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Keshavarz V, Kazemi M, Khalvati B, Zare F, Dehshahri A, Sadeghpour H. Surface decoration of low molecular weight polyethylenimine (LMW PEI) by phthalated dextrin for improved delivery of interleukin-12 plasmid. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3443. [PMID: 38462773 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In this investigation, low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (LMW PEI; 1.8 kDa branched PEI) was conjugated to phathalated dextrin. The aim of this chemical modification was to decorate PEI molecules with a hydrophilic layer to improve its biophysical properties while the phthalic moiety may improve the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the final structure. The polymers were prepared at various conjugation degrees ranging from 6.5% to 16.5% and characterized in terms of biophysical characteristics as well as their gene transfer ability and cell-induced toxicity. The results showed that dextrin-phthalated-PEI (DPHPEI) polymer was able to form nanoparticles with the size range of around 118-170 nm, with the zeta potential of 6.2-9.5 mV. DPHPEI polymers could increase the level of desired protein expression in the cells by up to three folds compared with unmodified LMW PEI while the cell viability of the modified polymers was around 80%. The result of this study shows a promising approach to improve the transfection efficiency of LMW PEI while maintaining its low toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valiollah Keshavarz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kazemi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalvati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Fateme Zare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dai C, Shi Y, Li Z, Hu T, Wang X, Ding Y, Yan L, Liang Y, Cao Y, Wang P. The Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Epoxy Vitrimers with Enhanced Glass Transition Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4346. [PMID: 38006071 PMCID: PMC10674896 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of epoxy vitrimers (EVs) with enhanced glass transition temperatures (Tgs) were synthesized by curing epoxy resin E51 with different ratios of phthalic anhydride and sebacic acid as curing agents, and 1,5,7-triazabicyclic [4.4.0] dece-5-ene as a transesterification catalyst, and their curing dynamics, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability were comprehensively investigated. By adjusting the molar ratio of the anhydride to the carboxylic acid in the curing agent, the Tgs of the EVs increased from 79 to 143 °C with the increase in the anhydride content. In particular, the material EV-5.5 with a high usable Tg of 98 °C could undergo stress relaxation through the transesterification reaction when exposed to high temperatures (160 to 200 °C), and the correlation between the relaxation time and temperature follows the Arrhenius equation. Moreover, EV-5.5 exhibited elastomeric behavior, where brittle fractures occurred before yielding, which demonstrated a tensile strength of 52 MPa. EV-5.5 also exhibited good thermal stability with a decomposition temperature (Td5) of 322 °C. This study introduces new possibilities for practical applications of thermoset epoxy resins under special environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunai Dai
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yang Shi
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhen Li
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yi Ding
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Luting Yan
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yaohua Liang
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yingze Cao
- China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100088, China
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Wei Z, Zhou F, Chen S, Zhao H. Composition, Properties, and Utilization of Fumaric Acid Sludge By-Produced from Industrial Phthalic Anhydride Wastewater Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235169. [PMID: 36501563 PMCID: PMC9737794 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand fumaric acid sludge (FAS) systematically and comprehensively and find out how to utilize it, we conducted a series of characterization analyses on FAS. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Spectra shows that the main component of FAS is fumaric acids and also contains a small amount of silicate. The nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen (1H-NMR) spectrum also shows that fumaric acid accounted for a large proportion of FAS. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the main phase in FAS is fumaric acid, and there is also a small amount of Kaliophilite. After gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) analysis, it indicates that the possible volatiles and pyrolysis products in FAS are fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic acid, etc. In the test of Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we determined the contents of phthalic acid, fumaric acid, and maleic acid in FAS. The detailed mass content of each component in FAS is as follows: phthalic acid is about 0.10-0.15%; maleic anhydride is about 0.40-0.80%; maleic acid is about 18.40-19.0%; fumaric acid is about 55.00-56.90%; succinic anhydride is about 0.06-0.08%; acrylic acid is about 0.06-0.08%; malic acid is about 0.90-1.00%; acetic acid is about 0.10-0.20%; silicate is about 0.25-0.30%; phthalic anhydride is about 0.20-0.30%; water is about 24.30-24.80%. The filtrate loss reducer (PAAF) used in oilwell drilling fluids synthesized by FAS not only has excellent temperature and complex saline resistance, the API filtration loss (FL) was only 13.2 mL/30 min in the complex saline based mud, but is also cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjin Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fengshan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Sinan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
- Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit Co., Ltd., Quanzhou 362261, China
| | - Hongxing Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
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Liu H, Chen Y, Liu G, Zhou M. Pressure-induced Fermi resonance between fundamental modes in phthalic anhydride. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:204002. [PMID: 35193125 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In situhigh-pressure Raman spectra of phthalic anhydride (PA) have been measured up to 16 GPa through diamond anvil cell technique. The results show that all the Raman bands are blue-shifted with the increase of pressure, accompanied by appearance of some new bands. A Fermi resonance phenomenon of the two Raman fundamental modes of PA at 773 cm-1and 801 cm-1is proposed at pressures above 6.6 GPa, where a possible first-order phase transition occurs. The pressure-induced changes of Fermi resonance parameters, e.g., intensity ratio, coupling coefficient and frequency gap of unperturbed transition, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiRui Liu
- College of physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - YinQi Chen
- College of physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangtao Liu
- College of physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
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Tustin AW, Kundu-Orwa S, Lodwick J, Cannon DL, McCarthy RB. An outbreak of work-related asthma and silicosis at a US countertop manufacturing and fabrication facility. Am J Ind Med 2022; 65:12-19. [PMID: 34671999 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of severe silicosis have affected workers who fabricate artificial stone countertops. Work-related asthma (WRA) has not been a prominent feature of those prior outbreaks. METHODS This report describes an outbreak of WRA and silicosis at a facility that manufactures and fabricates chemical-resistant countertops comprised of sand, epoxy resin, and phthalic anhydride (PA), a known respiratory sensitizer. The multi-disciplinary investigation included clinical examinations of workers, an industrial hygiene survey with qualitative and quantitative exposure assessments, and a cross-sectional questionnaire. RESULTS Engineering controls and personal protective equipment were inadequate. Some workers were exposed to PA or silica above permissible exposure limits established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Clinical and epidemiologic investigations identified 16 workers with confirmed or suspected WRA. Two years later, after OSHA began to enforce its new silica standards, 12 workers received medical surveillance for silicosis. Of these 12 workers, four (33.3%) were diagnosed with silicosis based on abnormal chest computed tomography examinations. CONCLUSIONS Artificial stone countertop workers can develop asthma or silicosis. Risk of asthma may be highest in workers exposed to asthmagens such as PA and epoxy resins while manufacturing the artificial stone material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Tustin
- Office of Occupational Medicine and Nursing, Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sylvia Kundu-Orwa
- Austin Area Office, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lodwick
- Salt Lake Technical Center, Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dawn L Cannon
- Office of Occupational Medicine and Nursing, Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ronda B McCarthy
- National Medical Surveillance Services, Concentra, Waco, Texas, USA
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Aleqsanyan IL, Hambardzumyan LP. Synthesis of Schiff Bases and Isoindolyl- and Thiazolyl-Substituted Quinolines from 6-Amino-2-methylquinolin-4-ol. Russ J Org Chem 2022; 58. [PMCID: PMC9749625 DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of 6-amino-2-methylquinolin-4-ol with salicylaldehyde, phthalic anhydride, phenyl isothiocyanate, and ammonium thiocyanate afforded 6-[(2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]-2-methylquinolin-4-ol, 2-(4-hydroxy-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, N-(4-hydroxy-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)-N′-phenylthiourea, and 1-(4-hydroxy-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)thiourea, respectively. Heterocyclizations of the latter with ethyl bromoacetate and bromacetophenone led to the formation of 2-[(4-hydroxy-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)imino]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one and 2-methyl-6-[(4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)amino]quinolin-4-ol, respectively.
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Saffian HA, Yamaguchi M, Ariffin H, Abdan K, Kassim NK, Lee SH, Lee CH, Shafi AR, Humairah Alias A. Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2359. [PMID: 34301116 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Kraft lignin was esterified with phthalic anhydride and was served as reinforcing filler for poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Composites with different ratios of PBS, lignin (L), modified lignin (ML) and kenaf core fibers (KCF) were fabricated using a compounding method. The fabricated PBS composites and its counterparts were tested for thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Weight percent gain of 4.5% after lignin modification and the FTIR spectra has confirmed the occurrence of an esterification reaction. Better thermo-mechanical properties were observed in the PBS composites reinforced with modified lignin and KCF, as higher storage modulus and loss modulus were recorded using dynamic mechanical analysis. The density of the composites fabricated ranged from 1.26 to 1.43 g/cm3. Water absorption of the composites with the addition of modified lignin is higher than that of composites with unmodified lignin. Pure PBS exhibited the highest tensile strength of 18.62 MPa. Incorporation of lignin and KCF into PBS resulted in different extents of reduction in tensile strength (15.78 to 18.60 MPa). However, PBS composite reinforced with modified lignin exhibited better tensile and flexural strength compared to its unmodified lignin counterpart. PBS composite reinforced with 30 wt% ML and 20 wt% KCF had the highest Izod impact, as fibers could diverge the cracking propagation of the matrix. The thermal conductivity value of the composites ranged from 0.0903 to 0.0983 W/mK, showing great potential as a heat insulator.
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Jia W, Sun Y, Zuo M, Feng Y, Tang X, Zeng X, Lin L. One-Pot Synthesis of Renewable Phthalic Anhydride from 5-Hydroxymethfurfural by using MoO 3 /Cu(NO 3 ) 2 as Catalyst. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:640-646. [PMID: 31758660 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a synthetic pathway to renewable phthalic anhydride (PA) from 5-hydroxymethfurfural (HMF) in one pot is reported. The commonly available catalysts MoO3 and Cu(NO3 )2 play a crucial role in integrating the multiple steps of the reaction, namely decarbonylation of HMF to active furyl intermediate (AFI), oxidation of HMF to maleic anhydride (MA), Diels-Alder cycloaddition of AFI and MA, and subsequent dehydration, in one pot. Under mild reaction conditions, a 63.2 % yield of PA is obtained from HMF. Compared with the currently reported route to renewable PA based on the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of biomass-derived MA and furan, this convenient one-pot synthesis represents a great improvement in efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Jia
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Miao Zuo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Yunchao Feng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xing Tang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
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Shahi MN, Arshad M, Ullah A. Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Synthesis of Bio-Based Copolymers from Waste Cooking Oil. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10030315. [PMID: 28772674 PMCID: PMC5503379 DOI: 10.3390/ma10030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solvent-free copolymerization of epoxides derived from fatty esters of waste cooking oil with phthalic anhydride using (salen)CrIIICl as catalyst and n-Bu4NCl/DMAP (tetrabutylammonium chloride/4-(dimethylamino)pyridine) as co-catalysts was carried out for the first time under microwave irradiation, where reaction time was reduced from a number of hours to minutes. The polyesters were obtained with molecular weight (Mw = 3100–6750 g/mol) and dispersity values (D = 1.18–1.92) when (salen)CrIIICl/n-Bu4NCl was used as catalysts. Moreover, in the case of DMAP as a co-catalyst, polyesters with improved molecular weight (Mw = 5500–6950 g/mol) and narrow dispersity values (D = 1.07–1.28) were obtained even at reduced concentrations of (salen)CrIIICl and DMAP. The obtained products were characterized and evaluated by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) Techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrzadi Noureen Shahi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Aman Ullah
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Abstract
Although a substantial number of chemicals has the ability to bind covalently to proteins and thereby, given sufficient exposure, induce a state of sensitization, only a small minority appear to be able to cause allergic hypersensitivity of the respiratory tract; the great majority being exclusively skin sensitizers. The key mechanistic drivers for the differentiation between skin and respiratory sensitization are already well characterized at the cellular/cytokine level. However, at both the chemical level and in terms of predictive toxicology, matters are much less clear. In the present article, phthalic anhydride is used as an exemplar, since it displays a particularly differentiated profile as a chemical allergen. Whereas most respiratory sensitizers are known also to give rise to delayed skin reactions, evidence for phthalic anhydride suggests that it only causes immediate type allergy. Chemically, phthalic anhydride can be presumed to react similar to other respiratory sensitizing anhydrides; in predictive tests for skin sensitization, phthalic anhydride is clearly positive, a property it has in common with all other chemical respiratory allergens. Thus, in the context of interpreting predictive toxicology tests for skin sensitization, the inference is that negative results demonstrate an absence of both skin- and respiratory-sensitizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Kimber
- b Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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Sung JE, Lee HA, Kim JE, Go J, Seo EJ, Yun WB, Kim DS, Son HJ, Lee CY, Lee HS, Hwang DY. Therapeutic effect of ethyl acetate extract from Asparagus cochinchinensis on phthalic anhydride-induced skin inflammation. Lab Anim Res 2016; 32:34-45. [PMID: 27051441 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2016.32.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagus cochinchinensis has been used to treat various diseases including fever, cough, kidney disease, breast cancer, inflammatory disease and brain disease, while IL-4 cytokine has been considered as key regulator on the skin homeostasis and the predisposition toward allergic skin inflammation. However, few studies have investigated its effects and IL-4 correlation on skin inflammation to date. To quantitatively evaluate the suppressive effects of ethyl acetate extracts of A. cochinchinensis (EaEAC) on phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced skin inflammation and investigate the role of IL-4 during their action mechanism, alterations in general phenotype biomarkers and luciferase-derived signals were measured in IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 transgenic (Tg) mice with PA-induced skin inflammation after treatment with EaEAC for 2 weeks. Key phenotype markers including lymph node weight, immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration, epidermis thickness and number of infiltrated mast cells were significantly decreased in the PA+EaEAC treated group compared with the PA+Vehicle treated group. In addition, expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was also decreased in the PA+EaEAC cotreated group, compared to PA+Vehicle treated group. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the luciferase signal derived from IL-4 promoter was detected in the abdominal region, submandibular lymph node and mesenteric lymph node of the PA+EaEAC treated group, compared to PA+Vehicle treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that EaEAC treatment could successfully improve PA-induced skin inflammation of IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice, and that IL-4 cytokine plays a key role in the therapeutic process of EaEAC.
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Kim JE, Go J, Koh EK, Song SH, Sung JE, Lee HA, Kim DS, Son HJ, Lee HS, Lee CY, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Diosgenin effectively suppresses skin inflammation induced by phthalic anhydride in IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 transgenic mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:891-901. [PMID: 26998565 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1135040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To quantitatively evaluate the therapeutic effects of diosgenin (DG) and investigate the role of IL-4 on skin inflammation, alterations in luciferase-derived signal and general phenotype biomarkers were measured in IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 transgenic mice with phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced skin inflammation after treatment with DG for 4 weeks. High levels of luciferase-derived signal detected in the abdominal region and submandibular lymph node (SL) of the PA treated group was significantly decreased by 67-88% in the PA + DG cotreated group. Furthermore, the weight of the lymph node and spleen, IgE concentration, epidermis thickness, and number of infiltrated mast cells were lower in the PA + DG treated group than the PA + Vehicle treated group. Moreover, expression of IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) also decreased in the PA + DG cotreated group. These results suggest that PA-induced skin inflammation could be successfully suppressed by DG treatment in IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice through attenuation of IL-4 and IL-6 expression, as well as decreased IgE concentration and mast cells infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Jun Go
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Koh
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Song
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Ji Eun Sung
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Lee
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Dong Seob Kim
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Hong Joo Son
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Hee Seob Lee
- b College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University , Busan , Korea
| | | | - Jin Tae Hong
- d College of Pharmacy , Chungbuk National University , Chungju , Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- a College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
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Jeon JY, Eo SC, Varghese JK, Lee BY. Copolymerization and terpolymerization of carbon dioxide/propylene oxide/ phthalic anhydride using a (salen)Co(III) complex tethering four quaternary ammonium salts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1787-95. [PMID: 25161738 PMCID: PMC4142976 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The (salen)Co(III) complex 1 tethering four quaternary ammonium salts, which is a highly active catalyst in CO2/epoxide copolymerizations, shows high activity for propylene oxide/phthalic anhydride (PO/PA) copolymerizations and PO/CO2/PA terpolymerizations. In the PO/PA copolymerizations, full conversion of PA was achieved within 5 h, and strictly alternating copolymers of poly(1,2-propylene phthalate)s were afforded without any formation of ether linkages. In the PO/CO2/PA terpolymerizations, full conversion of PA was also achieved within 4 h. The resulting polymers were gradient poly(1,2-propylene carbonate-co-phthalate)s because of the drift in the PA concentration during the terpolymerization. Both polymerizations showed immortal polymerization character; therefore, the molecular weights were determined by the activity (g/mol-1) and the number of chain-growing sites per 1 [anions in 1 (5) + water (present as impurity) + ethanol (deliberately fed)], and the molecular weight distributions were narrow (M w/M n, 1.05-1.5). Because of the extremely high activity of 1, high-molecular-weight polymers were generated (M n up to 170,000 and 350,000 for the PO/PA copolymerization and PO/CO2/PA terpolymerization, respectively). The terpolymers bearing a substantial number of PA units (f PA, 0.23) showed a higher glass-transition temperature (48 °C) than the CO2/PO alternating copolymer (40 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeob Jeon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749 Korea
| | - Seong Chan Eo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749 Korea
| | - Jobi Kodiyan Varghese
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749 Korea
| | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749 Korea
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Mok JY, Jeon IH, Cho JK, Park JM, Kim HS, Kang HJ, Kim HS, Jang SI. Effect of Persimmon Leaf Extract on Phthalic Anhydride-induced Allergic Response in Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 17:14-21. [PMID: 24471058 PMCID: PMC3866758 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2012.17.1.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-allergy activities of persimmon leaf extract (PLE) on a phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced allergic mouse model. A human leukemic mast cell line (HMC-1) was used to examine the inhibitory activity of PLE on the histamine release by human leukemic mast cells. PLE inhibited histamine release from HMC-1 cells in response to cross-linkage of high-affinity IgE receptor-α (FcεRIα). Additionally, a PA-induced allergic mouse model was used to investigate the effects of PLE in vivo. Mice were orally administrated with or without PLE of single dose (250 mg/kg/day) for 31 days. Oral intake of PLE significantly inhibited passive cutaneous reactions. Oral administration of PLE to PA-induced allergic mice also led to a striking suppression of the development of contact dermatitis, ear swelling and lymph node weight. In addition, PA-specific IL-4 production of draining lymph node cells was markedly diminished by PLE oral administration, but not IFN-γ. Furthermore, PLE treatment suppressed PA-induced thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CCL27) expressions in ear tissues. Based on these results, we suggest that PLE may have therapeutic potential as an effective material for management of irritant contact dermatitis or related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ye Mok
- Jeonju University Atopy & Health Research Institute, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - In Hwa Jeon
- School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Cho
- Department of Radiological Science, College of Alternative Medicine, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - Ji Min Park
- School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | | | - Seon Il Jang
- Jeonju University Atopy & Health Research Institute, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea ; School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
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Sung JE, Kwak MH, Kim JE, Lee YJ, Kim RU, Kim EA, Lee GY, Kim DS, Hwang DY. Therapeutic effects of fermented soycrud on phenotypes of atopic dermatitis induced by phthalic anhydride. Lab Anim Res 2013; 29:103-12. [PMID: 23825483 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2013.29.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), which is known as the most common pruritic skin disease, is caused by epidermal barrier dysfunction, allergies, microwave radiation, histamine intolerance, and genetic defects. To investigate the therapeutic effects of fermented soycrud (FSC) on AD pathology, alteration of AD phenotypes induced by phthalic anhydride (PA) treatment was assessed by ear thickness analysis, measurement of immune-related organ weights, ELISA, and histological and pathological analyses of ICR mice after FSC treatment for 2 weeks. Except for water content, the concentrations of most major components were lower in FSC compared to common tofu (CMT). Thymus and lymph node weights were significantly reduced in ICR mice treated with PA+CMT or PA+FSC, whereas spleen and body weights were maintained. Elevation of ear thickness induced by PA treatment was rapidly diminished in the CMT- and FSC-treated groups, although there was no significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, significant reduction of epidermal thickness was detected in both the PA+CMT- and PA+FSC-treated groups. However, IgE concentration and dermal thickness were reduced only by PA+FSC treatment, whereas PA+CMT treatment maintained levels comparable to PA+vehicle treatment. The number of infiltrated mast cells was higher in the PA+vehicle-treated group compared to the untreated control. Following CMT or FSC treatment, mast cell infiltration was slightly reduced, although the CMT-treated group showed greater cell numbers. These results indicate that FSC may significantly relieve the phenotypes of AD induced by PA treatment and should be considered as a potential candidate for AD therapy.
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