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Mohammed A, Mohammed C, Mautner A, Kistow M, Chaitram P, Bismarck A, Ward K. On the performance of Sargassum-derived calcium alginate ion exchange resins for Pb 2+ adsorption: batch and packed bed applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31224-31239. [PMID: 38632197 PMCID: PMC11096254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Driven by climate change and human activity, Sargassum blooming rates have intensified, producing copious amount of the invasive, pelagic seaweed across the Caribbean and Latin America. Battery recycling and lead-smelter wastes have heavily polluted the environment and resulted in acute lead poisoning in children through widespread heavy metal contamination particular in East Trinidad. Our study details a comprehensive investigation into the use of Sargassum (S. natans), as a potential resource-circular feedstock for the synthesis of calcium alginate beads utilized in heavy metal adsorption, both in batch and column experiments. Here, ionic cross-linking of extracted sodium alginate with calcium chloride was utilized to create functional ion-exchange beads. Given the low quality of alginates extracted from Sargassum which produce poor morphological beads, composite beads in conjunction with graphene oxide and acrylamide were used to improve fabrication. Stand-alone calcium alginate beads exhibited superior Pb2+ adsorption, with a capacity of 213 mg g-1 at 20 °C and pH 3.5, surpassing composite and commercial resins. Additives like acrylamide and graphene oxide in composite alginate resins led to a 21-40% decrease in Pb2+ adsorption due to reduced active sites. Column operations confirmed Alginate systems' practicality, with 20-24% longer operating times, 15 times lower adsorbent mass on scale-up and 206% smaller column diameters compared to commercial counterparts. Ultimately, this study advocates for Sargassum-based Alginate ion-exchange beads as a bio-based alternative in Trinidad and developing nations for dealing with heavy metal ion waste, offering superior heavy metal adsorption performance and supporting resource circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem Mohammed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of West Indies St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Chantal Mohammed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of West Indies St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, 1180, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matika Kistow
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of West Indies St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Pooran Chaitram
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of West Indies St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Keeran Ward
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering (SCAPE), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Craciun G, Calina IC, Demeter M, Scarisoreanu A, Dumitru M, Manaila E. Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Sodium Alginate Superabsorbent Hydrogels Synthesized by Electron Beam Irradiation Part I: Impact of Initiator Concentration and Irradiation Dose on Structure, Network Parameters and Swelling Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4552. [PMID: 37444866 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, hydrogels based on acrylic acid (20%), sodium alginate (0.5%) and poly(ethylene oxide) (0.1%) were obtained by electron beam irradiation at room temperature with doses between 5 and 20 kGy, using potassium persulfate in concentrations up to 0.3% as a reaction initiator. The influence of initiator concentration and irradiation dose on hydrogel network parameters, swelling and deswelling behavior, gelation and degradation points, structure and morphology were investigated. Cross-link density increased with the irradiation dose and initiator addition, except at 20 kGy. The gel fraction was over 87.0% in all cases. Swelling experiments in distilled water showed swelling degrees of 40,000% at an irradiation dose of 5 kGy when a concentration of 0.1% initiator was added. A relationship between the swelling degree and irradiation dose, cross-linking degree (that increases from 0.044 × 102 to 0.995 × 102 mol/cm3) and mesh size (that decreases from about 220 nm to 26 nm) was observed. The addition of only 0.1% of PP led to the obtaining of hydrogels with a swelling degree of 42,954% (about 430 g/g) at an irradiation dose of 5 kGy and of 7206% (about 62 g/g) at 20 kGy, which are higher percentages than those obtained in the same irradiation conditions but without PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ion Cosmin Calina
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Maria Demeter
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Anca Scarisoreanu
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marius Dumitru
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
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Zhang H, Guan G, Lou T, Wang X. High performance, cost-effective and ecofriendly flocculant synthesized by grafting carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate with itaconic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123305. [PMID: 36681020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymer flocculant possesses an exciting prospect in water treatment due to its non-toxicity, wide source, low cost and biodegradability. In this work, we have successfully synthesized the anionic terpolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose-itaconic acid‑sodium alginate (CIS) by microwave-assisted copolymerization. By studying the flocculation properties towards cationic dye of crystal violet (CV), the optimum synthesis conditions were determined. The maximum removal rate of 100 mg/L CV simulated wastewater was 92.2 % with CIS concentration of 30 mg/L. The flocculation kinetic results showed the rapid dye removal rate and the dye decolorization ratio of 89.8 % could be obtained at 75 s. Moreover, the CIS flocculant showed excellent flocculation effects in ambient pH of 4-10, flocculation temperature of 10-40 °C, and various inorganic salts. In general, the anionic CIS flocculant shows excellent cost effectiveness, where the predicted operation cost of as-prepared CIS is about 60 % of conventional polyacrylamide flocculant. It also has the advantages of excellent ecofriendliness and rich raw material source, indicative its potential applications of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guohao Guan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tao Lou
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Sodium Alginate-g-acrylamide/acrylic Acid Hydrogels Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation for Soil Conditioning. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010104. [PMID: 36613570 PMCID: PMC9820678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Being both a cause and a victim of water scarcity and nutrient deficiency, agriculture as a sustainable livelihood is dependent now on finding new suport solutions. Biodegradable hydrogels usage as soil conditioners may be one of the most effective solutions for irrigation efficiency improvement, reducing the quantity of soluble fertilizers per crop cycle and combating pathogens, due to their versatility assured by both obtaining method and properties. The first goal of the work was the obtaining by electron beam irradiation and characterization of some Sodium Alginate-g-acrylamide/acrylic Acid hydrogels, the second one being the investigation of their potential use as a soil conditioner by successive experiments of absorption and release of two different aqueous nutrient solutions. Alginate-g-acrylamide/acrylic Acid hydrogels were obtained by electron beam irradiation using the linear accelerator ALID 7 at 5.5 MeV at the irradiation doses of 5 and 6 kGy. For this were prepared monomeric solutions that contained 1 and 2% sodium alginate, acrylamide and acrylic acid in ratios of 1:1 and 1.5:1, respectively, for the obtaining of materials with hybrid properties derived from natural and synthetic components. Physical, chemical, structural and morphological characteristics of the obtained hydrogels were investigated by specific analysis using swelling, diffusion and network studies and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Four successive absorption and release experiments of some synthetic and natural aqueous solutions with nutrients were performed.
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Water-Soluble Starch-Based Copolymers Synthesized by Electron Beam Irradiation: Physicochemical and Functional Characterization. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031061. [PMID: 35161009 PMCID: PMC8839537 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Modification of natural polymers for applications in the treatment of waste and surface waters is a continuous concern of researchers and technologists in close relation to the advantages they provide as related to classical polymeric flocculants. In this work, copolymers of starch-graft-polyacrylamide (St-g-PAM) were synthesized by electron beam irradiation used as the free radical initiator by applying different irradiation doses and dose rates. St-g-PAM loaded with ex situ prepared silver nanoparticles was also synthesized by using an accelerated electron beam. The graft copolymers were characterized by chemical analysis, rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the level of grafting (monomer conversion coefficient and residual monomer concentration), intrinsic viscosity and thermal behavior (thermodynamic parameters) were influenced by the irradiation dose, dose rate and presence of silver nanoparticles. The flocculation performances of the synthesized copolymers were also tested on water from the meat industry in experiments at the laboratory level. In the coagulation–flocculation process, the copolymer aqueous solutions showed good efficiency to improve different water quality indicators.
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Max JB, Nabiyan A, Eichhorn J, Schacher FH. Triple-Responsive Polyampholytic Graft Copolymers as Smart Sensors with Varying Output. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000671. [PMID: 33368771 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three triggers result in two measurable outputs from polymeric sensors: multiresponsive polyampholytic graft copolymers respond to pH-value and temperature, as well as the type and concentration of metal cations and therefore, allow the transformation of external triggers into simply measurable outputs (cloud point temperature (TCP ) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of encapsulated silver nanoparticles). The synthesis relies on poly(dehydroalanine) (PDha) as the reactive backbone and gives straightforward access to materials with tunable composition and output. In particular, a rather high sensitivity toward the presence of Cu2+ , Co2+ , and Pb2+ metal cations is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B Max
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstraße 8, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Afshin Nabiyan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstraße 8, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Jonas Eichhorn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstraße 8, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstraße 8, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
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Ghazy OA, Khalil SA, Senna MM. Synthesis of montmorillonite/chitosan/ammonium acrylate composite and its potential application in river water flocculation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1529-1537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Microwave assisted copolymerization of sodium alginate and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride as flocculant for dye removal. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:585-590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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