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Wang J, You W, Chen L, Xiao D, Xiao X, Shan T, Liu Y, Liu M, Li G, Yu W, Huang F. Adaptive and Robust Vitrimers Fabricated by Synergy of Traditional and Supramolecular Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405761. [PMID: 38587998 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Vitrimers offer a unique combination of mechanical performance, reprocessability, and recyclability that makes them highly promising for a wide range of applications. However, achieving dynamic behavior in vitrimeric materials at their intended usage temperatures, thus combining reprocessability with adaptivity through associative dynamic covalent bonds, represents an attractive but formidable objective. Herein, we couple boron-nitrogen (B-N) dative bonds and B-O covalent bonds to generate a new class of vitrimers, boron-nitrogen vitrimers (BNVs), to endow them with dynamic features at usage temperatures. Compared with boron-ester vitrimers (BEVs) without B-N dative bonds, the BNVs with B-N dative bonds showcase enhanced mechanical performance. The excellent mechanical properties come from the synergistic effect of the dative B-N supramolecular polymer and covalent boron-ester networks. Moreover, benefiting from the associative exchange of B-O dynamic covalent bonds above their topological freezing temperature (Tv), the resultant BNVs also possess the processability. This study leveraged the structural characteristics of a boron-based vitrimer to achieve material reinforcement and toughness enhancement, simultaneously providing novel design concepts for the construction of new vitrimeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Wei You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Liya Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Ding Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
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2
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Karatrantos AV, Couture O, Hesse C, Schmidt DF. Molecular Simulation of Covalent Adaptable Networks and Vitrimers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1373. [PMID: 38794566 PMCID: PMC11125108 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers are novel polymers with dynamic reversible bond exchange reactions for crosslinks, enabling them to modulate their properties between those of thermoplastics and thermosets. They have been gathering interest as materials for their recycling and self-healing properties. In this review, we discuss different molecular simulation efforts that have been used over the last decade to investigate and understand the nanoscale and molecular behaviors of covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers. In particular, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and a hybrid of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo approaches have been used to model the dynamic bond exchange reaction, which is the main mechanism of interest since it controls both the mechanical and rheological behaviors. The molecular simulation techniques presented yield sufficient results to investigate the structure and dynamics as well as the mechanical and rheological responses of such dynamic networks. The benefits of each method have been highlighted. The use of other tools such as theoretical models and machine learning has been included. We noticed, amongst the most prominent results, that stress relaxes as the bond exchange reaction happens, and that at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature, the self-healing properties are better since more bond BERs are observed. The lifetime of dynamic covalent crosslinks follows, at moderate to high temperatures, an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. We note the modeling of certain properties like the melt viscosity with glass transition temperature and the topology freezing transition temperature according to a behavior ruled by either the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation or the Arrhenius equation. Discrepancies between the behavior in dissociative and associative covalent adaptable networks are discussed. We conclude by stating which material parameters and atomistic factors, at the nanoscale, have not yet been taken into account and are lacking in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios V. Karatrantos
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
| | - Olivier Couture
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Channya Hesse
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
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3
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Kumar M, Bhujbal SK, Kohli K, Prajapati R, Sharma BK, Sawarkar AD, Abhishek K, Bolan S, Ghosh P, Kirkham MB, Padhye LP, Pandey A, Vithanage M, Bolan N. A review on value-addition to plastic waste towards achieving a circular economy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171106. [PMID: 38387564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Plastic and mixed plastic waste (PW) has received increased worldwide attention owing to its huge rate of production, high persistency in the environment, and unsustainable waste management practices. Therefore, sustainable PW management and upcycling approaches are imperative to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Numerous recent studies have shown the application and feasibility of various PW conversion techniques to produce materials with better economic value. Within this framework, the current review provides an in-depth analysis of cutting-edge thermochemical technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification, carbonization, and photocatalysis that can be used to value plastic and mixed PW in order to produce energy and industrial chemicals. Additionally, a thorough examination of the environmental impacts of contemporary PW upcycling techniques and their commercial feasibility through life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economical assessment are provided in this review. Finally, this review emphasizes the opportunities and challenges accompanying with existing PW upcycling techniques and deliver recommendations for future research works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.
| | - Sachin Krushna Bhujbal
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kirtika Kohli
- Distillate and Heavy Oil Processing Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Ravindra Prajapati
- Prairie Research Institute-Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Brajendra K Sharma
- Prairie Research Institute-Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Eastern Regional Research Center Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, 600 E. Mermaid Ln., Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Ankush D Sawarkar
- Department of Information Technology, Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology (SGGSIET), Nanded, Maharashtra 431 606, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of Bihar, Patna, India
| | - Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee Dae Ro 26, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226029, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia.
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4
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Tran HTT, Nisha SS, Radjef R, Nikzad M, Bjekovic R, Fox B. Recyclable and Biobased Vitrimers for Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Composites-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1025. [PMID: 38674946 PMCID: PMC11054932 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Economic and environmental concerns over the accumulation of end-of-life carbon fibre composite waste have led to increased attention to sustainable materials with low environmental impact. Over decades of research, vitrimers, a modern class of covalent adaptable networks, have bridged the gap between thermoplastics and thermosets. With the distinguishing feature of dynamic covalent bonds, vitrimers can be rearranged and reprocessed within their existing network structures in response to external stimuli such as heat or light. This poses a unique solution to repairing damaged composites, extending their service life, and reducing post-consumer waste. However, the synthesis of vitrimers often requires petrochemical consumption, which increases their carbon footprint. Using bio-based materials could be a promising solution to reduce the reliance on petrochemicals and their related pollution. This review compiles the contemporary requirements for bio-based vitrimers regarding their properties, scalability, and recycling features. This article also presents a comprehensive overview of the pathways to produce sustainable bio-based vitrimers and an overview of promising studies showing the potential uses of bio-derived vitrimers on carbon fibre composite productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang T. T. Tran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Shammi Sultana Nisha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Racim Radjef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Mostafa Nikzad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Robert Bjekovic
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten, 88250 Weingarten, Germany;
| | - Bronwyn Fox
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
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5
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Fanjul-Mosteirín N, Odelius K. Covalent Adaptable Networks with Tailorable Material Properties Based on Divanillin Polyimines. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2348-2357. [PMID: 38499398 PMCID: PMC11005045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are being developed as future replacements for thermosets as they can retain the high mechanical and chemical robustness inherent to thermosets but also integrate the possibility of reprocessing after material use. Here, covalent adaptable polyimine-based networks were designed with methoxy and allyloxy-substituted divanillin as a core component together with long flexible aliphatic fatty acid-based amines and a short rigid chain triamine, yielding CANs with a high renewable content. The designed series of CANs with reversible imine functionality allowed for fast stress relaxation and tailorability of the thermomechanical properties, as a result of the ratio between long flexible and short rigid amines, with tensile strength (σb) ranging 1.07-18.7 MPa and glass transition temperatures ranging 16-61 °C. The CANs were subsequently successfully reprocessed up to three times without determinantal structure alterations and retained mechanical performance. The CANs were also successfully chemically recycled under acidic conditions, where the starting divanillin monomer was recovered and utilized for the synthesis of a recycled CAN with similar thermal and mechanical properties. This promising class of thermosets bearing sustainable dynamic functionalities opens a window of opportunity for the progressive replacement of fossil-based thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Fanjul-Mosteirín
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center,
WWSC, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center,
WWSC, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Demchuk Z, Zhao X, Shen Z, Zhao S, Sokolov AP, Cao PF. Tuning the Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Elastic Vitrimers by Tailoring the Substituents of Boronic Ester. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:185-194. [PMID: 38496049 PMCID: PMC10941276 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Elastic vitrimers, i.e., elastic polymers with associative dynamic covalent bonds, can afford elastomers with recyclability while maintaining their thermal and chemical stability. Herein, we report a series of boronic ester-based vitrimers with tunable mechanical properties and recyclability by varying the substitute groups of boronic acid in polymer networks. The dynamic polymer networks are formed by reacting diol-containing tetra-arm poly(amidoamine) with boronic acid-terminated tetra-arm poly(ethylene glycol), which possesses different substituents adjacent to boronic acid moieties. Varying the substituent adjacent to the boronic ester unit will significantly affect the binding strength of the boronic ester, therefore affecting their dynamics and mechanical performance. The electron-withdrawing substituents noticeably suppress the dynamics of boronic ester exchange and increase the activation energy and relaxation time while enhancing the mechanical strength of the resulting elastic vitrimers. On the other hand, the presence of electron-rich substituent affords relatively reduced glass transition temperature (Tg), faster relaxation, and prominent recyclability and malleability at lower temperatures. The developed pathway will guide the rational design of elastomers with well-tunable dynamics and processabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoriana Demchuk
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites, College of
Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Neidhart EK, Hua M, Peng Z, Kearney LT, Bhat V, Vashahi F, Alexanian EJ, Sheiko SS, Wang C, Helms BA, Leibfarth FA. C-H Functionalization of Polyolefins to Access Reprocessable Polyolefin Thermosets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27450-27458. [PMID: 38079611 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Upcycling plastic waste into reprocessable materials with performance-advantaged properties would contribute to the development of a circular plastics economy. Here, we modify branched polyolefins and postconsumer polyethylene through a versatile C-H functionalization approach using thiosulfonates as a privileged radical group transfer functionality. Cross-linking the functionalized polyolefins with polytopic amines provided dynamically cross-linked polyolefin networks enabled by associative bond exchange of diketoenamine functionality. A combination of resonant soft X-ray scattering and grazing incidence X-ray scattering revealed hierarchical phase morphology in which diketoenamine-rich microdomains phase-separate within amorphous regions between polyolefin crystallites. The combination of dynamic covalent cross-links and microphase separation results in useful and improved mechanical properties, including a ∼4.5-fold increase in toughness, a reduction in creep deformation at temperatures relevant to use, and high-temperature structural stability compared to the parent polyolefin. The dynamic nature of diketoenamine cross-links provides stress relaxation at elevated temperatures, which enabled iterative reprocessing of the dynamic covalent polymer network with little cycle-to-cycle property fade. The ability to convert polyolefin waste into a reprocessable thermoformable material with attractive thermomechanical properties provides additional optionality for upcycling to enable future circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza K Neidhart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Mutian Hua
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhengxing Peng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Logan T Kearney
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Vittal Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Foad Vashahi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett A Helms
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
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8
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Arbe A, Alegría A, Colmenero J, Bhaumik S, Ntetsikas K, Hadjichristidis N. Microscopic Evidence for the Topological Transition in Model Vitrimers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1595-1601. [PMID: 37947419 PMCID: PMC10666534 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the glass transition, vitrimers undergo a topological transition from viscoelastic liquid to viscoelastic solid behavior when the network rearrangements facilitated by dynamic bond exchange reactions freeze. The microscopic observation of this transition is elusive. Model polyisoprene vitrimers based on imine dynamic covalent bonds were synthesized by reaction of α,ω-dialdehyde-functionalized polyisoprenes and a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. In these dynamic networks nanophase separation of polymer and reactive groups leads to the emergence of a relevant length scale characteristic for the network structure. We exploited the scattering sensitivity to structural features at different length scales to determine how dynamical and topological arrests affect correlations at segmental and network levels. Chains expand obeying the same expansion coefficient throughout the entire viscoelastic region, i.e., both in the elastomeric regime and in the liquid regime. The onset of liquid-like behavior is only apparent at the mesoscale, where the scattering reveals the reorganization of the network triggered by bond exchange events. The such determined "microscopic" topological transition temperature is compared with the outcome of "conventional" methods, namely viscosimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. We show that using proper thermal (aging-like) protocols, this transition is also nicely revealed by the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Arbe
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Alabiso W, Sölle B, Reisinger D, Guedes de la Cruz G, Schmallegger M, Griesser T, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. On-Demand Activation of Transesterification by Chemical Amplification in Dynamic Thiol-Ene Photopolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311341. [PMID: 37677110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical amplification is a well-established concept in photoresist technology, wherein one photochemical event leads to a cascade of follow-up reactions that facilitate a controlled change in the solubility of a polymer. Herein, we transfer this concept to dynamic polymer networks to liberate both catalyst and functional groups required for bond exchange reactions under UV irradiation. For this, we exploit a photochemically generated acid to catalyse a deprotection reaction of an acid-labile tert-butoxycarbonyl group, which is employed to mask the hydroxy groups of a vinyl monomer. At the same time, the released acid serves as a catalyst for thermo-activated transesterifications between the deprotected hydroxy and ester moieties. Introduced in an orthogonally cured (450 nm) thiol-click photopolymer, this approach allows for a spatio-temporally controlled activation of bond exchange reactions, which is crucial in light of the creep resistance versus reflow ability trade-off of dynamic polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sölle
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Max Schmallegger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/I (A), A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
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10
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Veloso-Fernández A, Ruiz-Rubio L, Yugueros I, Moreno-Benítez MI, Laza JM, Vilas-Vilela JL. Improving the Recyclability of an Epoxy Resin through the Addition of New Biobased Vitrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3737. [PMID: 37765591 PMCID: PMC10537514 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of thermoset epoxy resins (ER) has spread to countless applications due to their mechanical properties, heat resistance and stability. However, these ERs are neither biodegradable nor recyclable due to their permanent crosslinked networks and usually, they are synthesized from fossil and toxic precursors. Therefore, reducing its consumption is of vital importance to the environment. On the one hand, the solution to the recyclability problems of epoxy resins can be achieved through the use of vitrimers, which have thermoset properties and can be recycled as thermoplastic materials. On the other hand, vitrimers can be made from natural sources, reducing their toxicity. In this work, a sustainable epoxy vitrimer has been efficiently synthesized, VESOV, by curing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with a new vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener, aliphatic diamine (1,4-butanediamine, BDA) and using 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an accelerator. Likewise, using the same synthesized VSB agent, a commercial epoxy resin has also been cured and characterized as ESO. Finally, different percentages (30, 50 and 70 wt%) of the same ER have been included in the formulation of VESOV, demonstrating that only including 30 wt% of ER in the formulation is able to improve the thermo-mechanical properties, maintaining the VESOV's inherent reprocessability or recyclability. In short, this is the first approach to achieve a new material that can be postulated in the future as a replacement for current commercial epoxy resins, although it still requires a minimum percentage of RE in the formulation, it makes it possible to recycle the material while maintaining good mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Veloso-Fernández
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Imanol Yugueros
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - M. Isabel Moreno-Benítez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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11
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Sun J, Liang M, Yin L, Rivers G, Hu G, Pan Q, Zhao B. Interfacial Compatibility of Core-Shell Cellulose Nanocrystals for Improving Dynamic Covalent Adaptable Networks' Fracture Resistance in Nanohybrid Vitrimer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39786-39796. [PMID: 37578445 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of polymeric nanocomposites with dynamic covalent adaptable networks and biobased nanomaterials has been a promising approach toward sustainable advanced materials, enabling reprogramming and recycling capabilities. Herein, a core-shell nanohybrid of functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is explored to provide crucial interfacial compatibility for improving the covalent adaptable networks of epoxy-thiol vitrimers in fracture resistance. The poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) shells grafted from CNC surfaces can be cross-linked with the covalent adaptable networks via a hot-pressing transesterification process. According to the additive concentration and annealing temperature, the stress relaxation behavior of nanohybrid vitrimer composites can be effectively regulated by the core-shell PCL-grafted CNC (CNC-PCL) nanohybrids from a dispersed to cross-linked interaction. The addition of 15 wt % of the core-shell CNC-PCLs exhibits the reinforced improvement of nanohybrid vitrimer composites in the average Young's modulus of 2.5×, fracture stress of 5.4×, and fracture strain of 2.0×. The research findings might have profound implications for developing synergistic interfacial compatibility between dynamic vitrimer networks and functional nanoparticles for advanced polymeric nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mingrui Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Rivers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qinmin Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
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12
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Zhou MH, Yin GZ, Prolongo SG, Wang DY. Recent Progress on Multifunctional Thermally Conductive Epoxy Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2818. [PMID: 37447467 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In last years, the requirements for materials and devices have increased exponentially. Greater competitiveness; cost and weight reduction for structural materials; greater power density for electronic devices; higher design versatility; materials customizing and tailoring; lower energy consumption during the manufacturing, transport, and use; among others, are some of the most common market demands. A higher operational efficiency together with long service life claimed. Particularly, high thermally conductive in epoxy resins is an important requirement for numerous applications, including energy and electrical and electronic industry. Over time, these materials have evolved from traditional single-function to multifunctional materials to satisfy the increasing demands of applications. Considering the complex application contexts, this review aims to provide insight into the present state of the art and future challenges of thermally conductive epoxy composites with various functionalities. Firstly, the basic theory of thermally conductive epoxy composites is summarized. Secondly, the review provides a comprehensive description of five types of multifunctional thermally conductive epoxy composites, including their fabrication methods and specific behavior. Furthermore, the key technical problems are proposed, and the major challenges to developing multifunctional thermally conductive epoxy composites are presented. Ultimately, the purpose of this review is to provide guidance and inspiration for the development of multifunctional thermally conductive epoxy composites to meet the increasing demands of the next generation of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1, 800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Reisinger D, Kriehuber MU, Bender M, Bautista-Anguís D, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Thermally Latent Bases in Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks and their Emerging Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300830. [PMID: 36916976 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy allowing temporal control of dynamic bond exchange in covalently crosslinked polymer networks via latent transesterification catalysts is introduced. Obtained by a straightforward air- and water-tolerant synthesis, the latent catalyst is designed for an irreversible temperature-mediated release of a strong organic base. Its long-term inactivity at temperatures below 50 °C provides the unique opportunity to equip dynamic covalent networks with creep resistance and high bond-exchange rates, once activated. The presented thermally latent base catalyst is conveniently introducible in readily available building blocks and, as proof of concept, applied in a radically polymerized thiol-ene network. Light-mediated curing is used for 3D-printing functional objects, on which the possibility of spatially controlled reshaping and welding based on dynamic transesterification is illustrated. Since the catalyst is thermally activated, limitations regarding sample geometry and optical transparency do not apply, which facilitates a transfer to well-established industrial technologies. Consequently, fiber-reinforced and highly filled magneto-active thiol-ene polymer composites are fabricated by a thermal curing approach. The on-demand activation of dynamic transesterification is demonstrated by (magneto-assisted) reshaping experiments, highlighting a wide range of potential future applications offered by the presented concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | | | - Marcel Bender
- Processing of Composites Group, Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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14
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Sharma H, Krishnakumar B, Dickens TJ, Yun GJ, Kumar A, Rana S. A bibliometric survey of research trends in vitrimer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17350. [PMID: 37441386 PMCID: PMC10333614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent trends of vitrimer studies enhance the thermoset material with superior properties, therefore, it is particularly important to address the critical scientific inquiries in this area using their research metrics. The reported vitrimer systems have been highly required for future real-time applications; however, the inquisitiveness of material exchange mechanisms extends the research studies further. Significantly, more scientific information's are required to achieve the evident prospective outcomes via these materials. This article highlights the trends and developments of the most relevant publications, authors, articles, countries, and keywords in the vitrimer research field over the past 10 years. The represented bibliometric survey would elevate the basic understanding of the current vitrimer research stats and also help follow the particular research community to learn and develop insight. To generate bibliometric networks, bibliometric data has obtained from Scopus and visualised in VOS-viewer; as an overview of that, the highest number of publications were from China, United States, France, United Kingdom, and Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Balaji Krishnakumar
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Tarik J. Dickens
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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15
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Dertnig C, Guedes de la Cruz G, Neshchadin D, Schlögl S, Griesser T. Blocked Phosphates as Photolatent Catalysts for Dynamic Photopolymer Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215525. [PMID: 36421065 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While latent catalysts are a well-established strategy for initiating and controlling the rate of polymerization reactions, their use in dynamic polymer networks is still in its infancy. The ideal latent catalyst should be thermally stable and release a highly active species in response to an external trigger. Here, we have synthesized a temperature resistant (>200 °C) organic phosphate with a photolabile o-nitrobenzyl protecting group that can be cleaved by UV light. Introduced in a visible light curable thiol-click photopolymer, the sequence-dependent λ-orthogonality of the curing and cleavage enables an efficient network formation at 451 nm, without premature release of the catalyst. Once cured, irradiation at 372 nm spatiotemporally activates the phosphate, which catalyzes transesterifications at elevated temperature. The formed catalyst has no effect on the thermal stability of the polymeric network and allows the activation of bond exchange reactions in selected domains of printed 3D objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Dertnig
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
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16
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Pascual-Jose B, De la Flor S, Serra A, Ribes-Greus A. Analysis of Poly(thiourethane) Covalent Adaptable Network through Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1125-1134. [PMID: 36817338 PMCID: PMC9926874 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric spectra of the poly(thiourethane) network, HDI-S3, have been analyzed to know the nature and the cooperativity of each of the six dielectric processes observed. At low temperatures, γ1, γ2, and β dielectric relaxations were attributed to noncooperative local motions in the glassy state, in which apparent activation energies are 30, 36, and 60 kJ·mol-1, respectively. At higher temperatures, three dielectric relaxations are observed (αTg, α*, ρ). The αTg relaxation is attributed to the glass transition, and it is overlapped with the α* relaxation. The molecular origin of α* relaxation is associated with the bond exchange reaction. Finally, the ρ relaxation is ascribed to the heterogeneity of the sample although its origin is uncertain. The DC conductivity (σDC) is found to be an appropriate variable to analyze the bond exchange reaction. Accordingly, the HDI-S3 has a molecular exchange mechanism of dissociative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Pascual-Jose
- Institute
of Technology of Materials (ITM), Universitat
Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022València, Spain
| | - S. De la Flor
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili (URV), Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Serra
- Department
of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Ribes-Greus
- Institute
of Technology of Materials (ITM), Universitat
Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022València, Spain
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17
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Kumar A, Connal LA. Biobased Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200892. [PMID: 36661130 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the use of plastics and the related sustainability issues, including the depletion of global petroleum reserves, have rightly sparked interest in the use of biobased polymer feedstocks. Thermosets cannot be remolded, processed, or recycled, and hence cannot be reused because of their permanent molecular architecture. Vitrimers have emerged as a novel polymer family capable of bridging the difference between thermoplastic and thermosets. Vitrimers enable unique recycling strategies, however, it is still important to understand where the raw material feedstocks originate from. Transesterification vitrimers derived from renewable resources are a massive opportunity, however, limited research has been conducted in this specific family of vitrimers. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of transesterification vitrimers produced from biobased monomers. The focus is on the biomass structural suitability with dynamic covalent chemistry, as well as the viability of the synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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18
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A Critical Review of Sustainable Vanillin-modified Vitrimers: Synthesis, Challenge and Prospects. REACTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 90% of thermosets are produced from petroleum resources, they have remarkable mechanical characteristics, are chemically durable, and dimensionally stable. However, they can contribute to global warming, depletion of petroleum reserves, and environmental contamination during manufacture, use, and disposal. Using renewable resources to form thermosetting materials is one of the most crucial aspects of addressing the aforementioned issues. Vanillin-based raw materials have been used in the industrial manufacturing of polymer materials because they are simple to modify structurally. Conversely, traditional thermosetting materials as a broad class of high-molecular-weight molecules are challenging to heal, decompose and recover owing to their permanent 3-D crosslinking network. Once the products are damaged, recycling issues could arise, causing resource loss and environmental impact. It could be solved by inserting dynamic covalent adaptable networks (DCANs) into the polymer chains, increasing product longevity, and minimizing waste. It also improves the attractiveness of these products in the prospective field. Moreover, it is essential to underline that increasing product lifespan and reducing waste is equivalent to reducing the expense of consuming resources. The detailed synthesis, reprocessing, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of partly and entirely biomass thermosetting polymers made from vanillin-modified monomers are covered in the current work. Finally, the review highlights the benefits, difficulties, and application of these emerging vanillin-modified vitrimers as a potential replacement for conventional non-recyclable thermosets.
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19
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Tao Y, Liang X, Zhang J, Lei IM, Liu J. Polyurethane vitrimers: Chemistry, properties and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Xiangyu Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenzhen China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Iek Man Lei
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Macau Macau China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
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20
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Lee G, Song HY, Choi S, Kim CB, Hyun K, Ahn SK. Harnessing β-Hydroxyl Groups in Poly(β-Amino Esters) toward Robust and Fast Reprocessing Covalent Adaptable Networks. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyuri Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Yong Song
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Subi Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Bin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-kyun Ahn
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
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21
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Sharma H, Rana S, Singh P, Hayashi M, Binder WH, Rossegger E, Kumar A, Schlögl S. Self-healable fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites: overview and future prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32569-32582. [PMID: 36425695 PMCID: PMC9661690 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve sustainable development goals, approaches towards the preparation of recyclable and healable polymeric materials is highly attractive. Self-healing polymers and thermosets based on bond-exchangeable dynamic covalent bonds, so called "vitrimers" could be a great effort in this direction. In order to match the industrial importance, enhancement of mechanical strength without sacrificing the bond exchange capability is a challenging issue, however, such concerns can be overcome through the developments of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites. This article covers the outstanding features of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites, including their reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties, together with practical applications and future perspectives of this unique class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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22
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Plastic Waste Upcycling: A Sustainable Solution for Waste Management, Product Development, and Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224788. [PMID: 36432915 PMCID: PMC9694193 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic waste pollution, including non-biodegradable landfills, leaching of toxic chemicals into soil and waterways, and emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere, is significantly affecting our environment. Conventional plastic waste recycling approaches generally produce lower value materials compared to the original plastic or recover inefficient heat energy. Lately, upcycling or the valorization approach has emerged as a sustainable solution to transform plastic waste into value-added products. In this review, we present an overview of recent advancements in plastic waste upcycling, such as vitrimerization, nanocomposite fabrication, additive manufacturing, catalytic transformation, and industrial biotechnology, envisaged with technical challenges, future developments, and new circular economy opportunities.
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Vallin A, Battegazzore D, Damonte G, Fina A, Monticelli O. On the Development of Nanocomposite Covalent Associative Networks Based on Polycaprolactone and Reduced Graphite Oxide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3744. [PMID: 36364519 PMCID: PMC9654163 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the development of nanocomposite systems based on reduced graphite oxide (rGO) was combined with the development of crosslinked materials characterized by dynamic covalent bonds, i.e., a covalent associative network, starting from ad-hoc synthesized hydroxyl terminated polycaprolactone (PCL-OH). The crosslinking reaction was carried out using methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) to create systems capable of bond exchanges via transesterification and transcarbamoylation reactions, in the presence of stannous octoate as a catalyst. The above materials were prepared at two different temperatures (120 and 200 °C) and two PCL-OH:MDI ratios. FT-IR measurements proved the formation of urethane bonds in all the prepared samples. Crosslinking was demonstrated by contacting the samples with a solvent capable of dissolving the star-shaped PCL. These tests showed a significant increase in the crosslinked fraction with increasing the temperature and the PCL-OH:MDI ratio. In order to evidence the effect of crosslinking on rGO dispersion and the final properties of the material, a nanocomposite sample was also prepared using a linear commercial PCL, with the nanofiller mixed under the same conditions used to develop the crosslinked systems. The dispersion of rGO, which was investigated using FE-SEM measurements, was similar in the different systems prepared, indicating that the crosslinking process had a minor effect on the dispersibility of the nanofiller. As far as the thermal properties are concerned, the DSC measurements of the prepared samples showed that the crosslinking leads to a decrease in the crystallinity of the polymer, a phenomenon which was particularly evident in the sample prepared at 200 °C with a PCL-OH: MDI ratio of 1:1.33 and was related to the decrease in the polymer chain mobility. Moreover, rGO was found to act as a nucleating agent and increase the crystallization temperature of the nanocomposite sample based on linear commercial PCL, while the contribution of rGO in the crosslinked nanocomposite samples was minor. Rheological measurements confirmed the crosslinking of the PCL-OH system which generates a solid-like behavior depending on the PCL-OH:MDI ratio used. The presence of rGO during crosslinking generated a further huge increase in the viscosity of the melt with a remarkable solid-like behavior, confirming a strong interaction between rGO and crosslinked PCL. Finally, the prepared nanocomposites exhibited self-healing and recyclability properties, thus meeting the requirements for sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vallin
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Battegazzore
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino-Sede di Alessandria, Viale Teresa Michel, 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giacomo Damonte
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino-Sede di Alessandria, Viale Teresa Michel, 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Orietta Monticelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
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Fritz-Langhals E. Unique Superbase TBD (1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene): From Catalytic Activity and One-Pot Synthesis to Broader Application in Industrial Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Fritz-Langhals
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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25
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Bio-Vitrimers for Sustainable Circular Bio-Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204338. [PMID: 36297916 PMCID: PMC9606967 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG) and cut CO2-emission is forcing researchers to develop bio-based materials over conventional polymers. Since most of the established bio-based polymeric materials demonstrate prominent sustainability, however, performance, cost, and durability limit their utilization in real-time applications. Additionally, a sustainable circular bioeconomy (CE) ensures SDGs deliver material production, where it ceases the linear approach from production to waste. Simultaneously, sustainable circular bio-economy promoted materials should exhibit the prominent properties to involve and substitute conventional materials. These interceptions can be resolved through state-of-the-art bio-vitrimeric materials that display durability/mechanical properties such as thermosets and processability/malleability such as thermoplastics. This article emphasizes the current need for vitrimers based on bio-derived chemicals; as well as to summarize the developed bio-based vitrimers (including reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties) and their requirements for a sustainable circular economy in future prospects.
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26
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Jing F, Zhao R, Li C, Xi Z, Wang Q, Xie H. Influence of the Epoxy/Acid Stoichiometry on the Cure Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Vitrimers. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196335. [PMID: 36234872 PMCID: PMC9571190 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A epoxy resin cured with a mixture of dimerized and trimerized fatty acids is the first epoxy vitrimer and has been extensively studied. However, the cure behavior and thermal and mechanical properties of this epoxy vitrimer depend on the epoxy/acid stoichiometry. To address these issues, epoxy vitrimers with three epoxy/acid stoichiometries (9:11, 1:1 and 11:9) were prepared and recycled four times. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the cure behavior of the original epoxy vitrimers. The dynamic mechanical properties and mechanical performance of the original and recycled epoxy vitrimers were investigated by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and a universal testing machine. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of epoxy vitrimer with different epoxy/acid stoichiometry was interpreted. With an increase in the epoxy/acid ratio, the reaction rate, swelling ratio, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the original epoxy vitrimers decreased, whereas the gel content increased. The recycling decreased the swelling ratio and elongation at break of the original epoxy vitrimers. Moreover, the elongation at break of the recycled epoxy vitrimers decreased with the epoxy/acid ratio at the same recycling time. However, the gel content, tensile strength and toughness of the original epoxy vitrimers increased after the recycling. The mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimers can be tuned with the variation in the epoxy/acid stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jing
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ruikang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chenxuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zhonghua Xi
- Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingjun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-25-8968-2568 (H.X.)
| | - Hongfeng Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-25-8968-2568 (H.X.)
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27
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Kölsch JC, Berač CM, Lossada F, Stach OS, Seiffert S, Walther A, Besenius P. Recyclable Vitrimers from Biogenic Poly(itaconate) Elastomers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C. Kölsch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian M. Berač
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Francisco Lossada
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver S. Stach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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28
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Bakkali-Hassani C, Berne D, Ladmiral V, Caillol S. Transcarbamoylation in Polyurethanes: Underestimated Exchange Reactions? Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri Berne
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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29
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Cleavable epoxy networks using azomethine-bearing amine hardeners. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Vashchuk A, Motrunich S, Lishchuk P, Demchenko V, Isaiev M, Iurzhenko M. Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimer nanocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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32
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Li B, Shen C. Solid Stress-Distribution-Oriented Design and Topology Optimization of 3D-Printed Heterogeneous Lattice Structures with Light Weight and High Specific Rigidity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142807. [PMID: 35890584 PMCID: PMC9319585 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lightweight structural design is greatly valued in the aviation, aerospace, and automotive industries. Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques provide viable and popular technical pathways for the rapid design and manufacturing of lightweight lattice structures. Unlike the conventional design idea of a geometrically homogenized lattice structure, this work provides a design method for structurally heterogeneous lattice according to the spatial stress state of 3D-printed parts. Following the quasi-static stress numerical simulations of solid components, finite element mesh units were inconsistently replaced by lattice units with different specific rigidities corresponding to the localized stress levels. Relying on the topology optimization further lightened the lattice structure under quasi-static stress after removing some parts with extremely low stress from the overall structure. As an embodiment of this design idea, face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice units with different strut diameters were employed to non-uniformly and adaptively fill a solid part under localized loading. The topological optimization was conducted on the solid part globally. Then, the topologically optimized solid and the heterogeneous lattice structure were subjected to the geometric Boolean operation. Stereolithographic 3D printing was utilized to fabricate the homogeneous and heterogeneous lattice structural parts for comparative tests of three-point bending. Three evaluation indicators were defined for the standardized assessment of the geometrically complex lattice structures for the performance evaluation. This demonstrated that the heterogeneous lattice part exhibited better comprehensive mechanical performance than the uniform lattice. This work proved the feasibility of this new perspective on 3D-printed lightweight structure design and topology optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for High-End Equipment Reliability, Shanghai 200237, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ciming Shen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
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33
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An L, Zhao W. Facile Surface Depolymerization Promotes the Welding of Hard Epoxy Vitrimer. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134488. [PMID: 35806612 PMCID: PMC9267785 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Welding via bond exchange reactions has provided advances in obtaining high-quality joining performance. However, the reported welding method requires a relatively high press force, and challenges are still encountered in welding hard vitrimer. In this work, a facile surface depolymerization strategy was introduced to weld high-performance epoxy vitrimer. The vitrimers were firstly dissolved into ethylene glycol for depolymerization based on the solvent-assisted bond exchange reactions. Then, the depolymerized vitrimers were welded under heat and press force. The effect of the depolymerizing time, welding pressure, welding temperature and welding time on the welding strength were further investigated. It was found that there were optimal values for the depolymerizing time, welding pressure, and welding temperature, respectively, for the welding strength, while the welding strength increased with increasing welding time. Through facile surface degradation, the welding pressure was highly reduced, while the welding strength was increased. With surface depolymerization, the welding strength was 1.55-times higher, but the magnitude of press force was 1/1000-times than that with no surface depolymerization. It is elucidative that surface depolymerization can be used to weld hard vitrimer composites alongside reducing the press force effectively.
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34
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
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35
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Lucherelli MA, Duval A, Avérous L. Biobased vitrimers: Towards sustainable and adaptable performing polymer materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Builes Cárdenas C, Gayraud V, Rodriguez ME, Costa J, Salaberria AM, Ruiz de Luzuriaga A, Markaide N, Dasan Keeryadath P, Calderón Zapatería D. Study into the Mechanical Properties of a New Aeronautic-Grade Epoxy-Based Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Vitrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061223. [PMID: 35335553 PMCID: PMC8949552 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current drive for sustainability demands recyclable matrices for composite materials. Vitrimers combine thermoset properties with reprocessability, but their mechanical performance in highly loaded applications, for instance, composites for aeronautics, is still to be demonstrated. This work presents the complete mechanical characterization of a new vitrimer reinforced with carbon fiber. This vitrimer formulation consists of functional epoxy groups and a new dynamic disulfide crosslinks-based hardener. The testing campaign for the vitrimer composites encompassed tension, compression, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), in-plane shear (IPS), open-hole tension (OHT) and compression (OHC), filled-hole compression (FHC) and interlaminar fracture toughness tests under mode I and II. Test conditions included room temperature and high temperature of 70 °C and 120 °C, respectively, after moisture saturation. Tension and flexural tests also were applied on the neat vitrimer resin. The results compared well with those obtained for current aeronautic materials manufactured by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). The lower values observed in compression and ILSS derived from the thermoplastic veils included as a toughening material. This work demonstrates that the vitrimer formulation presented meets the requirements of current matrices for aeronautic-grade carbon-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Builes Cárdenas
- Composites Unit, Eurecat—Technological Center of Catalonia, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.B.C.); (M.E.R.)
| | - Vincent Gayraud
- Composites Unit, Eurecat—Technological Center of Catalonia, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Maria Eugenia Rodriguez
- Composites Unit, Eurecat—Technological Center of Catalonia, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.B.C.); (M.E.R.)
| | - Josep Costa
- Analysis and Advanced Materials for Structural Design (AMADE), Polytechnic School, Campus Montilivi, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain;
| | - Asier M. Salaberria
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.M.S.); (A.R.d.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.M.S.); (A.R.d.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Nerea Markaide
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.M.S.); (A.R.d.L.); (N.M.)
| | | | - Diego Calderón Zapatería
- IDEC, Engineering Composites Advanced Solution, C/Albert Einstein 29, 01510 Miñano Menor, Spain;
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37
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Vidil T, Llevot A. Fully Biobased Vitrimers: Future Direction Towards Sustainable Cross‐Linked Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vidil
- University of Bordeaux CNRS Bordeaux INP Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques UMR 5629, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey‐Berland Pessac cedex F‐33607 France
| | - Audrey Llevot
- University of Bordeaux CNRS Bordeaux INP Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques UMR 5629, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey‐Berland Pessac cedex F‐33607 France
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38
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Cuminet F, Berne D, Lemouzy S, Dantras E, Joly-Duhamel C, Caillol S, Leclerc E, Ladmiral V. Catalyst-free transesterification vitrimers: activation via α -difluoroesters. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transesterification vitrimers often require high catalyst loadings to achieve 3D networks reprocessable at moderately high temperature. The addition of an activating group close to the ester bonds allows to synthesize...
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39
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Santefort AL, Yuya PA, Shipp DA. Dynamic covalent exchange induced cyclization in poly(methacrylic anhydride). Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00488g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anhydride dynamic covalent exchange crosslinked poly(methacrylic anhydride) allows recycling at elevated temperatures and pressures and also produces cyclic anhydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle L. Santefort
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5665, USA
| | - Philip A. Yuya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5725, USA
- Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5665, USA
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5665, USA
- Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5665, USA
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40
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Reisinger D, Dietliker KP, Sangermano M, Schlögl S. Streamlined concept towards spatially resolved photoactivation of dynamic transesterification in vitrimeric polymers by applying thermally stable photolatent bases. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through a well targeted design, vitrimers are able to reorganise their three-dimensional covalently crosslinked network structure by associative exchange reactions when the so-called topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) is exceeded....
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41
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He E, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Ji Y. Reprocessing of Vitrimer. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Bio-based vitrimer-like polyurethane based on dynamic imine bond with high-strength, reprocessability, rapid-degradability and antibacterial ability. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. Thiol–acrylate based vitrimers: From their structure–property relationship to the additive manufacturing of self-healable soft active devices. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Reisinger D, Kaiser S, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Introduction of Photolatent Bases for Locally Controlling Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thermo-Activated Vitrimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14302-14306. [PMID: 33929092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers exhibit a covalently crosslinked network structure, as is characteristic of classic thermosetting polymers. However, they are capable of rearranging their network topology by thermo-activated associative exchange reactions when the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv ) is exceeded. Despite the vast number of developed vitrimers, there is a serious lack of methods that enable a (spatially) controlled onset of these rearrangement reactions above Tv . Herein, we highlight the localized release of the efficient transesterification catalyst 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) by the UV-induced cleavage of a photolatent base within a covalently crosslinked thiol-epoxy network. Demonstrated with stress relaxation measurements conducted well above the network's Tv , only the controlled release of TBD facilitates the immediate onset of transesterification in terms of a viscoelastic flow. Moreover, the spatially resolved UV-mediated photoactivation of vitrimeric properties is confirmed by permanent shape changes induced locally in the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
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Reisinger D, Kaiser S, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Einsatz photolatenter Basen zur lokalen Kontrolle dynamischer Austauschreaktionen in thermisch aktivierbaren Vitrimeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
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Cuminet F, Caillol S, Dantras É, Leclerc É, Ladmiral V. Neighboring Group Participation and Internal Catalysis Effects on Exchangeable Covalent Bonds: Application to the Thriving Field of Vitrimer Chemistry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Éric Dantras
- CIRIMAT Physique des Polymères, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Éric Leclerc
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Moazzen K, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Shaukat U, Schlögl S. Role of Organic Phosphates and Phosphonates in Catalyzing Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thiol‐Click Vitrimers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Moazzen
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Fleisch M, Strasser J, Wieser V, Griesser T, Schlögl S. High resolution additive manufacturing with acrylate based vitrimers using organic phosphates as transesterification catalyst. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Composite Material Recycling Technology—State-of-the-Art and Sustainable Development for the 2020s. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, significant events took place that added immensely to the sociotechnical pressure for developing sustainable composite recycling solutions, namely (1) a ban on composite landfilling in Germany in 2009, (2) the first major wave of composite wind turbines reaching their End-of-Life (EoL) and being decommissioned in 2019–2020, (3) the acceleration of aircraft decommissioning due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and (4) the increase of composites in mass production cars, thanks to the development of high volume technologies based on thermoplastic composites. Such sociotechnical pressure will only grow in the upcoming decade of 2020s as other countries are to follow Germany by limiting and banning landfill options, and by the ever-growing number of expired composites EoL waste. The recycling of fiber reinforced composite materials will therefore play an important role in the future, in particular for the wind energy, but also for aerospace, automotive, construction and marine sectors to reduce environmental impacts and to meet the demand. The scope of this manuscript is a clear and condensed yet full state-of-the-art overview of the available recycling technologies for fiber reinforced composites of both low and high Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). TRL is a framework that has been used in many variations across industries to provide a measurement of technology maturity from idea generation (basic principles) to commercialization. In other words, this work should be treated as a technology review providing guidelines for the sustainable development of the industry that will benefit the society. The authors propose that one of the key aspects for the development of sustainable recycling technology is to identify the optimal recycling methods for different types of fiber reinforced composites. Why is that the case can be answered with a simple price comparison of E-glass fibers (~2 $/kg) versus a typical carbon fiber on the market (~20 $/kg)—which of the two is more valuable to recover? However, the answer is more complicated than that—the glass fiber constitutes about 90% of the modern reinforcement market, and it is clear that different technologies are needed. Therefore, this work aims to provide clear guidelines for economically and environmentally sustainable End-of-Life (EoL) solutions and development of the fiber reinforced composite material recycling.
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50
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Alabiso W, Hron TM, Reisinger D, Bautista-Anguís D, Schlögl S. Shape memory-assisted self-healing of dynamic thiol-acrylate networks. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By following shape-memory assisted self-healing (SMASH), we used the shape-memory properties of thiol-acrylate photopolymers to physically close a scratch, whilst chemical healing was obtained via thermo-activated dynamic exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Tiago Manuel Hron
- Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2/IV, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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