1
|
Głowacki A, Rybiński P, Żelezik M, Mirkhodjaev UZ. Cage Nanofillers' Influence on Fire Hazard and Toxic Gases Emitted during Thermal Decomposition of Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:645. [PMID: 38475328 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR), as an engineering polymer, is widely used in many sectors of industries. However, the high fire risks associated with PUR, including the smoke density, a high heat release rate, and the toxicity of combustion products limit its applications in many fields. This paper presents the influence of silsesquioxane fillers, alone and in a synergistic system with halogen-free flame-retardant compounds, on reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foams. The flammability of PUR composites was determined with the use of a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. The flammability results were supplemented with smoke emission values obtained with the use of a smoke density chamber (SDC) and toxicometric indexes. Toxicometric indexes were determined with the use of an innovative method consisting of a thermo-balance connected to a gas analyzer with the use of a heated transfer line. The obtained test results clearly indicate that the used silsesquioxane compounds, especially in combination with organic phosphorus compounds, reduced the fire risk, as expressed by parameters such as the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax), the total heat release rate (THR), and the maximum smoke density (SDmax). The flame-retardant non-halogen system also reduced the amounts of toxic gases emitted during the decomposition of PUR, especially NOx, HCN, NH3, CO and CO2. According to the literature review, complex studies on the fire hazard of a system of POSS-phosphorus compounds in the PUR matrix have not been published yet. This article presents the complex results of studies, indicating that the POSS-phosphorous compound system can be treated as an alternative to toxic halogen flame-retardant compounds in order to decrease the fire hazard of PUR foam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Głowacki
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Monika Żelezik
- Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nugroho WT, Dong Y, Pramanik A, Zhang Z, Ramakrishna S. Co-Influence of Nanofiller Content and 3D Printing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Halloysite Nanotube (HNT) Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1975. [PMID: 37446491 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) belongs to a polyurethane family that possesses an elongation much higher than 300%, despite having low mechanical strength, which can be overcome by incorporating clay-based halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as additives to manufacture TPU/HNT nanocomposites. This paper focuses on the co-influence of HNT content and 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D printed TPU/HNT nanocomposites in terms of tensile properties, hardness, and abrasion resistance via fused deposition modelling (FDM). The optimum factor-level combination for different responses was determined with the aid of robust statistical Taguchi design of experiments (DoEs). Material characterisation was also carried out to evaluate the surface morphology, nanofiller dispersion, chemical structure, thermal stability, and phase behaviour corresponding to the DoE results obtained. It is evidently shown that HNT level and infill density play a significant role in impacting mechanical properties of 3D-printed TPU/HNT nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Triadji Nugroho
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Yu Dong
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Alokesh Pramanik
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Zhixiao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen X, Huang Z, Yang Q, Zeng X, Bai R, Wang L. 3D biodegradable shape changing composite scaffold with programmable porous structures for bone engineering. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aca133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study developed a biodegradable composite porous polyurethane scaffold based on polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol by sequential in-situ foaming salt leaching and freeze-drying process with responsive shape changing performance. Biomineral hydroxyapatite (HA) was introduced into the polyurethane matrix as inorganic fillers. Infrared spectroscopy results proved a successful synthesis, scanning electron microscopy showed that the scaffold’s porosity decreased with the addition of HA while the average pore size increased. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the addition of HA lowered the melting point of the scaffold, resulting in a transition temperature close to the human body temperature. From the bending experiments, it could be demonstrated that PUHA20 has excellent shape memory performance with shape fixity ratio >98.9% and shape recovery ratio >96.2%. Interestingly, the shape-changing capacity could be influenced by the porous structures with variation of HA content. The shape recovery speed was further accelerated when the material was immersed in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C. Additionally, in vitro mineralization experiments showed that the scaffold incorporating HA had good osteoconductivity, and implantation assessment proved that scaffolds had good in vivo biocompatibility. This scaffold is a promising candidate for implantation of bone defects.
Collapse
|
4
|
Puszka A, Sikora JW. Synthesis and Characterization of New Polycarbonate-Based Poly(thiourethane-urethane)s. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142933. [PMID: 35890709 PMCID: PMC9323315 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The new segmented poly(thiourethane-urethane)s (PTURs) based on 1,1′-methanediylbis(4-isocyanatocyclohexane) (HMDI, Desmodur W®), polycarbonate diol (PCD, Desmophen C2200) and (methanediyldibenzene-4,1-diyl)dimethanethiol were synthesized by one-step melt polyaddition method. The obtained PTURs, with a content of 30–60 wt% of the hard segments (HS), were tested in which the influence of changes in the HS content on their properties was determined. The polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermal analysis (DSC, TGA) and thermomechanical analysis (DMTA). Additionally, tensile strength, optical (refractive index, UV-VIS and color) and surface properties of the obtained polymers (contact angle and surface free energy) and adhesion to copper were examined. FTIR analysis verified the supposed structure of the polymers obtained and showed a complete conversion of the isocyanate groups. TGA analysis confirmed the relatively good thermal stability of the polymers. On the other hand, after performing the DSC analysis, it was possible to state that the obtained materials were partially or completely amorphous, and the microphase separation decreased with increasing HS content in the polymer. Similar observations were made from the DMTA data. In addition, the hardness, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, storage modulus, adhesion to copper, refractive index and total free surface energy increased with increasing HS content in the polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Puszka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Janusz W. Sikora
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lv Y, Chen X, Zhang P, Zhou S, Li J, Bai R, Wang L. Hydrophilic shape memory polymer hydrogels with virous pore structures and shape changing performance. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lv
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Peicong Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Li
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission Chongqing University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, Wang K, Sang S, Li Y, Tang J. Study on properties of polyurethane elastomers prepared with different hard segment structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Kaijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shilin Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jialing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) coatings are often applied on high added value technical textiles. To date, most PU textile coatings are solvent based or water based. Recent advances are made in applying high solid and two-component (2K) PU on textiles. Currently, polymers made from renewable raw materials are experiencing a renaissance, owing to the trend to reduce CO2 emissions and switch to CO2-neutral renewable products. There is also the tendency towards the “bio, eco, natural” consciousness-awakening of the end consumer and the market-driven question to implement renewable materials. However, the application of bio-based coatings on textiles is limited. In this regard, the present study is conducted to develop bio-based 2K PU coating specifically designed for waterproof textiles. A 2K PU coating formulation, composed of bio-based polyol and bio-based isocyanate Desmodur Eco N7300, was made and directly applied on a polyester fabric prior to thermal curing in an oven. The coating was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The coatings were not thermoplastic and had a glass transition temperature of approximately 50 °C. Since a bio-based pentamethylene diisocyanate trimer (PDI-trimer), Desmodur Eco N7300 was used as an isocyanate source and not a diisocyanate derivative, and the resulting bio-based 2K coating was a thermoset instead of a thermoplastic. The effect of the additives and content of isocyanate on the elongation and stress at break was studied by performing tensile tests (ISO 13934-1) on 50 µm 2K PU films and comparing the obtained values. The performance of the coating was studied by evaluating the resistance to hydrostatic pressure initially and after washing, the Q-panel Laboratory UltraViolet (QUV) aging and the hydrolysis test. The developed bio-based 2K PU coating had excellent hydrostatic pressure, QUV aging resistance, hydrolysis resistance and wash fastness at 60 °C.
Collapse
|
8
|
Construction of Mechanically Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane from Carbon Dioxide-Based Poly(ether carbonate) Polyols via Coordination Cross-Linking. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162765. [PMID: 34451305 PMCID: PMC8399931 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using carbon dioxide-based poly(propylene ether carbonate) diol (PPCD), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylolbutyric acid (DMBA), ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ethylene glycol (EG) as the main raw materials, a novel thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is prepared through coordination of FeCl3 and DMBA to obtain TPU containing coordination enhancement directly. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, UV−Vis spectroscopy, tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were explored to characterize chemical structures and mechanical properties of as-prepared TPU. With the increasing addition of FeCl3, the tensile strength and modulus of TPU increase. Although the elongation at break decreases, it still maintains a high level. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the glass-transition temperature moves to a high temperature gradually along with the increasing addition of FeCl3. X-ray diffraction results indicate that TPUs reinforced with FeCl3 or not are amorphous polymers. That FeCl3 coordinates with DMBA first is an effective strategy of getting TPU, which is effective and convenient in the industry without the separation of intermediate products. This work confirms that such Lewis acids as FeCl3 can improve and adjust the properties of TPU contenting coordination structures with an in-situ reaction in a low addition amount, which expands their applications in industry and engineering areas.
Collapse
|
9
|
Anisimov V, Anisimov VV. Regulation Features of Structure of Linear Block-Copolyurethane Composites of High Wear Resistance. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht15.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the main structural parameters (molecular weight and hard blocks content) as well as methods of filling linear block-polyurethanes and their compositions on their strength, deformation, rheological and tribotechnical characteristics has been studied. A complex approach to produce polyurethane compositions of improved wear resistance has been suggested.
Collapse
|
10
|
Somani M, Mukhopadhyay S, Gupta B. Surface features and patterning in hydrolytic functionalization of polyurethane films. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Chen S, Zhuang R, Chuang F, Rwei S. Synthetic scheme to increase the abrasion resistance of waterborne polyurethane–urea by controlling micro‐phase separation. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu‐Yi Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ren‐Quan Zhuang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Fu‐Sheng Chuang
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Fashion and Design Lee‐Ming Institute of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Syang‐Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of Thermal Aging on the Physico-Chemical and Optical Properties of Poly(ester urethane) Elastomers Designed for Passive Damping (Pads) of the Railway. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020192. [PMID: 33430243 PMCID: PMC7825743 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study consists of monitoring the effect of thermal aging on the physico-chemical and optical properties of poly(ester urethane) elastomers designed as damping materials for railways. The materials were obtained by polyaddition in two stages in melt, resulting in regular structures. The structural modifications during the thermal aging of the samples were monitored using FTIR, color changes, TGA in non-isothermal and isothermal conditions, DSC and physico-mechanical measurements. The structural regularity of the rigid and flexible segments maintained the good mechanical properties of the structures up to 200 h of thermal aging at the elevated temperatures of 40 °C, 70 °C, 100 °C and 130 °C. It was observed that at 40 °C and low exposure times, changes occur mainly to the carbonyl groups of the soft segments. At higher temperatures and longer exposure times urethane groups were affected. Extended thermal aging led to significant changes in thermo-mechanical and optical properties.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu WC, Chuang FS, Venkatesan M, Cho CJ, Chen PY, Tzeng YR, Yu YY, Rwei SP, Kuo CC. Synthesis of Water Resistance and Moisture-Permeable Nanofiber Using Sodium Alginate-Functionalized Waterborne Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2882. [PMID: 33271805 PMCID: PMC7761416 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nontoxic and biodegradable alginate-based materials has been a continual goal in biological applications. However, their hydrophilic nature and lack of spinnability impart water instability and poor mechanical strength to the nanofiber. To overcome these limitations, sodium alginate (SA) and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) were blended and crosslinked with calcium chloride; 30 wt % of SA exhibited good compatibility. Further addition of 10 wt % calcium chloride improved the water stability to an extremely humid region. Furthermore, the stress-strain curve revealed that the initial modulus and the elongation strength of the WPU/SA and WPU/CA blends increased with SA content, and the crosslinker concentration clearly indicated the dressing material hardness resulted from this simple blend strategy. The WPU/SA30 electrospun nanofibrous blend contained porous membranes; it exhibited good mechanical strength with water-stable, water-absorbable (37.5 wt %), and moisture-permeable (25.1 g/m2-24 h) characteristics, suggesting our cost-effective material could function as an effective wound dressing material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Lu
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Lee-Ming Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 243083, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Fashion and Design, Lee-Ming Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 243083, Taiwan;
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Po-Yun Chen
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Yung-Ru Tzeng
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Yang-Yen Yu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan;
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tailoring of Durable Conductive and UV-Shielding Properties on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics by PEDOT:PSS Screen-Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102356. [PMID: 33066558 PMCID: PMC7602213 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, cotton (Co) and polyester (PES) fabrics were screen-printed with a conductive poly3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) printing paste along with a commercially-available screen-printing binder (SFXC) or waterborne polyurethane resin (WPU), in order to enhance wash and wear durability, and to improve some functional properties, without essentially influencing the physical–mechanical properties of the base material, as well as the introduced fabrics’ conductivity. The application of a conductive polymer coating reduced transmittance in the whole UV region drastically, indicating good UV-shielding ability in the treated fabrics. Moreover, the employed binders improved the fabrics’ protection against harmful solar UV radiation significantly, depending on the type of fibre and binder. Furthermore, the SFXC binder intensified the hydrophobicity of Co as compared to the WPU binder, and, on the other hand, WPU reduced the hydrophobicity of PES. Finally, the screen-printed fabrics were washed up to 20 cycles and rubbed up to 20,000 cycles, and characterised by means of mass loss determination and electrical resistivity measurement. Both binders enlarged polymer stability against the effect of washing and rubbing, depending on the number of cycles, the type and amount of employed binder, the type of fibres, and the thickness and uniformity of coatings.
Collapse
|
15
|
Recycling and Reprocessing of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Materials towards Nonwoven Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091917. [PMID: 32854413 PMCID: PMC7564349 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) is a unique tailorable material due to the interactions of hard and soft segments within the block-copolymer chain. Therefore, various products can be created out of this material. A general trend towards a circular economy with regards to sustainability in combination with TPU being comparably expensive is of high interest to recycle production as well as post-consumer wastes. A systematic study investigating the property changes of TPU is provided, focusing on two major aspects. The first aspect focuses on characterizing the change of basic raw material properties through recycling. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and processing load during extrusion indicate a decrease in molar mass and consequently viscosity with an increasing number of recycling cycles. This leads to a change in morphology at lower molar mass, characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and visualized by atomic force microscope (AFM). The change in molar mass and morphology with increasing number of recycling cycles has an impact on the material performance under tensile stress. The second aspect describes processing of the recycled TPU to nonwoven fabrics utilizing melt blowing, which are evaluated with respect to relevant mechanical properties and related to molecular characteristics. The molar mass turns out to be the governing factor regarding mechanical performance and processing conditions for melt blown products.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ojstršek A, Virant N, Fox D, Krishnan L, Cobley A. The Efficacy of Polymer Coatings for the Protection of Electroless Copper Plated Polyester Fabric. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061277. [PMID: 32503147 PMCID: PMC7361983 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective metallisation of textiles is becoming a very important process in the development of electronic or e-textiles. This study investigated the efficacy of polymer coatings for the protection of copper (Cu) conductive tracks electroless plated on polyester (PES) fabric against laundering and rubbing, without essentially affecting the physical-mechanical and optical properties of the base material. After the electroless deposition of a consistent layer of Cu onto PES, four polymers were applied individually by screen-printing or padding. The physical-mechanical characterisation of coated textiles revealed that polyurethane resin (PUR) and modified acrylate resin (AR) had little effect on the air permeability, tensile strength and breaking tenacity of the PES, as compared to silicone elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and epoxy resin (ER). On the other hand, PUR and PDMS had higher abrasion resistance and photo-stability under prolonged UV irradiation, as compared to AR and ER. In addition, freshly Cu plated samples were coated with polymers, washed up to 30 cycles and characterised by measuring their electrical resistivity, determination of colour changes and the examination of the surface morphology. Based on these results, PUR presented the most suitable protection of Cu tracks on PES, with the lowest impact on physical-mechanical properties. ER is not recommended to be used for protection of Cu tracks on fabrics, due to its rigidity, low photo-stability, washing and wear durability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Ojstršek
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-2-220-7935
| | - Natalija Virant
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Daryl Fox
- The Functional Materials Research Group, Department of Engineering, Computing and the Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (D.F.); (L.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Latha Krishnan
- The Functional Materials Research Group, Department of Engineering, Computing and the Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (D.F.); (L.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrew Cobley
- The Functional Materials Research Group, Department of Engineering, Computing and the Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (D.F.); (L.K.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Z, Yan J, Wang T, Zai Y, Qiu L, Wang Q. Fabrication and Properties of a Bio-Based Biodegradable Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071121. [PMID: 31269638 PMCID: PMC6680677 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the melt polycondensation of five bio-based aliphatic monomers (succinic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,4-butanediol), we first synthesized the more flexible and biodegradable polyester diols (BPD) with an average molecular weight of 3825. Then, the BPD was polymerized with excessive 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Finally, the molecular chain extender of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) was used to fabricate the biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (BTPU), comprising the soft segment of BPD and the hard segment polymerized by MDI and BDO. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images showed the two-phase structure of the BTPU. The tensile strength of the BTPU containing 60% BPD was about 30 MPa and elongation at break of the BTPU was over 800%. Notably, the BTPU had superior biodegradability in lipase solution and the biodegradation weight loss ratio of the BTPU containing 80% BPD reached 36.7% within 14 days in the lipase solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jieqiong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tongyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yingying Zai
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Liyan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao 266042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Puszka A. Thermal and Mechanical Behavior of New Transparent Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers Derived from Cycloaliphatic Diisocyanate. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E537. [PMID: 30966571 PMCID: PMC6415426 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New transparent thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPURs) with the hard-segment content of ≈50 mass % were synthesized by one-step melt polyaddition of 1,1'-methanediylbis(4-isocyanatocyclohexane), 2,2'-methylenebis[(4,1-phenylene)-methylenesulfanediyl]diethanol (diol E), 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid (DMPA), a poly(oxytetramethylene) diol of M ¯ n = 1000 g/mol (PTMO), or a poly(hexametylene carbonate) diol of M ¯ n = 860 g/mol (PHCD). Herein, I prepared TPURs in which 20, 40, and 60 mol % of diol E was replaced with DMPA, an ionic chain extender. The structure of polymers was examined by ATR-FTIR. Their thermal and mechanical behaviors were determined by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), tensile tests, and Shore A/D hardness. Their optical properties are described. Generally, the addition of carboxyl groups to the polymer resulted in decreases in their thermal stability, transparency, and refractive indexes. Furthermore, the use of different soft segments revealed significant differences in both mechanical and thermal properties of the polymers obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Puszka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, ul. Gliniana 33, Lublin 20⁻614, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|