1
|
Dimitropoulos M, Trakakis G, Meyerbröker N, Gehra R, Angelova P, Schnieders A, Pavlou C, Kostaras C, Galiotis C, Dassios K. Nanomechanics of Ultrathin Carbon Nanomembranes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:267. [PMID: 36678021 PMCID: PMC9863011 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) are two-dimensional materials (2DM) of a few nm thickness with sub-nm intrinsic pores that mimic the biofiltration membranes found in nature. They enable highly selective, permeable, and energy-efficient water separation and can be produced at large scales on porous substrates with tuned properties. The present work reports the mechanical performance of such CNMs produced by p-nitrobiphenyl phosphonic acid (NBPS) or polyvinylbiphenyl (PVBP) and their composite membranes of microporous supporting substrates, which constitute indispensable information for ensuring their mechanical stability during operation. Measuring the nanomechanical properties of the ultrathin material was achieved by atomic force microscopy (AFM) on membranes both supported on flat substrates and suspended on patterned substrates ("composite membrane"). The AFM analysis showed that the CNMs presented Young's modulus in the range of 2.5-8 GPa. The composite membranes' responses were investigated by tensile testing in a micro-tensile stage as a function of substrate thickness and substrate pore density and diameter, which were found to affect the mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to investigate the thermal stability of composite membranes at high temperatures. The results revealed the structural integrity of CNMs, while critical parameters governing their mechanical response were identified and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Dimitropoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George Trakakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Raphael Gehra
- CNM Technologies GmbH, Morgenbreede 1, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Polina Angelova
- CNM Technologies GmbH, Morgenbreede 1, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Christos Pavlou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Kostaras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dassios
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nasir MHM, Taha MM, Razali N, Ilyas RA, Knight VF, Norrrahim MNF. Effect of Chemical Treatment of Sugar Palm Fibre on Rheological and Thermal Properties of the PLA Composites Filament for FDM 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15228082. [PMID: 36431566 PMCID: PMC9697409 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The thermal and rheological properties of bio-composite filament materials are crucial characteristics in the development of a bio-composite Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) filament since the printing mechanism of FDM strongly depends on the heating and extrusion process. The effect of chemical treatment on the thermal and rheological properties was investigated to develop composite filaments for FDM using natural fibres such as sugar palm fibre (SPF). SPF underwent alkaline and silane treatment processes before being reinforced with PLA for improving adhesion and removing impurities. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC), and Melt Flow Index (MFI) analyses were conducted to identify the differences in thermal properties. Meanwhile, a rheological test was conducted to investigate the shear stress and its viscosity. The TGA test shows that the SPF/PLA composite treated with NaOH and silane showed good thermal stability at 789.5 °C with 0.4% final residue. The DSC results indicate that the melting temperature of all samples is slightly the same at 155 °C (in the range of 1 °C), showing that the treatment does not interfere with the melting temperature of the SPF/PLA composite. Thus, the untreated SPF/PLA composite showed the highest degradation temperature, which was 383.2 °C. The SPF/PLA composite treated with NaOH and silane demonstrated the highest melt flow index of 17.6 g/min. In conclusion, these findings offer a reference point for determining the filament extrusion and printability of SPF/PLA composite filaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hakim Mohd Nasir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Mastura Mohammad Taha
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.M.T.); (M.N.F.N.)
| | - Nadlene Razali
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Victor Feizal Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.M.T.); (M.N.F.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar M, Anand A, Chatterjee R, Sharma S, Maiti TK, Dwivedi SP, Saxena A, Li C, Eldin EMT. Investigation on Carbonation and Permeability of Concrete with Rice Hush Ash and Shop Solution Addition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15176149. [PMID: 36079530 PMCID: PMC9457775 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the coefficient of permeability as well as the rate of carbonation of concrete constructed with rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement (i.e., 5%, 10%, and 15%) and two different concentrations of soap solutions (i.e., 1 percent and 2 percent). The microstructural studies of RHA, and carbonated samples have been conducted by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. According to this study, the carbonation depth of concrete made with 1% and 2% soap solution concentration and without rice husk ash decreased by 11.89% and 46.55%, respectively. From the results, it may also be observed that the carbonation depth of concrete made with up to 10% replacement of cement by rice husk ash led to maximum carbonation resistance, while more than 10% replacement of cement showed higher carbonation depth. It is also observed that the coefficient of permeability of concrete with 2% soap solution significantly decreased as compared to the 1% soap solution and control mix. It may be observed from the SEM images that 0% soap solution (M1) concrete has a very rough concrete surface which may indicate more voids. However, 2% soap solution concrete has a much smoother surface, which indicates a smaller number of voids. Furthermore, the SEM images showed that the soap solution helps in filling the voids of concrete which ultimately helps in reduction in permeability. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) of concrete with 0% (M1) and 2% (M6) soap solution disclosed that the concrete with 2% soap solution (M6) exhibited more silica element formation than the concrete with no soap solution (M1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, GD Goenka University, Gurugram 122103, India
| | - Ashutosh Anand
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Presidency University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Rajeshwari Chatterjee
- Department of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Kapurthala 144603, India
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | | | - Ambuj Saxena
- G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Changhe Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | | |
Collapse
|