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Zhang H, Gao Y. Polymeric Materials for Rare Earth Elements Recovery. Gels 2023; 9:775. [PMID: 37888349 PMCID: PMC10606271 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) play indispensable roles in various advanced technologies, from electronics to renewable energy. However, the heavy global REEs supply and the environmental impact of traditional mining practices have spurred the search for sustainable REEs recovery methods. Polymeric materials have emerged as promising candidates due to their selective adsorption capabilities, versatility, scalability, and regenerability. This paper provides an extensive overview of polymeric materials for REEs recovery, including polymeric resins, polymer membranes, cross-linked polymer networks, and nanocomposite polymers. Each category is examined for its advantages, challenges, and notable developments. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of polymeric materials to contribute to eco-friendly and efficient REEs recovery, while acknowledging the need to address challenges such as selectivity, stability, and scalability. The research in this field actively seeks innovative solutions to reduce reliance on hazardous chemicals and minimize waste generation. As the demand for REEs continues to rise, the development of sustainable REEs recovery technologies remains a critical area of investigation, with the collaboration between researchers and industry experts driving progress in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China;
| | - Yongfeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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Shoppert A, Valeev D, Napol’skikh J, Loginova I, Pan J, Chen H, Zhang L. Rare-Earth Elements Extraction from Low-Alkali Desilicated Coal Fly Ash by (NH 4) 2SO 4 + H 2SO 4. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:6. [PMID: 36614345 PMCID: PMC9821678 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coal fly ash (CFA) obtained from pulverized coal furnaces is a highly refractory waste that can be used for alumina and rare-earth elements (REEs) extraction. The REEs in this type of CFA are associated with a mullite and amorphous glassy mass that forms a core-shell structure. In this research, it was shown that complete dissolution of amorphous aluminosilicates from the mullite surface with the formation of the low-alkali mullite concentrate prior to sulfuric acid leaching with the addition of (NH4)2SO4 helps to accelerate the extraction of REEs. The extraction degree of Sc and other REEs reaches 70-80% after 5 h of leaching at 110 °C and acid concentration of 5 M versus less than 20% for the raw CFA at the same conditions. To study the leaching kinetics of the process, the effects of temperature (90-110 °C), liquid-to-solid ratio (5-10), and leaching time (15-120 min) on the degrees of Al and rare-earth elements (REEs) extraction were evaluated. After 120 min of leaching at 110 °C and L/S ratio = 10, the extraction of Al was found to be lower than 30%. At the same time, total REEs (TREE) and Fe extraction were greater than 60%, which indicates that a part of the TREE was transferred into the acid soluble phase. After leaching, the residues were studied by laser diffraction (LD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) to evaluate the leaching mechanism and the solubility of Al- and Fe-containing minerals, such as mullite, hematite, and amorphous aluminosilicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Shoppert
- Department of Non-Ferrous Metals Metallurgy, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Dmitry Valeev
- Laboratory of Sorption Methods, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Julia Napol’skikh
- Department of Non-Ferrous Metals Metallurgy, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Irina Loginova
- Department of Non-Ferrous Metals Metallurgy, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Jinhe Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing & Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hangchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing & Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing & Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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New Chelate Resins Prepared with Direct Red 23 for Cd 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ Removal. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245523. [PMID: 36559890 PMCID: PMC9786727 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, two chelate resins prepared by a simple procedure were used for the removal of Cd2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ (M2+) from aqueous solutions. Amberlite IRA 402 strongly basic anion exchange resin in Cl− form (IRA 402 (Cl−) together with Amberlite XAD7HP acrylic ester co-polymer (XAD7HP) were functionalized with chelating agent Direct red 23 (DR 23). The chelate resins (IRA 402-DR 23 and XAD7HP-DR 23) were obtained in batch mode. The influence of interaction time, pH and the initial concentration of DR 23 solution was investigated using UV-Vis spectrometry. The time necessary to reach equilibrium was 90 min for both resins. A negligible effect of adsorption capacity (Qe) was obtained when the DR 23 solution was adjusted at a pH of 2 and 7.9. The Qe of the XAD7HP resin (27 mg DR 23/g) is greater than for IRA 402 (Cl−) (21 mg DR 23/g). The efficiency of chelating resins was checked via M2+ removal determined by the atomic adsorption spectrometry method (AAS). The M2+ removal by the IRA 402-DR 23 and XAD7HP-DR 23 showed that the latter is more efficient for this propose. As a consequence, for divalent ions, the chelated resins followed the selectivity sequence: Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Pb2+. Additionally, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ removal was fitted very well with the Freundlich model in terms of height correlation coefficient (R2), while Pb2+ was best fitted with Langmuir model for IRA 402-DR 23, the Cu2+ removal is described by the Langmuir model, and Cd2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ removal was found to be in concordance with the Freundlich model for XAD7HP-DR 23. The M2+ elution from the chelate resins was carried out using 2 M HCl. The greater M2+ recovery from chelating resins mass confirmed their sustainability. The chelate resins used before and after M2+ removal by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were evaluated.
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Analysis of the Adsorption-Release Isotherms of Pentaethylenehexamine-Modified Sorbents for Rare Earth Elements (Y, Nd, La). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235063. [PMID: 36501458 PMCID: PMC9740061 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is constantly increasing in quantity and becoming more and more heterogeneous as technology is rapidly advancing. The negative impacts it has on human and environment safety, and its richness in valuable rare earth elements (REEs), are accelerating the necessity of innovative methods for recycling and recovery processes. The aim of this work is to comprehend the adsorption and release mechanisms of two different solid sorbents, activated carbon (AC) and its pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA)-modified derivative (MAC), which were deemed adequate for the treatment of REEs deriving from WEEE. Experimental data from adsorption and release tests, performed on synthetic mono-ionic solutions of yttrium, neodymium, and lanthanum, were modelled via linear regression to understand the better prediction between the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms for each REE-sorbent couple. The parameters extrapolated from the mathematical modelling were useful to gain an a priori knowledge of the REEs-sorbents interactions. Intraparticle diffusion was the main adsorption mechanism for AC. PEHA contributed to adsorption by means of coordination on amino groups. Release was based on protons fostering both a cation exchange mechanism and protonation. The investigated materials confirmed their potential suitability to be employed in real processes on WEEE at the industrial level.
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Cazan C. Advances in Sustainable Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224972. [PMID: 36433099 PMCID: PMC9692387 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable polymeric materials are materials of great technological importance and are specially created to meet unique demands regarding: mechanical resistance and rigidity; corrosion resistance; resistance to the action of chemical agents; low weight; dimensional stability; resistance to variable stress, shock and wear; insulating properties; and aesthetics [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cazan
- Renewable Energy Systems and Recycling Research Center, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
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Sakr AK, Abdel Aal MM, Abd El-Rahem KA, Allam EM, Abdel Dayem SM, Elshehy EA, Hanfi MY, Alqahtani MS, Cheira MF. Characteristic Aspects of Uranium(VI) Adsorption Utilizing Nano-Silica/Chitosan from Wastewater Solution. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12213866. [PMID: 36364642 PMCID: PMC9658519 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new nano-silica/chitosan (SiO2/CS) sorbent was created using a wet process to eliminate uranium(VI) from its solution. Measurements using BET, XRD, EDX, SEM, and FTIR were utilized to analyze the production of SiO2/CS. The adsorption progressions were carried out by pH, SiO2/CS dose, temperature, sorbing time, and U(VI) concentration measurements. The optimal condition for U(VI) sorption (165 mg/g) was found to be pH 3.5, 60 mg SiO2/CS, for 50 min of sorbing time, and 200 mg/L U(VI). Both the second-order sorption kinetics and Langmuir adsorption model were observed to be obeyed by the ability of SiO2/CS to eradicate U(VI). Thermodynamically, the sorption strategy was a spontaneous reaction and exothermic. According to the findings, SiO2/CS had the potential to serve as an effectual sorbent for U(VI) displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K. Sakr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.S.); (M.F.C.)
| | | | | | - Eman M. Allam
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed Y. Hanfi
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo 11381, Egypt
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, St. Mira, 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed F. Cheira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.S.); (M.F.C.)
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Efficient and sustainable electro-sorption of rare earth by laser-induced graphene film. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Negm SH, Abd El-Magied MO, El Maadawy WM, Abdel Aal MM, Abd El Dayem SM, Taher MA, Abd El-Rahem KA, Rashed MN, Cheira MF. Appreciatively Efficient Sorption Achievement to U(VI) from the El Sela Area by ZrO2/Chitosan. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:311. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to get uranium out of leaching liquid is pushing scientists to come up with new sorbents. This study uses the wet technique to improve the U(VI) sorption properties of ZrO2/chitosan composite sorbent. To validate the synthesis of ZrO2/CS composite with Zirconyl-OH, -NH, and -NH2 for U(VI) binding, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and BET are used to describe the ZrO2/chitosan wholly formed. To get El Sela leaching liquid, it used 150 g/L H2SO4, 1:4 S:L ratio, 200 rpm agitation speed, four hours of leaching period, and particle size 149–100 µm. In a batch study, the sorption parameters are evaluated at pH 3.5, 50 min of sorbing time, 50 mL of leaching liquid (200 mg/L U(VI)), and 25 °C. The sorption capability is 175 mg/g. Reusing ZrO2/CS for seven cycles with a slight drop in performance is highly efficient, with U(VI) desorption using 0.8 M acid and 75 min of desorption time. The selective U(VI) recovery from El Sela leachate was made possible using ZrO2/CS. Sodium diuranate was precipitated and yielded a yellow cake with a purity level of 94.88%.
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Selective Recovery of Cadmium, Cobalt, and Nickel from Spent Ni–Cd Batteries Using Adogen® 464 and Mesoporous Silica Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158677. [PMID: 35955812 PMCID: PMC9368978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spent Ni–Cd batteries are now considered an important source for many valuable metals. The recovery of cadmium, cobalt, and nickel from spent Ni–Cd Batteries has been performed in this study. The optimum leaching process was achieved using 20% H2SO4, solid/liquid (S/L) 1/5 at 80 °C for 6 h. The leaching efficiency of Fe, Cd, and Co was nearly 100%, whereas the leaching efficiency of Ni was 95%. The recovery of the concerned elements was attained using successive different separation techniques. Cd(II) ions were extracted by a solvent, namely, Adogen® 464, and precipitated as CdS with 0.5% Na2S solution at pH of 1.25 and room temperature. The extraction process corresponded to pseudo-2nd-order. The prepared PTU-MS silica was applied for adsorption of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution, while the desorption process was performed using 0.3 M H2SO4. Cobalt was precipitated at pH 9.0 as Co(OH)2 using NH4OH. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also investigated. Nickel was directly precipitated at pH 8.25 using a 10% NaOH solution at ambient temperature. FTIR, SEM, and EDX confirm the structure of the products.
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Efficient Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and Zinc from Spent Ni–Metal Hydride Batteries: Statistical Studies. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132305. [PMID: 35808142 PMCID: PMC9268567 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Considering how important rare earth elements (REEs) are for many different industries, it is important to separate them from other elements. An extractant that binds to REEs inexpensively and selectively even in the presence of interfering ions can be used to develop a useful separation method. This work was designed to recover REEs from spent nickel–metal hydride batteries using ammonium sulfate. The chemical composition of the Ni–MH batteries was examined. The operating leaching conditions of REE extraction from black powder were experimentally optimized. The optimal conditions for the dissolution of approximately 99.98% of REEs and almost all zinc were attained through use of a 300 g/L (NH4)2SO4 concentration after 180 min of leaching time and a 1:3 solid/liquid phase ratio at 120 °C. The kinetic data fit the chemical control model. The separation of total REEs and zinc was conducted under traditional conditions to produce both metal values in marketable forms. The work then shifted to separate cerium as an individual REE through acid baking with HCl, thus leaving pure cerium behind.
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Sakr AK, Al-Hamarneh IF, Gomaa H, Abdel Aal MM, Hanfi MY, Sayyed M, Khandaler MU, Cheira MF. Removal of uranium from nuclear effluent using regenerated bleaching earth steeped in β‒naphthol. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Synthesis of a New Chelating Iminophosphorane Derivative (Phosphazene) for U(VI) Recovery. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091687. [PMID: 35566857 PMCID: PMC9099652 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic chelating N–hydroxy–N–trioctyl iminophosphorane (HTIP) was prepared through the reaction of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) with N–hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a Lewis acid (AlCl3). Specifications for the HTIP chelating ligand were successfully determined using many analytical techniques, 13C–NMR, 1H–NMR, FTIR, EDX, and GC–MS analyses, which assured a reasonable synthesis of the HTIP ligand. The ability of HTIP to retain U(VI) ions was investigated. The optimum experimental factors, pH value, experimental time, initial U(VI) ion concentration, HTIP dosage, ambient temperature, and eluents, were attained with solvent extraction techniques. The utmost retention capacity of HTIP/CHCl3 was 247.5 mg/g; it was achieved at pH = 3.0, 25 °C, with 30 min of shaking and 0.99 × 10−3 mol/L. From the stoichiometric calculations, approximately 1.5 hydrogen atoms are released during the extraction at pH 3.0, and 4.0 moles of HTIP ligand were responsible for chelation of one mole of uranyl ions. According to kinetic studies, the pseudo–first order model accurately predicted the kinetics of U(VI) extraction by HTIP ligand with a retention power of 245.47 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters ΔS°, ΔH°, and ΔG° were also calculated; the extraction process was predicted as an exothermic, spontaneous, and advantageous extraction at low temperatures. As the temperature increased, the value of ∆G° increased. The elution of uranium ions from the loaded HTIP/CHCl3 was achieved using 2.0 mol of H2SO4 with a 99.0% efficiency rate. Finally, the extended variables were used to obtain a uranium concentrate (Na2U2O7, Y.C) with a uranium grade of 69.93% and purity of 93.24%.
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