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Cai K, Yu J, Tan W, Gao C, Zhao Z, Yuan S, Cheng J, Yang Y, Yuan Y. The Incorporation of Sulfonated PAF Enhances the Proton Conductivity of Nafion Membranes at High Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2208. [PMID: 39125234 PMCID: PMC11314880 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nafion membranes are widely used as proton exchange membranes, but their proton conductivity deteriorates in high-temperature environments due to the loss of water molecules. To address this challenge, we propose the utilization of porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) as a potential solution. PAFs exhibit remarkable characteristics, such as a high specific surface area and porosity, and their porous channels can be post-synthesized. Here, a novel approach was employed to synthesize a PAF material, designated as PAF-45D, which exhibits a specific surface area of 1571.9 m2·g-1 and possesses the added benefits of facile synthesis and a low cost. Subsequently, sulfonation treatment was applied to PAF-45D in order to introduce sulfonic acid groups into its pores, resulting in the formation of PAF-45DS. The successful incorporation of sulfonic groups was confirmed through TG, IR, and EDS analyses. Furthermore, a novel Nafion composite membrane was prepared by incorporating PAF-45DS. The Nyquist plot of the composite membranes demonstrates that the sulfonated PAF-45DS material can enhance the proton conductivity of Nafion membranes at high temperatures. Specifically, under identical film formation conditions, doping with a 4% mass fraction of PAF-45DS, the conductivity of the Nafion composite membrane increased remarkably from 2.25 × 10-3 S·cm-1 to 5.67 × 10-3 S·cm-1, nearly 2.5 times higher. Such promising and cost-effective materials could be envisioned for application in the field of Nafion composite membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (J.Y.); (W.T.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinzhu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (J.Y.); (W.T.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Wenjun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (J.Y.); (W.T.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Cong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (J.Y.); (W.T.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Zili Zhao
- XuJue Electric Co., Ltd., Xuchang 461000, China;
| | - Suxin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (J.Y.); (W.T.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinghui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (J.Y.); (W.T.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Yajie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China;
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Tao J, Song S, Qu C. Recent Progress on Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass by MOF-Immobilized Enzyme. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1010. [PMID: 38611268 PMCID: PMC11013631 DOI: 10.3390/polym16071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The enzyme catalysis conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable chemicals and fuels showed a bright outlook for replacing fossil resources. However, the high cost and easy deactivation of free enzymes restrict the conversion process. Immobilization of enzymes in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is one of the most promising strategies due to MOF materials' tunable building units, multiple pore structures, and excellent biocompatibility. Also, MOFs are ideal support materials and could enhance the stability and reusability of enzymes. In this paper, recent progress on the conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin by MOF-immobilized enzymes is extensively reviewed. This paper focuses on the immobilized enzyme performances and enzymatic mechanism. Finally, the challenges of the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass by MOF-immobilized enzyme are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tao
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (J.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Shengjie Song
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (J.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Chen Qu
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 9808577, Japan
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