-Beloqui J, Suzuki S, Kitamura C, Gómez-García CJ, Dai Y, Negri F, Nakano M, Kato SI, Casado J. Medium Diradical Character, Small Hole and Electron Reorganization Energies and Ambipolar Transistors in Difluorenoheteroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206680. [PMID: 35696258 PMCID: PMC9542770 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Four difluorenoheteroles having a central quinoidal core with the heteroring varying as furan, thiophene, its dioxide derivative and pyrrole have shown to be medium character diradicals. Solid-state structures, optical, photophysical, magnetic, and electrochemical properties have been discussed in terms of diradical character, variation of aromatic character and captodative effects (electron affinity). Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been prepared, showing balanced hole and electron mobilities of the order of 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 or ambipolar charge transport which is first inferred from their redox amphoterism. Quantum chemical calculations show that the electrical behavior is originated from the medium diradical character which produces similar reorganization energies for hole and electron transports. The vision of a diradical as simultaneously bearing pseudo-hole and pseudo-electron defects might justify the reduced values of reorganization energies for both regimes. Structure-function relationships between diradical and ambipolar electrical behavior are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Mori
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Sergio Moles Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Naoki Tabaka
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science and Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Raúl González Núñez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alexandra Harbuzaru
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Marín-Beloqui
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia), Spain
| | - Yasi Dai
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" and INSTM, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" and INSTM, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science and Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Torres-Moya I, Harbuzaru A, Donoso B, Prieto P, Ponce Ortiz R, Díaz-Ortiz Á. Microwave Irradiation as a Powerful Tool for the Preparation of n-Type Benzotriazole Semiconductors with Applications in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144340. [PMID: 35889212 PMCID: PMC9323175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, as an equivocal proof of the potential of microwave irradiation in organic synthesis, a complex pyrazine-decorated benzotriazole derivative that is challenging to prepare under conventional conditions has been obtained upon microwave irradiation, thus efficiently improving the process and yields, dramatically decreasing the reaction times and resulting in an environmentally friendly synthetic procedure. In addition, this useful derivative could be applied in organic electronics, specifically in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), exhibiting the highest electron mobilities reported to date for benzotriazole discrete molecules, of around 10−2 cm2V−1s−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (B.D.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (I.T.-M.); (R.P.O.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Alexandra Harbuzaru
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus of Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Donoso
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (B.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (B.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus of Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (I.T.-M.); (R.P.O.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Ángel Díaz-Ortiz
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (B.D.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (I.T.-M.); (R.P.O.); (Á.D.-O.)
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5
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Gámez-Valenzuela S, Benito-Hernández A, Echeverri M, Gutierrez-Puebla E, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Gómez-Lor B. Functionalized Crystalline N-Trimethyltriindoles: Counterintuitive Influence of Peripheral Substituents on Their Semiconducting Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031121. [PMID: 35164386 PMCID: PMC8839582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three crystalline N-trimethyltriindoles endowed with different functionalities at 3, 8 and 13 positions (either unsubstituted or with three methoxy or three acetyl groups attached) are investigated, and clear correlations between the electronic nature of the substituents and their solid-state organization, electronic properties and semiconductor behavior are established. The three compounds give rise to similar columnar hexagonal crystalline structures; however, the insertion of electron-donor methoxy groups results in slightly shorter stacking distances when compared with the unsubstituted derivative, whereas the insertion of electron-withdrawing acetyl groups lowers the crystallinity of the system. Functionalization significantly affects hole mobilities with the triacetyl derivative showing the lowest mobility within the series in agreement with the lower degree of order. However, attaching three methoxy groups also results in lower hole mobility values in the OFETs (0.022 vs. 0.0014 cm2 V-1 s-1) in spite of the shorter stacking distances. This counterintuitive behavior has been explained with the help of DFT calculations performed to rationalize the interplay between the intramolecular and intermolecular properties, which point to lower transfer integrals in the trimethoxy derivative due to the HOMO wave function extension over the peripheral methoxy groups. The results of this study provide useful insights into how peripheral substituents influence the fundamental charge transport parameters of chemically modified triindole platforms of fundamental importance to design new derivatives with improved semiconducting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gámez-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Angela Benito-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Marcelo Echeverri
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Enrique Gutierrez-Puebla
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Maria Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.R.D.); (B.G.-L.)
| | - Berta Gómez-Lor
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.R.D.); (B.G.-L.)
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6
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Guijarro FG, Medina Rivero S, Gunasekaran S, Arretxea I, Ponce Ortiz R, Caballero R, de la Cruz P, Langa F, Venkataraman L, Casado J. Synthesis and electronic properties of pyridine end-capped cyclopentadithiophene-vinylene oligomers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41264-41271. [PMID: 35516533 PMCID: PMC9057865 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of four oligomers of cyclopentadithiophene-vinylenes end capped with pyridine groups was prepared and their optical and electronic properties studied. Treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) leads to the bisprotonation of the nitrogens of the pyridine, which has an important impact on the optical properties. Excess treatment with TFA provokes the oxidation of the conjugated core, generating radical cations and dications. The ease of the TFA treatment in solution was extended to protonation in the solid-state where further characterization of the neutral and TFA-treated samples was carried out in electrically active substrates in organic field-effect transistors. Finally, the new molecules were found to be excellent conductors in single-molecule junctions thanks to strong electron delocalization and resonance orbital mediated transport. These studies show the opening of a spectrum of possibilities by suitable terminal substitution of π-cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Guijarro
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain
| | - Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 229071 Malaga Spain
| | | | - Iratxe Arretxea
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 229071 Malaga Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 229071 Malaga Spain
| | - Rubén Caballero
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain
| | - Pilar de la Cruz
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain
| | - Fernando Langa
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York 10027 USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University New York 10027 USA
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 229071 Malaga Spain
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Torres-Moya I, Vázquez-Guilló R, Fernández-Palacios S, Carrillo JR, Díaz-Ortiz Á, López Navarrete JT, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Mallavia R, Prieto P. Fluorene-Based Donor-Acceptor Copolymers Containing Functionalized Benzotriazole Units: Tunable Emission and their Electrical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E256. [PMID: 31979007 PMCID: PMC7077272 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomers 4,7-dibromo-2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole (m1) and 4,7-(bis(4-bromophenyl)ethynyl)-2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole (m2) have been synthesized in good yields using different procedures. Monomers m1 and m2 have been employed for building new copolymers of fluorene derivatives by a Suzuki reaction under microwave irradiation using the same conditions. In each case different chain lengths have been achieved, while m1 gives rise to polymers for m2 oligomers have been obtained (with a number of monomer units lower than 7). Special interest has been paid to their photophysical properties due to excited state properties of these D-A units alternates, which have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using two methods: (i) An oligomer approach and (ii) by periodic boundary conditions (PBC). It is highly remarkable the tunability of the photophysical properties as a function of the different monomer functionalization derived from 2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole units. In fact, a strong modulation of the absorption and emission properties have been found by functionalizing the nitrogen N-2 of the benzotriazole units or by elongation of the π-conjugated core with the introduction of alkynylphenyl groups. Furthermore, the charge transport properties of these newly synthesized macromolecules have been approached by their implementation in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) in order to assess their potential as active materials in organic optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Rebeca Vázquez-Guilló
- Instituto de Investigación Desarrollo e innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), University of Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Sara Fernández-Palacios
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - José Ramón Carrillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Ángel Díaz-Ortiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Juan Teodomiro López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Mari Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Investigación Desarrollo e innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), University of Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
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8
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Torres-Moya I, Arrechea-Marcos I, Tardío C, Carrillo JR, Díaz-Ortiz Á, López Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Prieto P, Ortiz RP. D–A–D 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole derivatives as p-type semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:21879-21888. [PMID: 35541748 PMCID: PMC9081082 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03246g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of Donor–π–Acceptor–π–Donor compounds based on a 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole core branched with different alkynyl donor groups has been characterized and tested in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The electronic and molecular structures were elucidated through optical and vibrational spectroscopy in conjunction with DFT calculations. The results indicate that the planarity of the structure and the good intramolecular charge transfer from the electron-donating to the electron-withdrawing fragments play a critical role in the application of the compounds as semiconductors in OFET devices. The compounds were tested in a top-contact/bottom-gate thin film transistor architecture, and they behave as p-type semiconductors. A series of Donor–π–Acceptor–π–Donor compounds based on a 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole core branched with different alkynyl donor groups has been characterized and tested in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences
- University of Castilla La Mancha-IRICA
- 13071 Ciudad Real
- Spain
| | - Iratxe Arrechea-Marcos
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Málaga
- 29071 Málaga
- Spain
| | - Carlos Tardío
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences
- University of Castilla La Mancha-IRICA
- 13071 Ciudad Real
- Spain
| | - José R. Carrillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences
- University of Castilla La Mancha-IRICA
- 13071 Ciudad Real
- Spain
| | - Ángel Díaz-Ortiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences
- University of Castilla La Mancha-IRICA
- 13071 Ciudad Real
- Spain
| | | | - M. Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Málaga
- 29071 Málaga
- Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences
- University of Castilla La Mancha-IRICA
- 13071 Ciudad Real
- Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Málaga
- 29071 Málaga
- Spain
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de Echegaray P, Mancheño MJ, Arrechea-Marcos I, Juárez R, López-Espejo G, López Navarrete JT, Ramos MM, Seoane C, Ortiz RP, Segura JL. Synthesis of Perylene Imide Diones as Platforms for the Development of Pyrazine Based Organic Semiconductors. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11256-11267. [PMID: 27791365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a great interest in peryleneimide (PI)-containing compounds given their unique combination of good electron accepting ability, high abosorption in the visible region, and outstanding chemical, thermal, and photochemical stabilities. Thus, herein we report the synthesis of perylene imide derivatives endowed with a 1,2-diketone functionality (PIDs) as efficient intermediates to easily access peryleneimide (PI)-containing organic semiconductors with enhanced absorption cross-section for the design of tunable semiconductor organic materials. Three processable organic molecular semiconductors containing thiophene and terthiophene moieties, PITa, PITb, and PITT, have been prepared from the novel PIDs. The tendency of these semiconductors for molecular aggregation have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy and supported by quantum chemical calculations. 2D NMR experiments and theoretical calculations point to an antiparallel π-stacking interaction as the most stable conformation in the aggregates. Investigation of the optical and electrochemical properties of the materials is also reported and analyzed in combination with DFT calculations. Although the derivatives presented here show modest electron mobilities of ∼10-4 cm2V-1s-1, these preliminary studies of their performance in organic field effect transistors (OFETs) indicate the potential of these new building blocks as n-type semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula de Echegaray
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Mancheño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iratxe Arrechea-Marcos
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Juárez
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid 28933, Spain
| | - Guzmán López-Espejo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - María Mar Ramos
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid 28933, Spain
| | - Carlos Seoane
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José L Segura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Ruiz C, Pandey UK, Termine R, García-Frutos EM, López-Espejo G, Ortiz RP, Huang W, Marks TJ, Facchetti A, Ruiz Delgado MC, Golemme A, Gómez-Lor B. Mobility versus Alignment of a Semiconducting π-Extended Discotic Liquid-Crystalline Triindole. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:26964-26971. [PMID: 27643623 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The p-type semiconducting properties of a triphenylene-fused triindole mesogen, have been studied by applying two complementary methods which have different alignment requirements. The attachment of only three flexible alkyl chains to the nitrogen atoms of this π-extended core is sufficient to induce columnar mesomorphism. High hole mobility values (0.65 cm2 V-1 s-1) have been estimated by space-charge limited current (SCLC) measurements in a diode-like structure which are easily prepared from the melt, rendering this material a good candidate for OPVs and OLEDs devices. The mobility predicted theoretically via a hole-hopping mechanism is in very good agreement with the experimental values determined at the SCLC regime. On the other hand the hole mobility determined on solution processed thin film transistors (OFETs) is significantly lower, which can be rationalized by the high tendency of these large molecules to align on surfaces with their extended π-conjugated core parallel to the substrate as demonstrated by SERS. Despite the differences obtained with the two methods, the acceptable performance found on OFETs fabricated by simple drop-casting processing of such an enlarged aromatic core is remarkable and suggests facile hopping between neighboring molecular columns owing to the large conducting/isolating ratio found in this discotic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC , Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Upendra K Pandey
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM, CNR-NANOTEC Lab LiCryL, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Roberto Termine
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM, CNR-NANOTEC Lab LiCryL, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Eva M García-Frutos
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC , Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guzmán López-Espejo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga , 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga , 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Attilio Golemme
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM, CNR-NANOTEC Lab LiCryL, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Berta Gómez-Lor
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC , Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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11
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de la Peña A, Arrechea-Marcos I, Mancheño MJ, Ruiz Delgado MC, López Navarrete JT, Segura JL, Ponce Ortiz R. Tuning of the Electronic Levels of Oligothiophene-Naphthalimide Assemblies by Chemical Modification. Chemistry 2016; 22:13643-52. [PMID: 27430480 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inversion of the connections of amidine linkers combined with controlled oligothiophene chain catenation in oligothiophene-naphthalimide assemblies provides an efficient method to tune the HOMO and LUMO values in this type of assemblies. This modification also suppresses the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) band normally found in this type of derivatives, also delocalizing the frontier molecular orbitals over the whole conjugated skeleton. The resultant assemblies were used in the fabrication of field-effect transistors, which showed well-balanced ambipolar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro de la Peña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | - María J Mancheño
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | | | - José L Segura
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Departament of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Malaga, 29071, Spain.
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12
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Poduval MK, Arrechea-Marcos I, Carmen Ruiz Delgado M, Park T, López Navarrete JT, Ortiz RP, Kim TH. Stereoisomers of an azine-linked donor–acceptor conjugated polymer: the impact of molecular conformation on electrical performance. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07389a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis of a pair of azine linked donor–acceptor type conjugated polymers by the use of palladium(ii)-based direct arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithrabinda K. Poduval
- Organic Material Synthesis Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Incheon National University
- Incheon 406-772
- Korea
| | | | | | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- Pohang
- Korea
| | | | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Malaga
- 29071 Malaga
- Spain
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Organic Material Synthesis Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Incheon National University
- Incheon 406-772
- Korea
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13
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Mayorga Burrezo P, Pelado B, Ponce Ortiz R, De la Cruz P, López Navarrete JT, Langa F, Casado J. Robust ethylenedioxythiophene-vinylene oligomers from fragile thiophene-vinylene cores: synthesis and optical, chemical and electrochemical properties of multicharged shapes. Chemistry 2015; 21:1713-25. [PMID: 25410712 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers of ethylendioxythiophene-vinylene have been prepared. Their optical, electrochemical and chemical properties have been studied in detail by absorption and emission spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry, Raman techniques and spectroelectrochemistry complemented with quantum chemical calculations. A comparison with their non-ethylendioxy and non-vinylene parents has been done. The inclusion of the EDO plus the vinylene function generates more robust electronic ground states regarding the largely flexible thiophene-vinylene (n TV) oligomeric homologues. The redox features of the new compounds are also rich of oxidative processes arising as an interesting stabilising balance effect between the oxygen fragment in the EDO groups (mesomeric effect) and the linear π-conjugated structure. The oxidised species have been characterised, which show the ability for the formation of mixed valence charge-transfer complexes and π dimers of different oxidation states, in particular, in the electrochemical medium, resulting that the electrochemical response is accounted for a succession of aggregation and electron-transfer steps. With this work, a full understanding of the optical and electronic properties of these new oligomers in the context of the oligomer approach has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mayorga Burrezo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, ANDALUCIA TECH, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga (Spain)
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14
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Poduval MK, Burrezo PM, Casado J, López Navarrete JT, Ortiz RP, Kim TH. Novel Thiophene–Phenylene–Thiophene Fused Bislactam-Based Donor–Acceptor Type Conjugate Polymers: Synthesis by Direct Arylation and Properties. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4018907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mithrabinda K. Poduval
- Organic
Material Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Songdo-dong 12-1, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | | | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Organic
Material Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Songdo-dong 12-1, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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15
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Guo X, Quinn J, Chen Z, Usta H, Zheng Y, Xia Y, Hennek JW, Ortiz RP, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Dialkoxybithiazole: A New Building Block for Head-to-Head Polymer Semiconductors. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1986-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3120532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Guo
- Department of Chemistry and
the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jordan Quinn
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Hakan Usta
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Yan Zheng
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Yu Xia
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Hennek
- Department of Chemistry and
the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and
the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and
the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and
the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
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16
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Guo X, Zhou N, Lou SJ, Hennek JW, Ponce Ortiz R, Butler MR, Boudreault PLT, Strzalka J, Morin PO, Leclerc M, López Navarrete JT, Ratner MA, Chen LX, Chang RPH, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Bithiopheneimide–Dithienosilole/Dithienogermole Copolymers for Efficient Solar Cells: Information from Structure–Property–Device Performance Correlations and Comparison to Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18427-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | | | | | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439,
United States
| | | | - Mario Leclerc
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec
City, Quebec G1V 0A6,
Canada
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Facchetti
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077,
United States
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17
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Casado J, Ponce Ortiz R, López Navarrete JT. Quinoidal oligothiophenes: new properties behind an unconventional electronic structure. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5672-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35079c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ortiz RP, Herrera H, Seoane C, Segura JL, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Rational Design of Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors: Is Core Planarity Central to Ambipolarity in Thiophene-Naphthalene Semiconductors? Chemistry 2011; 18:532-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Aragó J, Ponce Ortiz R, Nieto-Ortega B, Hernández V, Casado J, Facchetti A, Marks TJ, Viruela PM, Ortí E, López Navarrete JT. Carbonyl-Functionalized Quaterthiophenes: A Study of the Vibrational Raman and Electronic Absorption/Emission Properties Guided by Theoretical Calculations. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:168-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Loser S, Bruns CJ, Miyauchi H, Ortiz RP, Facchetti A, Stupp SI, Marks TJ. A Naphthodithiophene-Diketopyrrolopyrrole Donor Molecule for Efficient Solution-Processed Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8142-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja202791n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Loser
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Carson J. Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Miyauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Medicine and the Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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21
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Ortiz RP, Herrera H, Blanco R, Huang H, Facchetti A, Marks TJ, Zheng Y, Segura JL. Organic n-Channel Field-Effect Transistors Based on Arylenediimide-Thiophene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8440-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1018783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemistry, Madrid 28040, Spain, and Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077
| | - Helena Herrera
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemistry, Madrid 28040, Spain, and Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077
| | - Raúl Blanco
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemistry, Madrid 28040, Spain, and Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemistry, Madrid 28040, Spain, and Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemistry, Madrid 28040, Spain, and Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemistry, Madrid 28040, Spain, and Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemistry, Madrid 28040, Spain, and Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077
| | - José L. Segura
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemistry, Madrid 28040, Spain, and Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077
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22
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Ortiz RP, Yan H, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Azine- and Azole-Functionalized Oligo´ and Polythiophene Semiconductors for Organic Thin-Film Transistors. Materials 2010. [PMCID: PMC5445898 DOI: 10.3390/ma3031533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the organic electronics research field, several strategies have been used to modulate the transport properties of thiophene-derived semiconductors via sequential functionalization of their π-conjugated cores. This review summarizes the major design and synthetic strategies for tuning thiophene-containing small molecule and polymer properties by introducing electron-deficient nitrogen-containing azine and azole moieties. Several examples are presented which elucidate the structural, optical, and electronic consequences of incorporating these electron-deficient fragments in the conjugated skeletons, particularly relating to applications in organic thin-film transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA; E-Mail: (A.F.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (T.J.M.); (R.P.O.); Tel.: +1-847-491-5658; Fax: +1-847-491-2990
| | - He Yan
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois, 60077, USA; E-Mail: (H.Y.)
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA; E-Mail: (A.F.)
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois, 60077, USA; E-Mail: (H.Y.)
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA; E-Mail: (A.F.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (T.J.M.); (R.P.O.); Tel.: +1-847-491-5658; Fax: +1-847-491-2990
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23
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Ponce Ortiz R, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. High-k organic, inorganic, and hybrid dielectrics for low-voltage organic field-effect transistors. Chem Rev 2010; 110:205-39. [PMID: 19852443 DOI: 10.1021/cr9001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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24
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Ponce Ortiz R, González SR, Casado J, López Navarrete JT, Officer DL, Wagner P, Earles JC, Gordon KC. Electronic Studies on Oligothienylenevinylenes: Understanding the Nature of Their Ground and Excited Electronic States. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1901-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ortiz RP, Casado J, Hernández V, Navarrete JL, Letizia J, Ratner M, Facchetti A, Marks T. Cover Picture: Thiophene-Diazine Molecular Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structural, Electrochemical, Optical, and Electronic Structural Properties; Implementation in Organic Field-Effect Transistors (Chem. Eur. J. 20/2009). Chemistry 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200990069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ortiz RP, Casado J, Hernández V, Navarrete JL, Letizia J, Ratner M, Facchetti A, Marks T. Thiophene-Diazine Molecular Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structural, Electrochemical, Optical, and Electronic Structural Properties; Implementation in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Chemistry 2009; 15:5023-39. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Casado J, Takimiya K, Otsubo T, Ramírez FJ, Quirante JJ, Ortiz RP, González SR, Oliva MM, López Navarrete JT. Raman Spectroscopy Shows Interchain through Space Charge Delocalization in a Mixed Valence Oligothiophene Cation and in Its π-Dimeric Biradicaloid Dication. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14028-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja806207j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Otsubo
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Francisco J. Ramírez
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - J. Joaquín Quirante
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Sandra R. González
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - María Moreno Oliva
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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Ponce Ortiz R, Casado J, Hernández V, López Navarrete JT, Viruela PM, Ortí E, Takimiya K, Otsubo T. On the biradicaloid nature of long quinoidal oligothiophenes: experimental evidence guided by theoretical studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 46:9057-61. [PMID: 17960741 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
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Casado J, Zgierski MZ, Ewbank PC, Burand MW, Janzen DE, Mann KR, Pappenfus TM, Berlin A, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Ortiz RP, López Navarrete JT. Exploration of ground and excited electronic states of aromatic and quinoid S,S-dioxide terthiophenes. Complementary systems for enhanced electronic organic materials. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:10134-44. [PMID: 16881643 DOI: 10.1021/ja061372w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the electronic and molecular structures for the ground and excited electronic states of aromatic terthiophene (3T), the quinodimethane 3',4'-dibutyl-5,5' '-bis(dicyanomethylene)-5,5' '-dihydro-2,2':5',2' '-terthiophene (3Q), and isologues with the middle ring S-oxidized (3TO2, 3QO2). These represent extremes of electron rich and deficient ground states, often exhibiting complementary properties. Oxidizing the central sulfur atom affects the molecular structure, electron affinity, and photophysical properties of both pi systems. The consequences for 3T include de-aromatization of the central thiophene, red-shifting of the electronic absorption spectrum, and lowering of the reduction potential. The electron deficient quinoid 3QO2 shows an enhancement of electron affinity from reducing the electron-donor ability of sulfur, and a blue-shifting of its electronic absorption spectrum was seen. Fluorescence emission is quenched in the sulfonated terthiophene, and the contrary effect again would be expected upon sulfonation of a quinoid emitter. Raman vibrational spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies are analyzed in conjunction with theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
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Osuna RM, Ponce Ortiz R, Okamoto T, Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi S, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Thiophene- and Selenophene-Based Heteroacenes: Combined Quantum Chemical DFT and Spectroscopic Raman and UV−Vis−NIR Study. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:7488-96. [PMID: 17564429 DOI: 10.1021/jp067262t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the characterization of a series of thiophene- and selenophene-based heteroacenes, materials with potential applications in organic electronics. In contrast to the usual alpha-oligothiophenes, these annelated oligomers have a larger band gap than most semiconductors currently used in the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and therefore they are expected to be more stable in air. The synthesis of these fused-ring molecular materials was motivated by the notion that a more rigid and planar structure should reduce defects (such as torsion about single bonds between alpha-linked units or S-syn defects) and thus improve pi-conjugation for better charge-carrier mobility. The conjugational properties of these heteroacenes have been investigated by means of FT-Raman spectroscopy, revealing that pi-conjugation increases with the increasing number of annelated rings. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations have been performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, to assess information regarding the minimum-energy molecular structure, topologies, and absolute energies of the frontier molecular orbitals around the gap, vibrational normal modes related to the main Raman features, and vertical one-electron excitations giving rise to the main optical absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain
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Ortiz RP, Osuna RM, Hernandez V, Navarrete JTL, Vercelli B, Zotti G, Sumerin VV, Balenkova ES, Nenajdenko VG. Push-pull bithienyl chromophore with an unusual transverse path of conjugation. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:841-51. [PMID: 17266224 DOI: 10.1021/jp0666176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and electronic properties of a novel cross-conjugated 10H-bisthienodithiocin-10-dicyanoethylene are reported. The X-ray single-crystal structure of the compound reveals a nonplanar conformation. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the compound show a great resemblance, which is a spectroscopic observation common to many push-pull systems. The UV-vis spectrum in CHCl3 displays a strong absorption at 370 nm accompanied by a shoulder at 430 nm so that the optical gap is 2.88 eV. On the other hand, the electrochemical gap amounts to 2.38 V. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations, at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, have been also performed to (i) determine the minimum-energy molecular structure, (ii) gain knowledge about the equilibrium atomic charges distribution, the topologies, and absolute energies of the frontier molecular orbitals around the gap and about the molecular vibrations which give rise to the most outstanding Raman bands experimentally evidenced, and (iii) to analyze the nature of the vertical one-electron excitations associated to the strongest UV-vis absorptions.
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Casado J, Moreno Oliva M, Ruiz Delgado MC, Ponce Ortiz R, Joaquín Quirante J, López Navarrete JT, Takimiya K, Otsubo T. Hybrid Organic Semiconductors Including Chalcogen Atoms in π-Conjugated Skeletons. Tuning of Optical, Redox, and Vibrational Properties by Heavy Atom Conjugation. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:7422-30. [PMID: 16759131 DOI: 10.1021/jp061154p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the interactions between heteroatoms (S, Se, and Te) and conjugated skeletons are analyzed. The study is carried out by using electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, electrochemistry, vibrational Raman spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations in the framework of DFT and TD-DFT theories. Optical spectra are described in terms of one-electron promotions between orbitals around the energy gap. Electrochemistry, in the framework of the Koopman's approach, is also interpreted. The vibrational Raman spectra are assigned to molecular modes and the evolution changing the heteroatom is addressed and an effective tuning of these properties is found. Part of this modulation is associated with local electronic interactions depending on the relative S, Se, and Te electronegativities. Unconventional long-range heteroatom-heteroatom interactions have been proposed which arise from the existence of effective pi-conjugated channels. The molecular level understanding of structure-property relationships in these organic/inorganic semiconductors are of great interest in the interdisciplinary area of material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga 29071, Spain.
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Berlin A, Grimoldi S, Zotti G, Osuna RM, Ruiz Delgado MC, Ortiz RP, Casado J, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Terthiophene-Based Quinodimethane Bearing a 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Central Unit. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22308-18. [PMID: 16853905 DOI: 10.1021/jp054204j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and a combined spectroscopic and density functional theoretical characterization of a 3',4'-ethylenedioxy-5,5' '-bis(dicyanomethylene)-5,5' '-dihydro-2,2':5',2' '-terthiophene analogue of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) are presented. Electrochemical data show that this novel trimer can be both reversibly reduced and oxidized at relatively low potentials. Quantum-chemical calculations show that the compound exhibits a quinoidal structure in its ground electronic state and that a certain degree of intramolecular charge transfer takes place from the central terthienyl moiety toward both =C(CN)2 end-caps. Therefore, the amphoteric redox behavior of this novel material can be related to the coexistence of an electron-impoverished terthienyl core endowed by two electron-enriched =C(CN)2 substituents. The UV-vis spectrum is dominated by the appearance of a strong absorption near 660 nm, attributable to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) --> lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) pi-pi electronic transition of the terthienyl spine on the basis of time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) computations. The DFT calculations performed on the minimum-energy molecular geometry about the equilibrium atomic charge distribution, topologies, and energies of the frontier orbitals around the gap and about the Raman-active vibrations associated with the strongest Raman features are also consistent with a rather effective pi-electron conjugation and the partial degree of intramolecular charge transfer mentioned above. Our study reveals this novel heteroquinoid trimer could act as a promising candidate in organic field-effect transistor (OFET) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berlin
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Osuna RM, Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Sakamoto Y, Suzuki T, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Synthesis and Characterization of Three Novel Perfluoro-oligothiophenes Ranging in Length from the Trimer to the Pentamer. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:20737-45. [PMID: 16853688 DOI: 10.1021/jp054205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this Article, we report on the synthesis and full characterization of three perfluorinated oligothiophenes, ranging in length from the trimer to the pentamer (PF-nT, with n = 3, 4, or 5). The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis of the compounds showed that they can be both oxidized and reduced (i.e., they display a dual or amphoteric electrochemical behavior), with the reduction peaks positively shifted relative to those of the corresponding unsubstituted oligothiophenes. The electrochemically determined energy gaps are in agreement with those measured from the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra in solution. The conjugational properties have been investigated by means of FT-Raman spectroscopy, both as pure solids and as dilute solutes in CH(2)Cl(2), revealing that: (i) pi-conjugation does not still reach saturation with chain length for the longest oligomer, and (ii) conformational distortions from a nearly coplanar arrangement of the successive thiophene units upon solution are not too large. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations have been performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G level, to assess information about the optimized molecular structure, equilibrium atomic charges distribution, energies and topologies of the frontier molecular orbitals (MO) around the gap, vibrational normal modes associated with the most outstanding Raman scatterings, and vertical one-electron excitations that give rise to the main optical absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
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Casado J, Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT, Raimundo JM, Blanchard P, Allain M, Roncali J. Alternated Quinoid/Aromatic Units in Terthiophenes Building Blocks for Electroactive Narrow Band Gap Polymers. Extended Spectroscopic, Solid State, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:16616-27. [PMID: 16853114 DOI: 10.1021/jp0520300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of three novel pi-conjugated heterocyclic mixed trimers that contain two electron-donating 3,4-ethylenedioxy-2-thienyl (EDOT) units covalently attached to a central proquinoid electron-accepting thienopyrazine moiety (two of these narrow-HOMO-LUMO gap D-A-D compounds also bear hexyl side chains attached either to the outermost alpha positions of the EDOT end rings or to the beta positions of the pyrazine fused ring). The modification of the terthiophene structure upon EDO, pyrazine, and hexyl substitutions has been treated in detail with spectroscopic and theoretical arguments. Solid-state properties reveal the occurrence of short intramolecular contacts between heteroatoms of adjacent rings. The analysis of the structure of the pi-conjugated backbone of each molecule is consistent with a partial quinoid-like pattern which partially reverts to be subtly more aromatic depending on the topology of the positive inductive effect of the hexyl chains. This quinoidization is a consequence of the appearance of a D(EDOT)-->A(PyT)<--D(EDOT) intramolecular charge transfer which further polarizes the structure. The same chemical concepts have been applied to address their electrochemical behavior. The three mixed trimers exhibit amphoteric properties due to the combination of electron acceptor and donor groups. Given their relative low HOMO-LUMO energy gap, these trimers promise to be good candidates for obtaining polymers with significant low energy gap combining electroactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Casado J, Zotti G, Berlin A, Hernández V, Ortiz RP, Navarrete JTL. Combined theoretical and spectroscopic Raman study of 3,4-ethylenedioxy and S,S-dioxide substituted terthiophenes and their parent polymers. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Casado J, Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Azumi R, Oakley RT, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Multidisciplinary Physicochemical Analysis of Oligothiophenes End-Capped by Nitriles: Electrochemistry, UV−Vis−Near-IR, IR, and Raman Spectroscopies and Quantum Chemistry. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:10115-25. [PMID: 16852226 DOI: 10.1021/jp0446175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we investigate a series of alpha,omega-dicyano end-capped oligothiophenes NC(C(4)H(2)S)(n)()CN ranging in length from the dimer to the hexamer (n = 2-6), in the neutral state as pure solids, by means of Fourier transform IR and Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopies. The cyclic voltammetry analysis of the compounds in dichloromethane reveals that most of them show two oxidation and two reduction waves (i.e., a dual or amphoteric electrochemical behavior), associated with the injection of either positive or negative charges into the pi-conjugated system. The doped species are characterized by in situ vis-near-IR and FT-Raman spectrochemistries. Density functional theory calculations have been also performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G level, to assess information about the molecular geometries and vibrational features of the neutral and doped species and about the topologies of the molecular orbitals involved in the main electronic transitions that appear for the neutral forms in the visible spectral region and for the doped species in the near-IR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Casado J, Hernández V, Kim OK, Woo HY, López Navarrete JT. Electronic modulation of dithienothiophene (DTT) as pi-center of D-pi-D chromophores on optical and redox properties: analysis by UV-Vis-NIR and Raman spectroscopies combined with electrochemistry and quantum chemical DFT calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:13363-76. [PMID: 15479093 DOI: 10.1021/ja047058o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study three symmetrical D-pi-D chromophores containing dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene (DTT) as the pi-center and various donor end moieties, by means of UV-vis-NIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy and in situ spectroelectrochemistry. The compounds display dual redox properties: all exhibited two oxidations and single stable reduction peaks contrarily to the one or two oxidations and none reduction which could be anticipated in view of their chemical structures. We analyze the possible electronic modulation by the pi-conjugated DTT relay in the redox process and electronic coupling between the two electron donor (D) units attached through conjugation to opposite sides of the pi-linker. To this end, the UV-vis-NIR and FT-Raman spectra of the neutral compounds and of the charged species generated upon in situ p- or n-doping have been recorded and interpreted with the help of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The analysis of the peculiar Raman features of these pi-conjugated chromophores is guided by the formalism of the Effective Conjugation Coordinate (ECC) theory. This research shows that the Raman spectroscopic characterization of this type of D-pi-D structures is a powerful tool to derive information about their pi-conjugational properties in the pristine and doped states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
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Casado J, Ortiz RP, López Navarrete JT, Ito S, Morita N. A Practical Spectroscopic and Theoretical Approach To Study the Electrochromism in Molecular-Based Materials: The Case of a Family of Dendrimerlike Poly(6-azulenylethenyl)benzenes. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Shunji Ito
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Noboru Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Casado J, Hernández V, Kim OK, Lehn JM, López Navarrete JT, Delgado Ledesma S, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Vida Y, Pérez-Inestrosa E. Vibrational and Quantum-Chemical Study of Nonlinear Optical Chromophores Containing Dithienothiophene as the Electron Relay. Chemistry 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200490056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Delgado Ledesma S, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Vida Y, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Casado J, Hernández V, Kim OK, Lehn JM, López Navarrete JT. Vibrational and Quantum-Chemical Study of Nonlinear Optical Chromophores Containing Dithienothiophene as the Electron Relay. Chemistry 2004; 10:3805-16. [PMID: 15281165 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200305752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of nonlinear optical (NLO) donor-acceptor (D-A) chromophores containing a fused terthiophene, namely dithienothiophene (DTT), as the electron relay, the same donor group, and acceptors of various strengths, has been investigated by means of infrared and Raman spectroscopies, both in the solid state as well as in a variety of solvents, to evaluate the effectiveness of the intramolecular charge transfer from the electron-donor to the electron-acceptor end groups. The Raman spectral profiles of these NLO-phores measured from their dilute solutions have been found to be rather similar to those of the corresponding solids, and thus their intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) shows very little dependence on the solvent polarity. The experimental results obtained for the DTT-containing NLO-phore with a 4-(N,N-dibutylamino)styryl end group as the donor and a 2,2-dicyanoethen-1-yl end group as the acceptor differ from those previously obtained for two parent "push-pull" chromophores with the same D-A pair but built-up around either a bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythienyl) (BEDOT) or a bithienyl (BT) electron relay. Vibrational spectroscopy shows that DTT is significantly more efficient as an electron relay than BT (which has the same number of conjugated C=C bonds) or BEDOT (which can be viewed as a rigidified version of BT on account of noncovalent intramolecular interactions between heteroatoms of adjacent rings). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have also been performed on these NLO-phores to assign their main electronic and vibrational features and to obtain information about their structures. An additional merit of these molecular materials was revealed by the infrared spectra of the DTT-based NLO-phores recorded at different temperatures. Thus, spectra recorded between -170 and 150 degrees C did not show any substantial change, indicating that the materials have a high thermal stability, which is of significance for their use as active components in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Delgado Ledesma
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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