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Bourgi R, Hardan L, Cuevas-Suárez CE, Devoto W, Kassis C, Kharma K, Harouny R, Ashi T, Mancino D, Kharouf N, Haikel Y. Effectiveness of Different Application Modalities on the Bond Performance of Four Polymeric Adhesive Systems to Dentin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3924. [PMID: 37835974 PMCID: PMC10574991 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals of adhesive dentistry is to improve the interaction of the already-existing adhesives with different substrates by using different application techniques. Thus, the objective of the present in vitro study was to assess the bond performance of four adhesive systems, Prime&Bond Universal (PBU), Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), OptiBond Universal (OBU), and OptiBond FL (OBFL), to dentin using various application modes: passive application (PA), active application (AA), Compo-Vibes modified application (CVM), and Compo-Vibes application (CV). Eighty extracted human molars were allocated into four groups based on the application modalities tested. The micro-tensile bond strength as well as fracture mode were tested in accordance with ISO/TS 11.405 after 24 h and 6 months of aging. Adhesive contact angle (CA) and scanning electron microscope analysis were also performed (n = 3). Statistical tests were performed with α = 0.05. After 24 h, a significant difference with a higher bond strength value was found for PBU in the AA modality and for CSE in the CVM modality (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was shown between the techniques used among the other adhesives (OBFL and OBU). Moreover, at 24 h, only the PA demonstrated significant differences between the tested materials (p < 0.05). After 6 months, CSE, PBU, and OBU demonstrated significant differences between the techniques (p < 0.05), with a higher bond strength for CSE in AA and CVM modalities, for PBU in AA modality, and for OBU in AA and PA modalities. No significant differences were found between the techniques used among the OBFL (p > 0.05). In addition, only the CVM technique demonstrated significant differences between the tested materials after 6 months. CV and CVM showed a decreased value after aging for CSE and PBU, respectively. However, all the modalities decreased for OBU and OBFL after aging. All the adhesives showed marked resin infiltration into dentinal tubules in AA among all the modalities tested. Both universal adhesive systems (OBU and PBU) demonstrated statistically lower CA when compared to the other systems (CSE and OBFL) (p < 0.05) when applied in the PA mode. Concerning the AA mode, only CSE and OBFL were tested. The AA demonstrated lower CA values compared to the same adhesives in PA (p < 0.05). It could be concluded that the bond strength could be influenced by both materials and application techniques. It seems that the AA technique could be recommended as a gold standard for the application of an adhesive system to dentin. Plus, the CV and CVM modalities after 6 months of aging were considered stable for PBU and CSE, respectively. Consequently, the performance of these adhesive systems might vary when applied to other modalities. Future studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Bourgi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.B.); (L.H.); (C.K.); (K.K.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (T.A.); (D.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.B.); (L.H.); (C.K.); (K.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico;
| | - Walter Devoto
- Independent Researcher, 16030 Sestri Levante, Italy;
| | - Cynthia Kassis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.B.); (L.H.); (C.K.); (K.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Khalil Kharma
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.B.); (L.H.); (C.K.); (K.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Ryan Harouny
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.B.); (L.H.); (C.K.); (K.K.); (R.H.)
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Division of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Tarek Ashi
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (T.A.); (D.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (T.A.); (D.M.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (T.A.); (D.M.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (T.A.); (D.M.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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2
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Tebyaniyan H, Hussain A, Vivian M. Current antibacterial agents in dental bonding systems: a comprehensive overview. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:825-844. [PMID: 37668450 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is mainly caused by oral biofilm acid, and the most common dental restoration treatment is composite dental restorations. The main cause of failure is secondary caries adjacent to the restoration. Long-term survival of dental materials is improved by the presence of antibacterial agents, which selectively inhibit bacterial growth or survival. Chemical, natural and biomaterials have been studied for their antimicrobial activities and antibacterial bonding agents have been improved. Their usage has been increased to inhibit the growth of invading and residual bacteria in the oral cavity, as biofilm accumulation increases the risk of treatment failure. In this article, the success and applications of antibacterial agents are discussed in dental bonding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Department of Science & Research, Islimic Azade University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- School of Dentistry, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Mark Vivian
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E4, Canada
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3
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El Hachem C, Chedid JCA, Nehme W, Kaloustian MK, Ghosn N, Rabineau M, Kharouf N, Haikel Y, Mancino D. The Contribution of Various In Vitro Methodologies to Comprehending the Filling Ability of Root Canal Pastes in Primary Teeth. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:818. [PMID: 37508845 PMCID: PMC10376379 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A void-free obturation during root canal treatment on primary teeth is currently very difficult to attain. In this study, the pulpectomy filling abilities of Bio-C Pulpecto (Angelus, Basil, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil) and of zinc oxide eugenol, or "ZOE" (DenPro, Prevest, New York, NY, USA), were compared using several in vitro techniques. Therefore, 30 primary anterior teeth were used in the present in vitro study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), including a multiple comparison procedure (Holm-Sidak method, Dunn's Method, or Tukey test), was used. On micro-CT, Bio-C Pulpecto exhibited higher void percentages than did ZOE (10.3 ± 3.8%, and 3.5 ± 1.3%), respectively (p < 0.05). With digital microscopy, higher total void percentages were found in the BC (13.2 ± 26.7%) group compared to the ZOE (2.7 ± 2.8%) group (p < 0.05). With the CLSM, mean tubular penetration depths were higher for Bio-C Pulpecto than for ZOE in all canal thirds (p < 0.05). SEM images demonstrated no tags into dentinal tubules in either group throughout the three thirds. Moreover, higher statistically significant flowability was found for Bio-C (2.657 ± 0.06 mm) compared to ZOE (1.8 ± 0.13 mm) (p < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that neither ZOE nor Bio-C Pulpecto appears to meet the criteria for an ideal root canal filling paste for primary teeth. This study laid the groundwork for future research by determining how micro-CT, digital microscopy, SEM, and CLSM contribute to our understanding of the filling process of primary teeth. More thorough research on the mechanism of root canal obturation on primary teeth is required to achieve a long-term successful root canal therapy in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire El Hachem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Jean Claude Abou Chedid
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Walid Nehme
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, 155 5th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Marc Krikor Kaloustian
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Nabil Ghosn
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Morgane Rabineau
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg and Fédération des Matériaux et Nanoscience d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Abuljadayel R, Aljadani N, Almutairi H, Turkistani A. Effect of Antibacterial Agents on Dentin Bond Strength of Bioactive Restorative Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2612. [PMID: 37376257 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating dentin surfaces with antibacterial agents prior to bonding bioactive restorations might affect their mechanical properties. In this study, we evaluated the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of bioactive restorative materials. Dentin discs were treated with SDF for 60 s or CHX for 20 s and bonded with four restorative materials, namely Activa Bioactive Restorative (AB), Beautifil II (BF), Fuji II LC (FJ), and Surefil One (SO). Control discs were bonded without treatment (n = 10). SBS was determined using a universal testing machine, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for the evaluation of the failure mode and the cross-sectional examination of adhesive interfaces. The SBS of each material between different treatments and of the different materials within each treatment were compared via a Kruskal-Wallis test. The SBS of AB and BF was significantly higher than that of FJ and SO in the control and CHX groups (p < 0.01). In the latter, SBS was higher in FJ than SO (p < 0.01). SO had a higher value with SDF compared to CHX (p = 0.01). The SBS of SDF-treated FJ was higher than that of the control (p < 0.01). SEM showed a more homogenous and improved interface of FJ and SO with SDF. Neither CHX nor SDF compromised the dentin bonding of bioactive restorative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roaa Abuljadayel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Aljadani
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazim Almutairi
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Turkistani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Boaru MO, Tărăboanță I, Stoleriu S, Andrian S, Pancu G, Nica I, Sufaru IG, Iovan G. The Influence of Chlorhexidine Gluconate Dentine Pre-Treatment on Adhesive Interface and Marginal Sealing. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020278. [PMID: 36837479 PMCID: PMC9963215 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the combined effect of a 2% chlorhexidine aqueous solution and a universal adhesive system applied in self-etch and etch-and-rinse strategies on the composite resin-dentin interface. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the facial and lingual surfaces of forty caries-free molars extracted for orthodontic reasons. The samples were randomly divided into two groups corresponding to the used etching protocol: I-etch-and-rinse; II-self-etch. In each tooth, one cavity was assigned for the control subgroups -IA (n = 20) and IIA (n = 20)-adhesive only, and the opposite cavity was pretreated with a 2% chlorhexidine solution-Gluco CHeX Cerkamed-subgroups IB (n = 20) and IIB (n = 20). Both sets of groups were restored using a universal adhesive system (Single Bond Universal Adhesive, 3M-ESPE) and a bulk-fill composite resin (Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative, 3M-ESPE). The roots and the pulp tissue were then removed, and a needle connected to a perfusor with 100 mL saline solution was used for pulp pressure simulation with a hydrostatic pressure of 20 cm H2O. Cariogenic attack was simulated using a demineralizing solution for 3 days at a constant temperature of 25 °C. The teeth were then sectioned in a facial-lingual direction and the microleakages at the occlusal and cervical margins were registered and scored using an optical Carl-Zeiss AXIO Imager A1m microscope (Carl-Zeiss). The composite resin-dentin interface was analyzed using a SEM Vega Tescan LMH II. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Microleakage evaluation showed no significant differences among the study groups (p > 0.05). In subgroup IA, significant differences were recorded between occlusal and cervical margins (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Application of chlorhexidine on tooth substrate before using a universal bonding system in total etch or self-etch mode has no influence on the adhesive interface in the condition of cariogenic attack. The thickness of the adhesive resin layer seems to be less uniform when using chlorhexidine, but the morphological differences at the adhesive interface have no influence on the sealing capacity of the universal bonding system, regardless of the etching strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ionuț Tărăboanță
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (S.S.); Tel.: +40-722-570-053 (I.T.); +40-745-106-066 (S.S.)
| | - Simona Stoleriu
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (S.S.); Tel.: +40-722-570-053 (I.T.); +40-745-106-066 (S.S.)
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6
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Special Issue "Recent Advances in Biomaterials and Dental Disease" Part I. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010055. [PMID: 36671627 PMCID: PMC9854530 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral cavities provide an entry point for food and nutrients [...].
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López-Ruiz M, Navas F, Fernández-García P, Martínez-Erro S, Fuentes MV, Giráldez I, Ceballos L, Ferrer-Luque CM, Ruiz-Linares M, Morales V, Sanz R, García-Muñoz RA. L-arginine-containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles embedded in dental adhesive (Arg@MSN@DAdh) for targeting cariogenic bacteria. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:502. [PMID: 36457046 PMCID: PMC9714087 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is the major biofilm-mediated oral disease in the world. The main treatment to restore caries lesions consists of the use of adhesive resin composites due to their good properties. However, the progressive degradation of the adhesive in the medium term makes possible the proliferation of cariogenic bacteria allowing secondary caries to emerge. In this study, a dental adhesive incorporating a drug delivery system based on L-arginine-containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) was used to release this essential amino acid as a source of basicity to neutralize the harmful acidic conditions that mediate the development of dental secondary caries. The in vitro and bacterial culture experiments proved that L-arginine was released in a sustained way from MSNs and diffused out from the dental adhesive, effectively contributing to the reduction of the bacterial strains Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. Furthermore, the mechanical and bonding properties of the dental adhesive did not change significantly after the incorporation of L-arginine-containing MSNs. These results are yielding glimmers of promise for the cost-effective prevention of secondary caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Ruiz
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Faculty of Health Sciences, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navas
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipán S/N Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández-García
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipán S/N Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Martínez-Erro
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipán S/N Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Victoria Fuentes
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Faculty of Health Sciences, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Giráldez
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Faculty of Health Sciences, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ceballos
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Faculty of Health Sciences, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mª Ferrer-Luque
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Matilde Ruiz-Linares
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Victoria Morales
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipán S/N Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Sanz
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipán S/N Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael A. García-Muñoz
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipán S/N Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
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Degradation and Stabilization of Resin-Dentine Interfaces in Polymeric Dental Adhesives: An Updated Review. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12081094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Instability of the dentine-resin interface is owed to the partial/incomplete penetration of the resin adhesives in the collagen fibrils. However, interfacial hydrolysis of the resin-matrix hybrid layer complex activates the collagenolytic and esterase enzymes that cause the degradation of the hybrid layer. Adequate hybridization is often prevented due to the water trapped between the interfibrillar spaces of the collagen network. Cyclic fatigue rupture and denaturation of the exposed collagen fibrils have been observed on repeated application of masticatory forces. To prevent interfacial microstructure, various approaches have been explored. Techniques that stabilize the resin–dentine bond have utilized endogenous proteases inhibitors, cross linking agents’ incorporation in the exposed collagen fibrils, an adhesive system free of water, and methods to increase the monomer penetration into the adhesives interface. Therefore, it is important to discover and analyze the causes of interfacial degradation and discover methods to stabilize the hybrid layer to execute new technique and materials. To achieve a predictable and durable adhesive resin, restoration is a solution to the many clinical problems arising due to microleakage, loss of integrity of the restoration, secondary caries, and postoperative sensitivity. To enhance the longevity of the resin-dentine bond strength, several experimental strategies have been carried out to improve the resistance to enzymatic degradation by inhibiting intrinsic collagenolytic activity. In addition, biomimetic remineralization research has advanced considerably to contemporary approaches of both intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar remineralization of dental hard tissues. Thus, in the presence of biomimetic analog complete remineralization of collagen, fibers are identified.
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9
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Harouny R, Hardan L, Harouny E, Kassis C, Bourgi R, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Kharouf N, Ball V, Khairallah C. Adhesion of Resin to Lithium Disilicate with Different Surface Treatments before and after Salivary Contamination—An In-Vitro Study. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070286. [PMID: 35877337 PMCID: PMC9312288 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary contamination occurring at the try-in procedures of lithium disilicate (LDS) can jeopardize their bond strength. Various laboratory reports have concluded that applying 37% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) could be considered as a predictable way of removing salivary contaminants. An experimental method that consists of sealing the intaglio of the ceramic restorations with a layer of cured adhesive could allow consequent time saving for dental practitioners. It is, besides, necessary to establish an optimal decontamination protocol. Hence, this study aimed to determine the most efficient surface treatment, before and after salivary contamination, by comparing the adhesion between resin and LDS. In order to do so, five groups of ten specimens (n = 10) each underwent the different types of surface treatments before bonding, followed by 2500 cycles in the thermocycler. A shear bond strength (SBS) test was then conducted on a universal testing machine (YLE GmbH Waldstraße Bad König, Germany), followed by a fracture-type analysis on an optical microscope (Olympus BX53, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan). Statistical analysis was set with a level of significance of α = 0.05. The surface treatment significantly affected the SBS results. The decontamination with HF (12.59 ± 2.71 MPa) and H3PO4 (13.11 ± 1.03 MPa) obtained the highest values, silanizing only before contamination obtained intermediate values (11.74 ± 3.49 MPa), and silanizing both before and after the salivary contamination (10.41 ± 2.75 MPa) along with applying a bonding agent before contamination (9.65 ± 1.99 MPa) resulted in the lowest values. In conclusion, H3PO4 proved to be efficient, thus, allowing the practitioner to avoid the clinical use of HF; it can, therefore, be considered as a valid alternative. Presilanization and resilanization of specimens, along with applying a bonding agent before contamination, did not yield satisfying results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Harouny
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.H.); (L.H.); (E.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.); (C.K.)
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Division of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.H.); (L.H.); (E.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Elie Harouny
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.H.); (L.H.); (E.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Cynthia Kassis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.H.); (L.H.); (E.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Rim Bourgi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.H.); (L.H.); (E.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.); (C.K.)
| | | | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Ball
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Khairallah
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.H.); (L.H.); (E.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.); (C.K.)
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10
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The Cytotoxicity of OptiBond Solo Plus and Its Effect on Sulfur Enzymes Expression in Human Fibroblast Cell Line Hs27. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the cytotoxic concentrations and incubation times of the commonly used dental adhesive system OptiBond Solo Plus in its non-polymerized form, and to test how it relates to oxidative stress by determining the reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) levels as well as to study its influence on cell number and the expression of selected sulfur enzymes, with particular emphasis on cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) and 3-mercaptopyruvate (MPST), sulfurtransferase. All investigations were conducted on an in vitro model of human fibroblast cell line Hs27. Changes in cellular plasma membrane integrity were measured by the LDH test. The expression levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot protocols. Changes in cell number were visualized using crystal violet staining. The RP-HPLC method was used to determine the GSH and GSSG levels. Reduced cell number was shown for all tested concentrations and times. Changes in the expression on the mRNA and protein level were demonstrated for CTH and MPST enzymes upon exposure to the tested range of OptiBond concentrations. Levels of low-molecular sulfur compounds of reduced and oxidized glutathione were also established. Cytotoxic effect of OptiBond Solo Plus may be connected with the changes of MPST and CTH sulfur enzymes in the human fibroblast Hs27 cell line. The elevated levels of these enzymes could possibly show the antioxidant response to this dental adhesive system. OptiBond Solo Plus in vitro results should be taken into consideration for further in vivo tests.
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11
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Kharouf N, Sauro S, Hardan L, Fawzi A, Suhanda IE, Zghal J, Addiego F, Affolter-Zbaraszczuk C, Arntz Y, Ball V, Meyer F, Haikel Y, Mancino D. Impacts of Resveratrol and Pyrogallol on Physicochemical, Mechanical and Biological Properties of Epoxy-Resin Sealers. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030085. [PMID: 35324774 PMCID: PMC8945518 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the physicochemical and biological properties of experimental epoxy-resin sealers containing polyphenols such as resveratrol and pyrogallol. A conventional epoxy resin (OB) was modified by adding different concentrations of resveratrol (RS) or pyrogallol (PY) to its composition. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities, mechanical properties, along with wettability and morphological changes were investigated. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05). The incorporation of the tested polyphenols into the epoxy resin enhanced its mechanical properties. PY demonstrated much better antioxidant and antibacterial activities than RS, which were associated with a higher release of PY. In contrast, PY showed a higher cytotoxicity than OB and OB doped with RS. OB containing PY presented a rougher surface and higher water absorption than OB doped with RS. Both tested polyphenols caused no notable changes to the overall porosity of OB. Resveratrol and pyrogallol may not only influence the morphology and mechanical properties of epoxy-resin sealers, but could also enhance antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis. Most epoxy-resin sealers currently available in the market can be considered as “passive” materials. Thus, doping their composition with specific polyphenols may be a suitable strategy to confer some antibacterial properties, antioxidant potential, along with improvement of some mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji Kharouf
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)66-752-2841
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 11072180, Lebanon;
| | - Amr Fawzi
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Ilona Eveline Suhanda
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Jihed Zghal
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357 CNRS, Mechanics Department, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Laboratoire Energetique Mecanique Electromagnetisme, University of Paris Ouest, 50 rue de Sèvres, 92410 Ville d’Avray, France
| | - Frédéric Addiego
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg;
| | - Christine Affolter-Zbaraszczuk
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Youri Arntz
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Vincent Ball
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Florent Meyer
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Does Multi-Fiber-Reinforced Composite-Post Influence the Filling Ability and the Bond Strength in Root Canal? Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8120195. [PMID: 34940348 PMCID: PMC8698466 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present in vitro study was to investigate the bond strength of root canal dentin and the filling ability of a new multi-fiber-reinforced composite post (mFRC) compared to a conventional single fiber-reinforced-composite post (sFRC). Twenty-eight freshly maxillary first permanent single-rooted premolars were instrumented and divided into groups (n = 14). Group 1: single-fiber-reinforced composite (sFRC), group 2: multi-fiber-reinforced composite (mFRC). Bonding procedures were performed using a dual-cure universal adhesive system and resin cement. All specimens were sectioned so that seven discs of 1 mm of thickness were obtained from each root. An optical microscope was used before the push-out test to measure the total area of the voids and to determine the length of the smaller/bigger circumferences. The push-out bond strength (PBS) test was performed using an Instron universal testing machine. Data were then compared by one-way ANOVA on ranks (α = 0.05). The dentin–cement–post interface was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At the coronal third, a significantly higher bond strength (p < 0.05) was obtained in the sFRC group (44.7 ± 13.1 MPa) compared to the mFRC group (37.2 ± 9.2 MPa). No significant difference was detected between the groups at the middle third (sFRC group “33.7 ± 12.5 MPa” and mFRC group “32.6 ± 12.4 MPa”) (p > 0.05). Voids were significantly lower in the mFRC compared to those observed in the sFRC group (p < 0.05) at the coronal third. Whereas, no significant difference was found at the middle third (p > 0.05) between the tested groups. Filling ability was overall improved when employing mFRC, although such technique might have characteristic limitations concerning the bond strength to dentin.
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Belmar da Costa M, Delgado AHS, Amorim Afonso T, Proença L, Ramos AS, Mano Azul A. Investigating a Commercial Functional Adhesive with 12-MDPB and Reactive Filler to Strengthen the Adhesive Interface in Eroded Dentin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203562. [PMID: 34685320 PMCID: PMC8538624 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the adhesive interface of eroded dentin formed by a functional dental adhesive and a gold standard strategy, by testing microtensile bond strength (μTBS), hardness/elastic modulus. Permanent sound human molars were randomly allocated to four experimental groups, all subject to artificial erosion (0.05 M citric acid; 3× daily, 5 days). Groups included control Clearfil SE Bond 2 (CFSE), and experimental group Clearfil SE Protect (CFP), at two different time points-immediate (24 h) and long term (3 months–3 M). Samples were sectioned into microspecimens for μTBS (n = 8) and into 2-mm thick slabs for nanoindentation assays (n = 3). Groups CFSE_3M and CFP_3M were stored in artificial saliva. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA for μTBS data, while hardness/modulus results were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis H Test (significance level of 5%; SPSS v.27.0). Although no significant differences were found between mean μTBS values, for different adhesives and time points (p > 0.05), a positive trend, with μTBS rising in the CFP_3M group, was observed. Regarding hardness, no significant differences were seen in the hybrid layer, considering the two variables (p > 0.05), while the reduced elastic modulus rose in CFP_3M when compared to 24 h. Thus, CFP shows similar mechanical and adhesive performance to CFSE in eroded dentin, although it may comprise promising long-term results. This is advantageous in eroded substrates due to their increased enzymatic activity and need for remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Belmar da Costa
- Unit of Conservative Dentistry, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (M.B.d.C.); (T.A.A.); (A.M.A.)
| | - António HS Delgado
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
- Division of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomás Amorim Afonso
- Unit of Conservative Dentistry, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (M.B.d.C.); (T.A.A.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Luís Proença
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
| | - Ana Sofia Ramos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ana Mano Azul
- Unit of Conservative Dentistry, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (M.B.d.C.); (T.A.A.); (A.M.A.)
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
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14
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Iliev G, Hardan L, Kassis C, Bourgi R, Cuevas-Suárez CE, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Mancino D, Haikel Y, Kharouf N. Shelf Life and Storage Conditions of Universal Adhesives: A Literature Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162708. [PMID: 34451245 PMCID: PMC8400728 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents state of the art universal adhesive systems and the effect of shelf-life and storage conditions on their bond performance. Three topics are explored in this review: an introduction to the topic, the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of the hybrid layer, and the factors that play a role in the stability of universal adhesives. In addition, issues such as potential durability and clinical importance are discussed. Universal adhesive systems are promising but must be handled and stored according to the manufacturer's instructions, with careful attention given to the details of shelf-life and storage conditions for maximal success. It appears that the components of universal adhesives play an important role in their stability. Furthermore, HEMA-free formulations using methacrylamides lead to longer shelf-life. Further research is needed to prove these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Iliev
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (L.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Cynthia Kassis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (L.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Rim Bourgi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (L.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | | | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (D.M.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (D.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (D.M.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-66752-2841
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15
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Wawrzynkiewicz A, Rozpedek-Kaminska W, Galita G, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Lapinska B, Sokolowski J, Majsterek I. The Toxicity of Universal Dental Adhesives: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162653. [PMID: 34451192 PMCID: PMC8400476 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no consensus in the literature regarding the potential toxicity of universal dental adhesives (UDA). Being used in close proximity to the pulp, their biocompatibility should be an important factor in dental research. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of UDA in an in vitro model. The study was performed using a monocyte/macrophage peripheral blood SC cell line (ATCC CRL-9855) on four specific UDA, namely: All-Bond Universal (Bisco); CLEARFIL Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray); G-Premio BOND (GC); Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE). The cytotoxicity of the investigated UDA was measured using the XTT colorimetric assay. The genotoxicity of the analyzed compounds was evaluated using an alkaline version of the comet assay. Furthermore, flow cytometry (FC) apoptosis detection was performed using the FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I. FC cell-cycle arrest assessment was performed using propidium iodide staining. The study observed significant differences in the toxicity of the UDA that were tested, as G-Premio BOND showed significant in vitro toxicity in all of the tests performed, while All-Bond Universal, CLEARFIL Universal Bond Quick and Single Bond Universal did not present any significant toxic effects toward SC cell line. The in vitro toxicity of UDA should be taken into consideration prior to in vivo and clinical studies. The flow cytometry could improve the accuracy of dental materials research and should be incorporated into the standardization criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wawrzynkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (W.R.-K.); (G.G.)
| | - Wioletta Rozpedek-Kaminska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (W.R.-K.); (G.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Galita
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (W.R.-K.); (G.G.)
| | - Monika Lukomska-Szymanska
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.-S.); (B.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Barbara Lapinska
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.-S.); (B.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jerzy Sokolowski
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.-S.); (B.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (W.R.-K.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-5300
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