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Wang J, Li S, Yang L, Liu B, Xie S, Qi R, Zhan Y, Xia H. Graphene-Based Hybrid Fillers for Rubber Composites. Molecules 2024; 29:1009. [PMID: 38474521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have been confirmed to be among the best fillers for rubber due to their excellent properties, such as high mechanical strength, improved interface interaction, and strain-induced crystallization capabilities. Graphene rubber materials can be widely used in tires, shoes, high-barrier conductive seals, electromagnetic shielding seals, shock absorbers, etc. In order to reduce the graphene loading and endow more desirable functions to rubber materials, graphene-based hybrid fillers are extensively employed, which can effectively enhance the performance of rubber composites. This review briefly summarizes the recent research on rubber composites with graphene-based hybrid fillers consisting of carbon black, silica, carbon nanotubes, metal oxide, and one-dimensional nanowires. The preparation methods, performance improvements, and applications of different graphene-based hybrid fillers/rubber composites have been investigated. This study also focuses on methods that can ensure the effectiveness of graphene hybrid fillers in reinforcing rubber composites. Furthermore, the enhanced mechanism of graphene- and graphene derivative-based hybrid fillers in rubber composites is investigated to provide a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shijiu Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Songzhi Xie
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rui Qi
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yanhu Zhan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Muhammad A, Srivastava R, Koutroumanis N, Semitekolos D, Chiavazzo E, Pappas PN, Galiotis C, Asinari P, Charitidis CA, Fasano M. Mesoscopic Modeling and Experimental Validation of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Nanocomposites Reinforced By Graphene-Based Fillers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:9969-9982. [PMID: 38161324 PMCID: PMC10753874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The development of nanocomposites relies on structure-property relations, which necessitate multiscale modeling approaches. This study presents a modeling framework that exploits mesoscopic models to predict the thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites starting from their molecular structure. In detail, mesoscopic models of polypropylene (PP)- and graphene-based nanofillers (graphene (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) are considered. The newly developed mesoscopic model for the PP/Gr nanocomposite provides mechanistic information on the thermal and mechanical properties at the filler-matrix interface, which can then be exploited to enhance the prediction accuracy of traditional continuum simulations by calibrating the thermal and mechanical properties of the filler-matrix interface. Once validated through a dedicated experimental campaign, this multiscale model demonstrates that with the modest addition of nanofillers (up to 2 wt %), the Young's modulus and thermal conductivity show up to 35 and 25% enhancement, respectively, whereas the Poisson's ratio slightly decreases. Among the different combinations tested, the PP/Gr nanocomposite shows the best mechanical properties, whereas PP/rGO demonstrates the best thermal conductivity. This validated mesoscopic model can contribute to the development of smart materials with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties based on polypropylene, especially for mechanical, energy storage, and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Muhammad
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Mehran University
of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, 66020 Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rajat Srivastava
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
- Department
of Engineering for Innovation, University
of Salento, Piazza Tancredi
7, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Koutroumanis
- Foundation
of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadioustr Rion26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Dionisis Semitekolos
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical
University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Eliodoro Chiavazzo
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Panagiotis-Nektarios Pappas
- Foundation
of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadioustr Rion26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Foundation
of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadioustr Rion26504, Patras, Greece
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 1 Caratheodory26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Pietro Asinari
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Costas A. Charitidis
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical
University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Matteo Fasano
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
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Innocenti A, Moisés IÁ, Lužanin O, Bitenc J, Gohy JF, Passerini S. Practical Cell Design for PTMA-Based Organic Batteries: an Experimental and Modeling Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37852614 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy methacrylate) (PTMA) is one of the most promising organic cathode materials thanks to its relatively high redox potential, good rate performance, and cycling stability. However, being a p-type material, PTMA-based batteries pose additional challenges compared to conventional lithium-ion systems due to the involvement of anions in the redox process. This study presents a comprehensive approach to optimize such batteries, addressing challenges in electrode design, scalability, and cost. Experimental results at a laboratory scale demonstrate high active mass loadings of PTMA electrodes (up to 9.65 mg cm-2), achieving theoretical areal capacities that exceed 1 mAh cm-2. Detailed physics-based simulations and cost and performance analysis clarify the critical role of the electrolyte and the impact of the anion amount in the PTMA redox process, highlighting the benefits and the drawbacks of using highly concentrated electrolytes. The cost and energy density of lithium metal batteries with such high mass loading PTMA cathodes were simulated, finding that their performance is inferior to batteries based on inorganic cathodes even in the most optimistic conditions. In general, this work emphasizes the importance of considering a broader perspective beyond the lab scale and highlights the challenges in upscaling to realistic battery configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Innocenti
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Isaac Álvarez Moisés
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Olivera Lužanin
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jan Bitenc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185 Italy
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Networking Skills: The Effect of Graphene on the Crosslinking of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites with Sulfur and Peroxide Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204363. [PMID: 36297941 PMCID: PMC9608841 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailored crosslinking in elastomers is crucial for their technical applications. The incorporation of nanoparticles with high surface-to-volume ratios not only leads to the formation of physical networks and influences the ultimate performance of nanocomposites, but it also affects the chemical crosslinking reactions. The influence of few-layer graphene (FLG) on the crosslinking behavior of natural rubber is investigated. Four different curing systems, two sulfur-based with different accelerator-to-sulfur ratios, and two peroxide-based with different peroxide concentrations, are combined with different FLG contents. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), vulcametry (MDR) and swelling measurements, the results show an accelerating effect of FLG on the kinetics of the sulfur-based curing systems, with an exothermic reaction peak in DSC shifted to lower temperatures and lower scorch and curing times in the MDR. While a higher accelerator-to-sulfur ratio in combination with FLG leads to reduced crosslinking densities, the peroxide crosslinkers are hardly affected by the presence of FLG. The good agreement of crosslink densities obtained from the swelling behavior confirms the suitability of vulcameter measurements for monitoring the complex vulcanization process of such nanocomposite systems in a simple and efficient way. The reinforcing effect of FLG shows the highest relative improvements in weakly crosslinked nanocomposites.
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Testing of Rubber Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153039. [PMID: 35956555 PMCID: PMC9370756 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted growing interest as a filler in rubber nanocomposites due to their mechanical and electrical properties. In this study, the mechanical properties of a NR/BR/IR/SBR compound reinforced with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), tensile tests, hardness tests, and a dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). The tested materials differed in SWCNT content (1.00–2.00 phr) and were compared with a reference compound without the nanofiller. AFM was used to obtain the topography and spectroscopic curves based on which local elasticity was characterized. The results of the tensile and hardness tests showed a reinforcing effect of the SWCNTs. It was observed that an addition of 2.00 phr of the SWCNTs resulted in increases in tensile strength by 9.5%, Young’s modulus by 15.44%, and hardness by 11.18%, while the elongation at break decreased by 8.39% compared with the reference compound. The results of the temperature and frequency sweep DMA showed higher values of storage and loss moduli, as well as lower values of tangent of phase angle, with increasing SWCNT content.
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