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Dai C, Shi Y, Li Z, Hu T, Wang X, Ding Y, Yan L, Liang Y, Cao Y, Wang P. The Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Epoxy Vitrimers with Enhanced Glass Transition Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4346. [PMID: 38006071 PMCID: PMC10674896 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of epoxy vitrimers (EVs) with enhanced glass transition temperatures (Tgs) were synthesized by curing epoxy resin E51 with different ratios of phthalic anhydride and sebacic acid as curing agents, and 1,5,7-triazabicyclic [4.4.0] dece-5-ene as a transesterification catalyst, and their curing dynamics, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability were comprehensively investigated. By adjusting the molar ratio of the anhydride to the carboxylic acid in the curing agent, the Tgs of the EVs increased from 79 to 143 °C with the increase in the anhydride content. In particular, the material EV-5.5 with a high usable Tg of 98 °C could undergo stress relaxation through the transesterification reaction when exposed to high temperatures (160 to 200 °C), and the correlation between the relaxation time and temperature follows the Arrhenius equation. Moreover, EV-5.5 exhibited elastomeric behavior, where brittle fractures occurred before yielding, which demonstrated a tensile strength of 52 MPa. EV-5.5 also exhibited good thermal stability with a decomposition temperature (Td5) of 322 °C. This study introduces new possibilities for practical applications of thermoset epoxy resins under special environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunai Dai
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yang Shi
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhen Li
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yi Ding
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Luting Yan
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yaohua Liang
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yingze Cao
- China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100088, China
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Reisinger D, Kriehuber MU, Bender M, Bautista-Anguís D, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Thermally Latent Bases in Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks and their Emerging Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300830. [PMID: 36916976 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy allowing temporal control of dynamic bond exchange in covalently crosslinked polymer networks via latent transesterification catalysts is introduced. Obtained by a straightforward air- and water-tolerant synthesis, the latent catalyst is designed for an irreversible temperature-mediated release of a strong organic base. Its long-term inactivity at temperatures below 50 °C provides the unique opportunity to equip dynamic covalent networks with creep resistance and high bond-exchange rates, once activated. The presented thermally latent base catalyst is conveniently introducible in readily available building blocks and, as proof of concept, applied in a radically polymerized thiol-ene network. Light-mediated curing is used for 3D-printing functional objects, on which the possibility of spatially controlled reshaping and welding based on dynamic transesterification is illustrated. Since the catalyst is thermally activated, limitations regarding sample geometry and optical transparency do not apply, which facilitates a transfer to well-established industrial technologies. Consequently, fiber-reinforced and highly filled magneto-active thiol-ene polymer composites are fabricated by a thermal curing approach. The on-demand activation of dynamic transesterification is demonstrated by (magneto-assisted) reshaping experiments, highlighting a wide range of potential future applications offered by the presented concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | | | - Marcel Bender
- Processing of Composites Group, Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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Chappuis S, Edera P, Cloitre M, Tournilhac F. Enriching an Exchangeable Network with One of Its Components: The Key to High- Tg Epoxy Vitrimers with Accelerated Relaxation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sélène Chappuis
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Edera
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Cloitre
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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Jarach N, Dodiuk H, Kenig S, Naveh N. Rheology—Composition relationship of vitrimers based on polyethyleneimine. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natanel Jarach
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering Shenkar Engineering. Design. Art Raman‐Gan Israel
| | - Hanna Dodiuk
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering Shenkar Engineering. Design. Art Raman‐Gan Israel
| | - Samuel Kenig
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering Shenkar Engineering. Design. Art Raman‐Gan Israel
| | - Naum Naveh
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering Shenkar Engineering. Design. Art Raman‐Gan Israel
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Cuminet F, Berne D, Lemouzy S, Dantras E, Joly-Duhamel C, Caillol S, Leclerc E, Ladmiral V. Catalyst-free transesterification vitrimers: activation via α -difluoroesters. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transesterification vitrimers often require high catalyst loadings to achieve 3D networks reprocessable at moderately high temperature. The addition of an activating group close to the ester bonds allows to synthesize...
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Cuminet F, Caillol S, Dantras É, Leclerc É, Ladmiral V. Neighboring Group Participation and Internal Catalysis Effects on Exchangeable Covalent Bonds: Application to the Thriving Field of Vitrimer Chemistry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Éric Dantras
- CIRIMAT Physique des Polymères, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Éric Leclerc
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Fleisch M, Strasser J, Wieser V, Griesser T, Schlögl S. High resolution additive manufacturing with acrylate based vitrimers using organic phosphates as transesterification catalyst. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Anaya O, Jourdain A, Antoniuk I, Ben Romdhane H, Montarnal D, Drockenmuller E. Tuning the Viscosity Profiles of High-Tg Poly(1,2,3-triazolium) Covalent Adaptable Networks by the Chemical Structure of the N-Substituents. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omaima Anaya
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie (Bio)Organique Structurale et de Polymères—Synthèse et Etudes Physicochimiques (LR99ES14), 2092 El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Antoine Jourdain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Iurii Antoniuk
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Hatem Ben Romdhane
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie (Bio)Organique Structurale et de Polymères—Synthèse et Etudes Physicochimiques (LR99ES14), 2092 El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Damien Montarnal
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Chimie, Polymères et Procédés, UMR 5265, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
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Alabiso W, Hron TM, Reisinger D, Bautista-Anguís D, Schlögl S. Shape memory-assisted self-healing of dynamic thiol-acrylate networks. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By following shape-memory assisted self-healing (SMASH), we used the shape-memory properties of thiol-acrylate photopolymers to physically close a scratch, whilst chemical healing was obtained via thermo-activated dynamic exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Tiago Manuel Hron
- Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2/IV, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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10
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Rossegger E, Moazzen K, Fleisch M, Schlögl S. Locally controlling dynamic exchange reactions in 3D printed thiol-acrylate vitrimers using dual-wavelength digital light processing. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A photolatent transesterification catalyst is applied to locally switch on and control topological rearrangements in 3D printable thiol-acrylate vitrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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11
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Strasser J, Fleisch M, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Digital light processing 3D printing with thiol–acrylate vitrimers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01520b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The customized fabrication of soft active devices with self-healing function is demonstrated by 3D printing with vitrimeric thiol–acrylate photopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | | | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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12
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Fabrication and curing properties of o-cresol formaldehyde epoxy resin with reversible cross-links by dynamic boronic ester bonds. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Giebler M, Alabiso W, Wieser V, Radl S, Schlögl S. Photopatternable and Rewritable Epoxy-Anhydride Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000466. [PMID: 32996232 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work highlights a new approach to write, erase, and rewrite micropatterns into the same region of covalent adaptable polymer networks. Thermal curing of an epoxy-terminated o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) derivative with hexahydrophthalic anhydride in the presence of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene yields a dynamic covalent network, whose solubility is locally controlled by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. The photolysis of the o-NBE chromophores enables a well-defined cleavage of the epoxy-anhydride network, and the formation of soluble photolysis products is confirmed by sol-gel analysis. The photo-induced change in solubility is exploited to inscribe micropatterns by photolithographic techniques and after development in an organic solvent positive tone structures with a feature size of 20 µm are obtained. Due to the thermo-activated exchange reactions of the hydroxyl ester links and the related macroscopic reflow, the polymer patterns are fully erased at temperatures well above the topological freezing transition of the vitrimer network. The regenerated film has a smooth surface topology and can be reused to inscribe new micropatterns via mask lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Viktoria Wieser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Simone Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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Alabiso W, Schlögl S. The Impact of Vitrimers on the Industry of the Future: Chemistry, Properties and Sustainable Forward-Looking Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1660. [PMID: 32722554 PMCID: PMC7465221 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosets are known to be very reliable polymeric materials for high-performance and light-weight applications, due to their retained dimensional stability, chemical inertia and rigidity over a broad range of temperatures. However, once fully cured, they cannot be easily reshaped or reprocessed, thus leaving still unsolved the issues of recycling and the lack of technological flexibility. Vitrimers, introduced by Leibler et al. in 2011, are a valiant step in the direction of bridging the chasm between thermoplastics and thermosets. Owing to their dynamic covalent networks, they can retain mechanical stability and solvent resistance, but can also flow on demand upon heating. More generally, the family of Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs) is gleaming with astounding potential, thanks to the huge variety of chemistries that may enable bond exchange. Arising from this signature feature, intriguing properties such as self-healing, recyclability and weldability may expand the horizons for thermosets in terms of improved life-span, sustainability and overall enhanced functionality and versatility. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the most promising studies featuring CANs and vitrimers specifically, with particular regard for their industrial applications. Investigations into composites and sustainable vitrimers from epoxy-based and elastomeric networks are covered in detail.
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