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Baranowska W, Rzepna M, Ostrowski P, Lewandowska H. Radiation and Radical Grafting Compatibilization of Polymers for Improved Bituminous Binders-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1642. [PMID: 38612155 PMCID: PMC11012479 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This review scrutinizes current research on new methods for enhancing bituminous binder performance through radiation and radical grafting of polymer modifiers of bitumen. It investigates innovative methods, including using waste polymers as modifiers and applying radiation for polymer grafting, to overcome challenges like high costs, low aging resistance, and storage stability issues, of which separation of phases polymer/bitumen is the most significant obstacle. These advanced modification techniques promise sustainability through the decrease of the carbon footprint of transportation systems by improving the properties and durability of binders. Additionally, this review discusses the parameters and mechanistic aspects from a scientific perspective, shedding light on the underlying processes that contribute to the improved performance of modified bituminous binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Baranowska
- Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
- ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., 39 Łukasiewicz St., 09-400 Płock, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rzepna
- Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Ostrowski
- ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., 39 Łukasiewicz St., 09-400 Płock, Poland
- Department of Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Hanna Lewandowska
- Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
- School of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59, 01-043 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Dyuryagina A, Byzova Y, Ostrovnoy K, Demyanenko A, Lutsenko A, Shirina T. Increasing the Adhesion of Bitumen to the Surface of Mineral Fillers through Modification with a Recycled Polymer and Surfactant Obtained from Oil Refining Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:714. [PMID: 38475396 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to optimize the processes of wetting fillers by varying the content of such additives as a surfactant and polymer in bitumen-mineral compositions in order to achieve optimal performance. The cosine of the contact angle was used as a criterion for assessing the adhesion of the bitumen binder to the surface of crushed stone. The effect of the additives' concentration on surface tension and adhesive efficiency in binary and ternary bitumen compositions was studied. The following chemicals were used as additives: the original product AS-1, industrial additive AMDOR-10, and used sealant AG-4I, a product based on polyisobutylene and petroleum oils. AS-1 was obtained from the oil refining waste in the laboratory of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University. The ternary "bitumen-AG-4I-AS-1" composition provided a maximum decrease in the contact angle by 15.96° (gray crushed stone) and by 14.06° (red crushed stone) relative to original bitumen, providing better wettability of the mineral filler particles with the bitumen, and as a result, maximum adhesion between the bitumen and crushed stone. The optimal performance of the bitumen-mineral composition was recorded with the joint presence of additives in the bitumen: AS-1 at a level of 1.0 g/dm3 and AG-4I at a level of 1.0 g/dm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Dyuryagina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuliya Byzova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kirill Ostrovnoy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexandr Demyanenko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aida Lutsenko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Tatyana Shirina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
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3
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Lazăr S, Dobrotă D, Breaz RE, Racz SG. Eco-Design of Polymer Matrix Composite Parts: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3634. [PMID: 37688260 PMCID: PMC10490263 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This research presents a series of analyses related to the eco-design of polymer matrix composite parts, addressing various aspects of it. The main objective was to clarify the definition of ecological design, the benefits of its implementation and its importance in all stages of obtaining a product (design, manufacturing, recycling). Global environmental issues are presented, emphasizing the importance of adopting sustainable approaches in product design and manufacturing. Special attention is paid to the analysis of waste recycling technologies for polymer matrix composite materials. The analysis carried out identifies specific ecological design principles applicable to these materials and presents recent trends in the field. Relevant case studies are highlighted, demonstrating the benefits of ecological design in order to obtain sustainable products. Additionally, the conducted research allowed for finding answers to the questions "what", "why", "when" and "how" it is necessary to apply the principles of eco-design in the case of composite materials with a polymer matrix. In general, the research promotes eco-design as an indispensable strategy for sustainable and responsible production, inspiring companies to adopt these principles for the benefit of the environment and their business performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Radu-Eugen Breaz
- Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania; (S.L.); (D.D.); (S.-G.R.)
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Boom YJ, Enfrin M, Grist S, Giustozzi F. Analysis of possible carcinogenic compounds in recycled plastic modified asphalt. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159910. [PMID: 36336045 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of recycled plastics in asphalt mixtures is getting a growing interest, however, exposing recycled plastics to the high working temperatures of asphalt has posed health and safety concerns. Few studies have paid attention to assessing health and environmental risks concerning recycled plastic-modified asphalt. This study investigates the release of 6 carcinogenic compounds from asphalt modified with recycled plastics, 4 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The concentration of each compound was quantified by GC-MS. Human health risk assessments were conducted using probabilistic methods to assess the risk for an average Australian construction worker to get non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health issues when exposed to conventional and plastic-modified asphalt fumes. Results showed that non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks related to VOC carcinogens (benzene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and styrene) are negligible while PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene) constitute a possible non-carcinogenic risk and low carcinogenic risk for workers exposed to asphalt fumes. Overall the incorporation of recycled plastic in asphalt reduced the risk for workers to get non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health issues compared to conventional asphalt mixes. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: With increasing trends of using recycled plastics as road materials, concerns about the exposure of workers to carcinogenic gaseous emissions have been raised. This study demonstrates a non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment on exposure to recycled plastic modified asphalt fumes. The findings suggest that recycled plastics decrease non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks compared to conventional asphalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Jia Boom
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 124 La Trobe St, VIC, 3001 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marie Enfrin
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 124 La Trobe St, VIC, 3001 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Grist
- Analytical Chemistry, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 124 La Trobe St, VIC, 3001 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Filippo Giustozzi
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 124 La Trobe St, VIC, 3001 Melbourne, Australia.
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5
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Mazurek G, Šrámek J, Buczyński P. Composition Optimisation of Selected Waste Polymer-Modified Bitumen. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15248714. [PMID: 36556521 PMCID: PMC9782011 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Waste plastomer disposal is currently a major challenge facing modern economies. This article reports on a study and analysis regarding the implementation of plastomers into bitumen, with a special focus on the influence of mixing process factors. Two plastomers were selected for analysis, PP and PET, and two bitumen types, 20/30 and 70/100, were modified. Determination of the basic characteristics, such as penetration, softening temperature, cohesion energy, and Fraass temperature, was complemented with advanced multiple-stress creep recovery (MSCR) rheological testing. The entire experimental process followed the Plackett−Burman design. Rheological effects of modified bitumen were evaluated using the generalized Maxwell model. Microstructural analysis with epi-fluorescence microscopy showed the ability of plastomer-modified bitumen to obtain a fine-grained structure with a particle size of <10 μm. In addition, creep susceptibility (Jnr) was found to be statistically significantly dependent on the polymer type and particle size, rotational speed, and bitumen type. In turn, the particle dispersion structure in the bitumen matrix significantly depended on the rotational speed, plastomer particle size, and mixing temperature. Ultimately, the process of bitumen 70/100 modification was optimized. It was demonstrated, following the experimental design, that by using fine-grained PP for a temperature of 160 °C, rotational speed of about 6300 rpm and time of 105 min, it is possible to obtain modified bitumen with rheological properties very similar to those of modified bitumen PmB 45/80-55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mazurek
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Juraj Šrámek
- Department of Construction Management, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 01001 Zilina, Slovakia
| | - Przemysław Buczyński
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Cazan C. Advances in Sustainable Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224972. [PMID: 36433099 PMCID: PMC9692387 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable polymeric materials are materials of great technological importance and are specially created to meet unique demands regarding: mechanical resistance and rigidity; corrosion resistance; resistance to the action of chemical agents; low weight; dimensional stability; resistance to variable stress, shock and wear; insulating properties; and aesthetics [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cazan
- Renewable Energy Systems and Recycling Research Center, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
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7
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Modification of Bitumen with Recycled PET Plastics from Waste Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214719. [PMID: 36365712 PMCID: PMC9656954 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays in the world, due to the constant desire for recycling, many countries are considering the use of recycled plastics on roads. Modification of bitumen for roads in Kazakhstan is considered one of the most suitable and popular approaches. This paper presents the results of research on the modification of bitumen by recycled plastics from waste materials. The paper describes the details of the use of plastic waste as bitumen modifiers, with a specific focus on recycled plastics and how they can potentially be used to enhance bitumen performance and the road durability. The main physical and mechanical characteristics of the modified bitumen were determined after routine tests, penetration and plasticity, softening temperature, brittleness temperature on Fraas and microscopic analysis. The morphology of the modified bitumen was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm that the modified bitumen complies with the requirements for polymer-bitumen binder of Kazakhstani standards and is suitable for the production of modified bitumen by its physical and chemical characteristics.
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8
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Fazylzyanova GR, Okhotnikova ES, Ganeeva YM, Yusupova TN, Frolov IN, Karabut YL. Sorption Properties of Recycled Polyethylenes and Their Thermal Behavior in the Mixture with Oil. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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You L, Long Z, You Z, Ge D, Yang X, Xu F, Hashemi M, Diab A. Review of recycling waste plastics in asphalt paving materials. JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Enfrin M, Myszka R, Giustozzi F. Paving roads with recycled plastics: Microplastic pollution or eco-friendly solution? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129334. [PMID: 35716564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although plastic-modified roads are a promising approach to reducing the amount of landfilled and incinerated plastic and improving asphalt pavement performance, the contribution of plastic-modified roads to microplastic pollution is unknown. This study aimed to develop a new abrasion procedure to quantify the release of microplastics from recycled plastic-modified asphalt depending on environmental factors, the type and content of plastic used, and the incorporation method in bitumen/asphalt. A Wet Track Abrasion machine was used to simulate road traffic abrasion on a plastic-modified asphalt sample, and a novel microplastic extraction procedure was designed to extract the generated microplastics. Incorporating recycled plastic as a polymer modifier in the bitumen matrix resulted in an early release of microplastics compared to its addition as a synthetic aggregate substitute in the asphalt mix. Cold temperatures and low pH values favoured the generation of microplastics from plastic-modified asphalt. Due to the lack of universal thresholds for the release of microplastics into the environment, environmental agencies and local authorities could benefit from this novel laboratory-based microplastic assessment procedure to foster the sustainable use of recycled plastic in roads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Enfrin
- RMIT University, Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Myszka
- RMIT University, Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Filippo Giustozzi
- RMIT University, Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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11
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Boom YJ, Enfrin M, Grist S, Giustozzi F. Recycled plastic modified bitumen: Evaluation of VOCs and PAHs from laboratory generated fumes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155037. [PMID: 35395294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect when investigating the use of recycled plastics in bitumen relates considerably to the issues relating to occupational, health and safety for humans and the environment from a fuming and emissions perspective. This research investigates laboratory-generated fumes in the forms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated from producing polymer modified bitumen using five different types of recycled plastics. A comparative analysis of recycled plastic modified bitumen fumes was conducted based on a series of optimized parameters, including working temperatures (160 °C, 180 °C and 200 °C) and polymer contents (1%, 2%, 4% and 6% by weight of bitumen) against neat bitumen and polymer-modified bitumen. Forty-eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results from the comparative analysis revealed that the incorporation of recycled plastics could reduce overall emissions from both VOCs and PAHs perspectives. The reduction in emissions can be attributed to the enhancement in thermal stability of the bitumen blend when recycled plastics are added. The reduction rate is heavily dependent on the type and source of recycled plastics used in the blending process. Furthermore, a specific compound concentration analysis of the top-four weighted compounds emitted reveals that the total concentration of emissions can be deceiving as specific compounds can spike when adding recycled plastics in bitumen despite a reduction trend for the overall concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Jia Boom
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 376392 Swanston St, VIC, 3000 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marie Enfrin
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 376392 Swanston St, VIC, 3000 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Grist
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 376392 Swanston St, VIC, 3000 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Filippo Giustozzi
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 376392 Swanston St, VIC, 3000 Melbourne, Australia.
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12
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Mushtaq F, Huang Z, Shah SAR, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Azab M, Hussain S, Anwar MK. Performance Optimization Approach of Polymer Modified Asphalt Mixtures with PET and PE Wastes: A Safety Study for Utilizing Eco-Friendly Circular Economy-Based SDGs Concepts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122493. [PMID: 35746073 PMCID: PMC9228266 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Eco-friendly waste utilization helps in the development of sustainable infrastructures. Recently, researchers have focused on the production of road infrastructures using the circular economy concept of human safety. The objective of this study is to investigate and explore the utilization of optimum polymer waste content for the development of polymer-modified asphalt mixtures using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM based on Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize experimental design and included three factors: X1, polymer type; X2, polymer contents; and X3, testing day. The optimized responses determined by the RSM were as follows: MS of 42.98 kN, MF of 5.08 mm, and MQ of 8.66 kN/mm, indicating a favorable and consistent precision in comparison with experimental values. Moreover, the Marshall characteristics of samples prepared with PE were quite improved compared to PET. In conclusion, the incorporation of such polymer wastes in road construction is a sustainable and cost-effective way of improving their engineering properties. This study will help in the development of sustainable road infrastructures supporting human safety and environmentally friendly practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Mushtaq
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Zhian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (S.A.R.S.); Tel.: +92-300-79-14-248 (S.A.R.S.)
| | - Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan 66000, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (S.A.R.S.); Tel.: +92-300-79-14-248 (S.A.R.S.)
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yukun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Marc Azab
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait;
| | - Sajid Hussain
- College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China;
| | - Muhammad Kashif Anwar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan 66000, Pakistan;
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13
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Enfrin M, Giustozzi F. Recent advances in the construction of sustainable asphalt roads with recycled plastic. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Enfrin
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Filippo Giustozzi
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Melbourne Victoria Australia
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14
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Using Plastic Waste in a Circular Economy Approach to Improve the Properties of Bituminous Binders. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to use wax to modify a binder employed in the paving industry. This wax can be obtained either directly or as a by-product from plastic waste′s thermal cracking (pyrolysis). The study characterizes this sustainable material and the binders resulting from blending it with conventional or modified bitumen with other additives applied in the manufacture of bituminous mixtures. Different tests were used: thermogravimetric and spectroscopic analysis; consistency tests; testing of dynamic viscosity at various temperatures; and assessment of the rheologic properties of binders. As a result, several crucial findings were reached: this sustainable wax promotes changes in the viscosity of the binders, their handling temperatures can be reduced, and it contributes to some goals of the U.N. 2030 Agenda. In summary, this work allowed us to conclude that the positive effects of a suitable modification of the bituminous binders, which incorporated this wax and other additives, led to improved consistency and rheological behaviour, having provided, for example, lower temperature susceptibility and higher permanent deformation resistance.
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15
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Correlation between Rheological Fatigue Tests on Bitumen and Various Cracking Tests on Asphalt Mixtures. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247839. [PMID: 34947432 PMCID: PMC8706604 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate characterisation and appropriate binder selection are essential to increase the load-induced cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures at an intermediate temperature. Hence, the primary goal of this study was to correlate the cracking resistance exerted by the binder with the cracking performance of asphalt mixtures. The laboratory-based experimental plan covered various types of laboratory tests specified by various agencies and road authorities to study the correlation of a neat bitumen and five polymer-modified binders with their corresponding asphalt mixtures. The fatigue life of the binders was assessed through a Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test and statistically correlated with various load-induced cracking parameters from the indirect tensile test, semi-circular bending (SCB) test, and four points bending beam test (FPBB) of asphalt mixtures at 25 °C. Binders and mixes were further grouped depending on their polymeric family (i.e., modified with a particular type of polymer) to validate their statistical correlation. The indicator that mostly correlated the binder properties with the asphalt mixture properties is the secant modulus from the SCB test. Fatigue parameters obtained through LAS better explain the asphalt fatigue performance obtained through FPBB; specifically, asphalt tests at high strain levels (e.g., 400 micro strain) better correlate to the LAS fatigue parameter (Nf).
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