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Bieniek A, Buksa K. The Influence of Arabinoxylans on the Properties of Wheat Bread Baked Using the Postponed Baking Method. Molecules 2024; 29:904. [PMID: 38398654 PMCID: PMC10893419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bread is a basic element of the human diet. To counteract the process of its going stale, semi-finished bakery products are subjected to cooling or freezing. This process is called postponed baking. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the molar mass of rye arabinoxylans (AXs) on the properties of wheat breads baked using the postponed baking method. Breads were produced using the postponed baking method from wheat flour without and with 1 or 2% share of rye AXs clearly differing in molar masses-non-modified or modified AXs by means of partial hydrolysis and cross-linking. The molar mass of non-modified AXs was 413,800 g/mol, that of AXs after partial hydrolysis was 192,320 g/mol, and that of AXs after cross-linking was 535,630 g/mol. The findings showed that the addition of all AX preparations significantly increased the water absorption of the baking mixture, and the increase was proportional to the molar mass of AXs used as well as the share of AX preparation. Moreover, for the first time, it was shown that 1% share of partly hydrolyzed AXs, of a low molar mass, in the baking mixture had the highest effect on increasing the volume of bread and reducing the hardness of the bread crumb of bread baked using postponed baking method. It was also shown that the AXs had a low and inconclusive effect on the baking loss and moisture content of the bread crumb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Buksa
- Department of Carbohydrate Technology and Cereal Processing, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
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Seidel L, Albuquerque W, Happel K, Ghezellou P, Gand M, Spengler B, Zorn H, Will F, Schweiggert R. Composition, ζ Potential, and Molar Mass Distribution of 20 Must and Wine Colloids from Five Different Cultivars Obtained during Four Consecutive Vintages. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:1938-1948. [PMID: 36977334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Colloids are responsible for undesirable haze formation in wine. Here, we characterized 20 colloid batches after isolation by ultrafiltration of musts and wines from five cultivars obtained from four consecutive vintages. Polysaccharide and protein concentrations of the colloids ranged from 0.10 to 0.65 and 0.03 to 0.40 mg/L, respectively. Protein profiling in must and wine colloids by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) analyses indicated a lower number of proteins in wine than in must colloids. Molar mass distribution analyses revealed all colloids to consist of two carbohydrate- (424-33,390 and 48-462 kg/mol) and one protein-rich (14-121 kg/mol) fractions. The observed barely negative ζ potentials (-3.1 to -1.1 mV) in unstable wines unraveled that colloid instability might be partly related to their poor electrostatic repulsion in the wine matrix. ζ potentials of the colloids from pH 1 to 10 are also presented. Our data support future developments to eliminate haze-forming colloids from wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Seidel
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - W Albuquerque
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Happel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - P Ghezellou
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Gand
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - B Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - H Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - F Will
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - R Schweiggert
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
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Manning RR, Holcomb RE, Katayama DS, Pauletti GM, Grant SN, Rosenbaum JS, Manning MC. Characterization of Oligomer Formation of Surfactant Protein-D (SP-D) Using AF4-MALLS. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2023; 23:862-873. [PMID: 36330647 DOI: 10.2174/1389203724666221102111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant protein-S (SP-D) is a naturally occurring lung protein with the potential to treat pulmonary infections. A recombinant surfactant protein-D (SP-D) has been produced and was previously found to exist in multiple oligomeric states. INTRODUCTION Separation and characterization of interconverting oligomeric states of a protein can be difficult using chromatographic methods, so an alternative separation technique was employed for SPD to characterize the different association states that exist. METHODS Samples of SP-D were analyzed using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) using UV and multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) detection. The AF4 method appears to be able to separate species as small as the monomer up to the dodecamer (the dominant species) to much larger species with a molar mass greater than 5 MDa. RESULTS Consistent elution of four distinct peaks was observed after repeated injections. The largest species observed under the last peak (labeled as Peak 4) were termed "unstructured multimers" and were resolved fairly well from the other species. The AF4-MALLS data suggest that only a small fraction of Peak 4 truly corresponds to high molar mass unstructured multimers. All other peaks demonstrated significant molar mass homogeneity consistent with AFM results. CONCLUSION AF4-MALLS technology appears to be a powerful analytical approach to characterize the complex and dynamic interplay among different protein oligomeric species of SP-D in an aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign, Johnstown, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Derrick S Katayama
- Legacy BioDesign, Johnstown, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign, Johnstown, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Schmidt M, Sciurba E, Nikolay S, Hüsken A, Smit I. Relevance of β-Glucan Molecular Properties on Its Suitability as Health Promoting Bread Ingredient. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 35458132 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fate of β-glucan (BG) health promoting properties during food production is crucial, but not predictable yet. Therefore, high molar mass BG (hBG) and control BG (cBG) were extracted from two barley varieties, characterized and added to wheat breads at levels of 3% and 6%. Bread quality criteria, carbohydrate contents and BG content and structural properties were determined. Additionally, breads were subjected to an in vitro digestion. The BG content in the chyme, molar mass, molar ratio, viscosity and bile acid retention were determined. The hBG and the cBG decreased loaf volume and increased crumb hardness with increasing BG content. The reduction in BG content during bread making was similar for hBG and cBG, but the molar mass of cBG decreased to a greater extent. As a result, only 10% of cBG entering in vitro digestion were found in the chyme afterwards, while 40% of the ingested hBG were detected. Molar mass reduction was much more severe for cBG compared to hBG. The use of hBG showed higher viscosity and better bile acid retention, indicating cholesterol lowering properties, compared to similar or higher amounts of cBG. These results provide valuable knowledge on the criteria to select BG-rich raw materials for ideal health promoting properties.
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Tsinas Z, Orski SV, Bentley VRC, Gonzalez Lopez L, Al-Sheikhly M, Forster AL. Effects of Thermal Aging on Molar Mass of Ultra-High Molar Mass Polyethylene Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1324. [PMID: 35406198 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) is commonly used for ballistic-resistant body armor applications due to the superior strength of the fibers fabricated from this material combined with its low density. However, polymeric materials are susceptible to thermally induced degradation during storage and use, which can reduce the high strength of these fibers, and, thus, negatively impact their ballistic resistance. The objective of this work is to advance the field of lightweight and soft UHMMPE inserts used in various types of ballistic resistant-body armor via elucidating the mechanisms of chemical degradation and evaluating this chemical degradation, as well as the corresponding physical changes, of the UHMMPE fibers upon thermal aging. This is the first comprehensive study on thermally aged UHMMPE fibers that measures their decrease in the average molar mass via high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) analysis. The decrease in the molar mass was further supported by the presence of carbon-centered free radicals in the polyethylene that was detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. These carbon-centered radicals result from a cascade of thermo-oxidative reactions that ultimately induce C–C ruptures along the backbone of the polymer. Changes in the crystalline morphology of the UHMMPE fibers were also observed through wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), showing an increase in the amorphous regions, which promotes oxygen diffusion into the material, specifically through these areas. This increase in the amorphous fraction of the highly oriented polyethylene fibers has a synergistic effect with the thermo-oxidative degradation processes and contributes significantly to the decrease in their molar mass.
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Du M, Jariyavidyanont K, Kühnert I, Boldt R, Androsch R. Effect of Molar Mass on Critical Specific Work of Flow for Shear-Induced Crystal Nucleation in Poly (l-Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1266. [PMID: 33924682 PMCID: PMC8069781 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of specific work of flow has been applied for the analysis of critical shearing conditions for the formation of crystal nuclei in poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA). Systematic variation in both time and rate of shearing the melt in a parallel-plate rheometer revealed that these parameters are interconvertible regarding the shear-induced formation of crystal nuclei; that is, low shear rate can be compensated for by increasing the shear time and vice versa. This result supports the view that critical shearing conditions can be expressed by a single quantity, providing additional options for tailoring polymer processing routes when enhanced nuclei formation is desired/unwanted. Analysis of PLLA of different mass-average molar masses of 70, 90, 120, and 576 kDa confirmed improved shear-induced crystal nucleation for materials of higher molar mass, with critical specific works of flow, above which shear-induced nuclei formation occurs, of 550, 60, 25, and 5 kPa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Du
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Ines Kühnert
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (I.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Regine Boldt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (I.K.); (R.B.)
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
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Lyyra I, Leino K, Hukka T, Hannula M, Kellomäki M, Massera J. Impact of Glass Composition on Hydrolytic Degradation of Polylactide/Bioactive Glass Composites. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14030667. [PMID: 33535590 PMCID: PMC7867177 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the degradation of a composite material is crucial for tailoring its properties based on the foreseen application. In this study, poly-L,DL-lactide 70/30 (PLA70) was compounded with silicate or phosphate bioactive glass (Si-BaG and P-BaG, respectively). The composite processing was carried out without excessive thermal degradation of the polymer and resulted in porous composites with lower mechanical properties than PLA70. The loss in mechanical properties was associated with glass content rather than the glass composition. The degradation of the composites was studied for 40 weeks in Tris buffer solution Adding Si-BaG to PLA70 accelerated the polymer degradation in vitro more than adding P-BaG, despite the higher reactivity of the P-BaG. All the composites exhibited a decrease in mechanical properties and increased hydrophilicity during hydrolysis compared to the PLA70. Both glasses dissolved through the polymer matrix with a linear, predictable release rate of ions. Most of the P-BaG had dissolved before 20 weeks in vitro, while there was still Si-BaG left after 40 weeks. This study introduces new polymer/bioactive glass composites with tailorable mechanical properties and ion release for bone regeneration and fixation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inari Lyyra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland; (I.L.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Katri Leino
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland; (I.L.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Terttu Hukka
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Chemistry and Advanced Materials, P.O. Box 541, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Markus Hannula
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland; (I.L.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Minna Kellomäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland; (I.L.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Jonathan Massera
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland; (I.L.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Wölfel B, Seefried A, Allen V, Kaschta J, Holmes C, Schubert DW. Recycling and Reprocessing of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Materials towards Nonwoven Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1917. [PMID: 32854413 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) is a unique tailorable material due to the interactions of hard and soft segments within the block-copolymer chain. Therefore, various products can be created out of this material. A general trend towards a circular economy with regards to sustainability in combination with TPU being comparably expensive is of high interest to recycle production as well as post-consumer wastes. A systematic study investigating the property changes of TPU is provided, focusing on two major aspects. The first aspect focuses on characterizing the change of basic raw material properties through recycling. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and processing load during extrusion indicate a decrease in molar mass and consequently viscosity with an increasing number of recycling cycles. This leads to a change in morphology at lower molar mass, characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and visualized by atomic force microscope (AFM). The change in molar mass and morphology with increasing number of recycling cycles has an impact on the material performance under tensile stress. The second aspect describes processing of the recycled TPU to nonwoven fabrics utilizing melt blowing, which are evaluated with respect to relevant mechanical properties and related to molecular characteristics. The molar mass turns out to be the governing factor regarding mechanical performance and processing conditions for melt blown products.
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Poulain D, Botran L, North HM, Ralet MC. Composition and physicochemical properties of outer mucilage from seeds of Arabidopsis natural accessions. AoB Plants 2019; 11:plz031. [PMID: 31281620 PMCID: PMC6600900 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seeds are myxospermous and release two layers of mucilage on imbibition. The outer layer can be extracted with water facilitating the analysis of its major constituent, polysaccharides. The composition and properties of outer mucilage have been determined for 306 natural accessions and six control genotypes to generate a data set comprising six traits measured in four biological replicates for each. Future exploitation of this data is possible in a range of analyses and should yield information concerning genetic diversity, underlying genetic factors and the biological function of mucilage as an adaptive trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Poulain
- INRA, UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Lucy Botran
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Helen M North
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- INRA, UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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Harasym J, Żyła E, Dziendzikowska K, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. Proteinaceous Residue Removal from Oat β-Glucan Extracts Obtained by Alkaline Water Extraction. Molecules 2019; 24:E1729. [PMID: 31058866 PMCID: PMC6539924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wet methods of 1-3, 1-4 -β-D-glucan isolation from cereals differ mainly in the type of grain fraction used as raw material, the solid-liquid ratio of β-glucan in raw material vs. solvent used, and the type of aqueous solvent modification (alkali, neutral or acidic). All these factors impact the characterization of the residues finally found in extracts. Oat bran is a rich source of globulin fraction which can be transferred into the extracts, especially when a high pH is employed. Methods: A multi-stage (enzymatic and acidic) purification procedure was performed to remove the residues, especially starch and protein, from β-glucan isolates from oat of different molar mass. Pancreatin, thermostable α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, and papain were used for consecutive residue removal. Three levels of low pH = 4.5, 3.5 and 3.0 were also tested for effective protein precipitation. Results: The starch hydrolysis and liquefaction significantly facilitate the proteinaceous matter removal although papain usage showed an intensive unfavorable impact on β-glucan molar mass. Soluble protein content was significantly decreased after pancreatin and α-amylase treatment, while the significant reduction of amine nitrogen was noted after complete starch hydrolysis and a second acidification step. Conclusions: A complex procedure employing different enzymes is needed to successfully reduce the possibly bioactive residues in isolated oat β-glucan fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Harasym
- Adaptive Food Systems Accelerator⁻Research Centre, Wrocław University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland.
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Wrocław University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ewa Żyła
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Xu M, Jin Z, Ohm JB, Schwarz P, Rao J, Chen B. Improvement of the Antioxidative Activity of Soluble Phenolic Compounds in Chickpea by Germination. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:6179-6187. [PMID: 29860843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our recent study found that antioxidative activity of phenolic compounds extracted from germinated chickpea was boosted in both in vitro assays and oil-in-water emulsions [ Xu et al. Food Chem. 2018 , 250 , 140 ]. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which germination enhances the antioxidative activity of the phenolic compounds extracted from chickpea. Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle-light-scattering and refractive-index detection (SEC-MALS-RI) were employed to evaluate the phenolic composition of soluble phenolic compounds (free and bound) and molar masses of soluble bound phenolic compounds, respectively, over 6 days of germination. According to principal-component analysis of the interrelationship between germination time and phenolic composition, it is revealed that protocatechuic acid 4- O-glucoside and 6-hydroxydaidzein played a pivotal role in the soluble free phenolic compounds, whereas gentisic acid and 7,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone were important in the soluble bound phenolic compounds. Molar masses of soluble bound phenolic compounds were increased after 6 days of germination. Protective and dual antioxidative effects were proposed to explicate how the antioxidative activity of soluble bound phenolic compounds in oil-in-water emulsions was improved with germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Xu
- Department of Plant Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Plant Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Jae-Bom Ohm
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Hard Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Lab , USDA-ARS , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Paul Schwarz
- Department of Plant Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
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Rebière J, Rouilly A, Durrieu V, Violleau F. Characterization of Non-Derivatized Cellulose Samples by Size Exclusion Chromatography in Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride/Dimethylsulfoxide (TBAF/DMSO). Molecules 2017; 22:E1985. [PMID: 29144402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper deals with the use of tetrabutylammonium fluoride/dimethylsulfoxide (TBAF/DMSO) to characterize the molar mass distribution of non-derivatized cellulosic samples by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Different cellulose samples with various average degree of polymerization (DP) were first solubilized in this solvent system, with increasing TBAF rates, and then analyzed by SEC coupled to a refractive index detector (RID), using DMSO as mobile phase. The Molar Masses (MM) obtained by conventional calibration were then discussed and compared with suppliers' data and MM determined by viscosimetry measurements. By this non-classic method, molar mass of low DP samples (Avicel® and cotton fibers) have been determined. For high DP samples (α-cellulose and Vitacel®), dissolution with TBAF concentration of 10 mg/mL involved elution of cellulose aggregates in the exclusion volume, related to an incomplete dissolution or the dilution of TBAF molecules in elution solvent, preventing the correct evaluation of their molar mass.
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Feng XJ, Zhang JT, Moldover MR, Yang I, Plimmer MD, Lin H. Determination of the molar mass of argon from high-precision acoustic comparisons. Metrologia 2017; 54:339-347. [PMID: 29332953 PMCID: PMC5761679 DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/aa68c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the accurate determination of the molar mass M of a sample of argon gas used for the determination of the Boltzmann constant. The method of one of the authors (Moldover et al 1988 J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand.93 85-144) uses the ratio of the square speed of sound in the gas under analysis and in a reference sample of known molar mass. A sample of argon that was isotopically-enriched in 40Ar was used as the reference, whose unreactive impurities had been independently measured. The results for three gas samples are in good agreement with determinations by gravimetric mass spectrometry; (〈Macoustic/Mmass-spec〉 - 1) = (-0.31 ± 0.69) × 10-6, where the indicated uncertainty is one standard deviation that does not account for the uncertainties from the acoustic and mass-spectroscopy references.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Feng
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - J T Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - M R Moldover
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - I Yang
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Plimmer
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, La Plaine-Saint Denis 93210, France
| | - H Lin
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Lounis FM, Chamieh J, Leclercq L, Gonzalez P, Cottet H. The Effect of Molar Mass and Charge Density on the Formation of Complexes between Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9020050. [PMID: 30970728 PMCID: PMC6432040 DOI: 10.3390/polym9020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between model polyanions and polycations have been studied using frontal continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE) which allows the determination of binding stoichiometry and binding constant of the formed polyelectrolyte complex (PEC). In this work, the effect of the poly(l-lysine) (PLL) molar mass on the interaction with statistical copolymers of acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate (PAMAMPS) has been systematically investigated for different PAMAMPS chemical charge densities (15% and 100%) and different ionic strengths. The study of the ionic strength dependence of the binding constant allowed the determination of the total number of released counter-ions during the formation of the PEC, which can be compared to the total number of counter-ions initially condensed on the individual polyelectrolyte partners before the association. Interestingly, this fraction of released counter-ions, which was strongly dependent on the PLL molar mass, was almost independent of the PAMAMPS charge density. These findings are useful to predict the binding constant according to the molar mass and charge density of the polyelectrolyte partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Meriem Lounis
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Joseph Chamieh
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Philippe Gonzalez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Hervé Cottet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
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Henniges U, Hasani M, Potthast A, Westman G, Rosenau T. Electron Beam Irradiation of Cellulosic Materials-Opportunities and Limitations. Materials (Basel) 2013; 6:1584-1598. [PMID: 28809230 PMCID: PMC5452524 DOI: 10.3390/ma6051584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The irradiation of pulp is of interest from different perspectives. Mainly it is required when a modification of cellulose is needed. Irradiation could bring many advantages, such as chemical savings and, therefore, cost savings and a reduction in environmental pollutants. In this account, pulp and dissociated celluloses were analyzed before and after irradiation by electron beaming. The focus of the analysis was the oxidation of hydroxyl groups to carbonyl and carboxyl groups in pulp and the degradation of cellulose causing a decrease in molar mass. For that purpose, the samples were labeled with a selective fluorescence marker and analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), refractive index (RI), and fluorescence detectors. Degradation of the analyzed substrates was the predominant result of the irradiation; however, in the microcrystalline samples, oxidized cellulose functionalities were introduced along the cellulose chain, making this substrate suitable for further chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Henniges
- Department of Chemistry/Division of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
| | - Merima Hasani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Organic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry/Division of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
| | - Gunnar Westman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Organic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry/Division of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
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