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Drakoulas G, Gortsas T, Polyzos E, Tsinopoulos S, Pyl L, Polyzos D. An explainable machine learning-based probabilistic framework for the design of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:987-1012. [PMID: 38416219 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, 3D-printed biodegradable scaffolds have shown great potential for bone repair in critical-size fractures. The differentiation of the cells on a scaffold is impacted among other factors by the surface deformation of the scaffold due to mechanical loading and the wall shear stresses imposed by the interstitial fluid flow. These factors are in turn significantly affected by the material properties, the geometry of the scaffold, as well as the loading and flow conditions. In this work, a numerical framework is proposed to study the influence of these factors on the expected osteochondral cell differentiation. The considered scaffold is rectangular with a 0/90 lay-down pattern and a four-layered strut made of polylactic acid with a 5% steel particle content. The distribution of the different types of cells on the scaffold surface is estimated through a scalar stimulus, calculated by using a mechanobioregulatory model. To reduce the simulation time for the computation of the stimulus, a probabilistic machine learning (ML)-based reduced-order model (ROM) is proposed. Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed using the Shapley additive explanations to examine the contribution of the various parameters to the framework stimulus predictions. In a final step, a multiobjective optimization procedure is implemented using genetic algorithms and the ROM, aiming to identify the material parameters and loading conditions that maximize the percentage of surface area populated by bone cells while minimizing the area corresponding to the other types of cells and the resorption condition. The results of the performed analysis highlight the potential of using ROMs for the scaffold design, by dramatically reducing the simulation time while enabling the efficient implementation of sensitivity analysis and optimization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Drakoulas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
| | - Theodore Gortsas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 26334, Patras, Greece.
| | - Efstratios Polyzos
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephanos Tsinopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 26334, Patras, Greece
| | - Lincy Pyl
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Demosthenes Polyzos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
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2
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Pattnaik A, Sanket AS, Pradhan S, Sahoo R, Das S, Pany S, Douglas TEL, Dandela R, Liu Q, Rajadas J, Pati S, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K, Samal SK. Designing of gradient scaffolds and their applications in tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2023; 296:122078. [PMID: 36921442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Gradient scaffolds are isotropic/anisotropic three-dimensional structures with gradual transitions in geometry, density, porosity, stiffness, etc., that mimic the biological extracellular matrix. The gradient structures in biological tissues play a major role in various functional and metabolic activities in the body. The designing of gradients in the scaffold can overcome the current challenges in the clinic compared to conventional scaffolds by exhibiting excellent penetration capacity for nutrients & cells, increased cellular adhesion, cell viability & differentiation, improved mechanical stability, and biocompatibility. In this review, the recent advancements in designing gradient scaffolds with desired biomimetic properties, and their implication in tissue regeneration applications have been briefly explained. Furthermore, the gradients in native tissues such as bone, cartilage, neuron, cardiovascular, skin and their specific utility in tissue regeneration have been discussed in detail. The insights from such advances using gradient-based scaffolds can widen the horizon for using gradient biomaterials in tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Pattnaik
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - A Swaroop Sanket
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, Odisha, India
| | - Rajashree Sahoo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sudiptee Das
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Swarnaprbha Pany
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Timothy E L Douglas
- Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Qiang Liu
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Regenerative Biomaterials Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California, 94304, USA
| | - Jaykumar Rajadas
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Regenerative Biomaterials Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California, 94304, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francusco (UCSF) School of Parmacy, California, USA
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sangram Keshari Samal
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
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Farazin A, Zhang C, Gheisizadeh A, Shahbazi A. 3D bio-printing for use as bone replacement tissues: A review of biomedical application. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2023.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Mantecón R, Marco M, Muñoz-Sanchez A, Youssef G, Díaz-Álvarez J, Miguélez H. Additive Manufacturing and Mechanical Characterization of PLA-Based Skull Surrogates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010058. [PMID: 36616407 PMCID: PMC9824150 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several occupational and leisure activities involve a high risk of head impacts, resulting in varying degrees of injuries with chronic consequences that adversely affect life quality. The design and manufacturing of effective head protections rely on proper head simulators to mimic the behavior to impact loading. 3D-printed human skulls are reported herein to address the need for reproducible, cost-effective, anatomically-correct surrogates. To demonstrate the viability of the investigated approach, surrogate bone sections and skulls were mechanically tested under quasi-static loading conditions. The 3D-printed bone sections were flexural tested, elucidating the effect of printing orientations and the sample geometry on their mechanical behavior. The printing orientation minimally influenced the results due to the high infill percentage, while the sample geometry played a major role in the flexural properties because of the change in the section properties. The surrogate skulls were submitted to lateral compression and frontal penetration tests to assess the impact of the sectioning strategy on the overall mechanical performance. Results indicate that PLA-based surrogates reasonably reproduce the behavior of skulls. In addition, the sectioning strategy elucidated the effect of skull sutures, while streamlining the additive manufacturing process. The outcomes lay the foundation for future research seeking a complete surrogate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Mantecón
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
- Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Miguel Marco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz-Sanchez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - George Youssef
- Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - José Díaz-Álvarez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Henar Miguélez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
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Feier AM, Portan D, Manu DR, Kostopoulos V, Kotrotsos A, Strnad G, Dobreanu M, Salcudean A, Bataga T. Primary MSCs for Personalized Medicine: Ethical Challenges, Isolation and Biocompatibility Evaluation of 3D Electrospun and Printed Scaffolds. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071563. [PMID: 35884868 PMCID: PMC9313419 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous cell therapy uses patients’ own cells to deliver precise and ideal treatment through a personalized medicine approach. Isolation of patients’ cells from residual tissue extracted during surgery involves specific planning and lab steps. In the present manuscript, a path from isolation to in vitro research with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from residual bone tissues is described as performed by a medical unit in collaboration with a research center. Ethical issues have been addressed by formulating appropriate harvesting protocols according to European regulations. Samples were collected from 19 patients; 10 of them were viable and after processing resulted in MSCs. MSCs were further differentiated in osteoblasts to investigate the biocompatibility of several 3D scaffolds produced by electrospinning and 3D printing technologies; traditional orthopedic titanium and nanostructured titanium substrates were also tested. 3D printed scaffolds proved superior compared to other substrates, enabling significantly improved response in osteoblast cells, indicating that their biomimetic structure and properties make them suitable for synthetic tissue engineering. The present research is a proof of concept that describes the process of primary stem cells isolation for in vitro research and opens avenues for the development of personalized cell platforms in the case of patients with orthopedic trauma. The demonstration model has promising perspectives in personalized medicine practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Marian Feier
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Diana Portan
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (D.R.M.); (M.D.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece; (V.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Doina Ramona Manu
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (D.R.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Vassilis Kostopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece; (V.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Athanasios Kotrotsos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece; (V.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Gabriela Strnad
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Minodora Dobreanu
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (D.R.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Andreea Salcudean
- Department of Ethics and Social Sciences, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Tiberiu Bataga
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
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Poly-Alanine-ε-Caprolacton-Methacrylate as Scaffold Material with Tuneable Biomechanical Properties for Osteochondral Implants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063115. [PMID: 35328536 PMCID: PMC8951525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An aging population and injury-related damage of the bone substance lead to an increasing need of innovative materials for the regeneration of osteochondral defects. Biodegradable polymers form the basis for suitable artificial implants intended for bone replacement or bone augmentation. The great advantage of these structures is the site-specific implant design, which leads to a considerable improvement in patient outcomes and significantly reduced post-operative regeneration times. Thus, biomechanical and biochemical parameters as well as the rate of degradation can be set by the selection of the polymer system and the processing technology. Within this study, we developed a polymer platform based on the amino acid Alanine and ε-Caprolacton for use as raw material for osteochondral implants. The biomechanical and degradation properties of these Poly-(Alanine-co-ε-Caprolacton)-Methacrylate (ACM) copolymers can be adjusted by changing the ratio of the monomers. Fabrication of artificial structures for musculo-skeletal tissue engineering was done by Two-Photon-Polymerization (2PP), which represents an innovative technique for generating defined scaffolds with tailor-made mechanical and structural properties. Here we show the synthesis, physicochemical characterization, as well as first results for structuring ACM using 2PP technology. The data demonstrate the high potential of ACM copolymers as precursors for the fabrication of biomimetic implants for bone-cartilage reconstruction.
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Yang M, Chen X, Zhu L, Lin S, Li C, Li X, Huang K, Xu W. Aptamer-Functionalized DNA-Silver Nanocluster Nanofilm for Visual Detection and Elimination of Bacteria. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38647-38655. [PMID: 34347427 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a new type of nanomaterial, DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs) have been widely studied because of their fluorescence and antibacterial properties. In this study, we combined the DNA-AgNCs with aptamers of bacteria to achieve a novel approach for the visual detection and effective elimination of bacteria. The aptamers of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were linked to G-rich sequences to achieve fluorescence enhancement when approaching the DNA-AgNCs. The capture of aptamers not only realized the visual monitoring of bacteria but also promoted the antibacterial effects. Additionally, a fluorescent nanofilm with excellent selectivity and antibacterial activity in the detection and elimination of S. aureus was developed based on the DNA-AgNCs. These aptamer-functionalized DNA-AgNCs show significant potential for many applications in food packaging and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shenghao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residue, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Cao M, Li J, Wu M, Zhang H, Zheng S, Liu H, Yang M. Combining 'grafting to' and 'grafting from' to synthesize comb-like NCC-g-PLA as a macromolecular modifying agent of PLA. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:385601. [PMID: 34130270 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0b63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The surface modification of nano particles is very important in nanotechnology. Grafting from (GF) and grafting to (GT) are two main methods to prepare surface modified nanoparticles like nanocellulose crystalline (NCC) grafted with polylactic acid (PLA) chains. In the GF method, the NCC can get high grafting degree but short side chains to improve its compatibility with the polymer matrix. The GT method can help obtain long side chains to increase the chain entanglements but owns low grafting density. To take the advantage of both methods, a mixed modification method combining GT and GF methods was put forward to synthesize comb-like NCC-g-PLA (NP) as a macromolecular modifying agent of PLA. Firstly, GT Method was used to obtain long side-chain NP to improve chain entanglement. Secondly, the GF method was applied to obtain NP-g-PLA (NPL) and NP-g-PDLA (NPD) with additional short side chains to improve its dispersion and compatibility in the PLA matrix. The products showed an enhanced nucleation effect, the degree of crystallinity (Xc) of PLA composites increased almost four times with only 1 wt% NPD or NPL. What's more, the storage modulus and loss modulus of the composite melts also increased with 1 wt% NPL or NPD. The NPD/PLA shows a higher effect than NPL/PLA owning to stronger interaction originated from the stereocomplex (SC) network of PLA matrix with PDLA short chains in NPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Jiang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiu Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Cao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodi Zheng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hesheng Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
- East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Zaszczyńska A, Moczulska-Heljak M, Gradys A, Sajkiewicz P. Advances in 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3149. [PMID: 34201163 PMCID: PMC8226963 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds have enormous significance for the possibility of regeneration of complex tissue structures or even whole organs. Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques allow fabricating TE scaffolds, having an extremely complex structure, in a repeatable and precise manner. Moreover, they enable the easy application of computer-assisted methods to TE scaffold design. The latest additive manufacturing techniques open up opportunities not otherwise available. This study aimed to summarize the state-of-art field of 3D printing techniques in applications for tissue engineering with a focus on the latest advancements. The following topics are discussed: systematics of the available 3D printing techniques applied for TE scaffold fabrication; overview of 3D printable biomaterials and advancements in 3D-printing-assisted tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Zaszczyńska
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maryla Moczulska-Heljak
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gradys
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Sajkiewicz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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