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Stawska HI, Popenda MA. Refractive Index Sensors Based on Long-Period Grating in a Negative Curvature Hollow-Core Fiber. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051803. [PMID: 33807676 PMCID: PMC7961978 DOI: 10.3390/s21051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Long-period optical fiber gratings (LPGs) are one of the widely used concepts for the sensing of refractive index (RI) changes. Negative curvature hollow-core fibers (NCHCFs), with their relatively large internal diameters that are easy to fill with liquids, appear as a very interesting medium to combine with the idea of LPGs and use for RI sensing. However, to date, there has been no investigation of the RI sensing capabilities of the NCHCF-based LPGs. The results presented in the paper do not only address this matter, but also compare the RI sensitivities of the NCHCFs alone and the gratings. By modeling two revolver-type fibers, with their internal diameters reflecting the results of the possible LPG-inscription process, the authors show that the fibers' transmission windows shift in response to the RI change, resulting in changes in RI sensitivities as high as -4411 nm/RIU. On the contrary, the shift in the transmission dip of the NCHCF-based LPGs corresponds to a sensitivity of -658 nm/RIU. A general confirmation of these results was ensured by comparing the analytical formulas describing the sensitivities of the NCHCFs and the NCHCF-based LPGs.
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Perezcampos Mayoral C, Gutiérrez Gutiérrez J, Cano Pérez JL, Vargas Treviño M, Gallegos Velasco IB, Hernández Cruz PA, Torres Rosas R, Tepech Carrillo L, Arnaud Ríos J, Apreza EL, Rojas Laguna R. Fiber Optic Sensors for Vital Signs Monitoring. A Review of Its Practicality in the Health Field. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:58. [PMID: 33672317 PMCID: PMC7926559 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vital signs not only reflect essential functions of the human body but also symptoms of a more serious problem within the anatomy; they are well used for physical monitoring, caloric expenditure, and performance before a possible symptom of a massive failure-a great variety of possibilities that together form a first line of basic diagnosis and follow-up on the health and general condition of a person. This review includes a brief theory about fiber optic sensors' operation and summarizes many research works carried out with them in which their operation and effectiveness are promoted to register some vital sign(s) as a possibility for their use in the medical, health care, and life support fields. The review presents methods and techniques to improve sensitivity in monitoring vital signs, such as the use of doping agents or coatings for optical fiber (OF) that provide stability and resistance to the external factors from which they must be protected in in vivo situations. It has been observed that most of these sensors work with single-mode optical fibers (SMF) in a spectral range of 1550 nm, while only some work in the visible spectrum (Vis); the vast majority, operate through fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), long-period fiber gratings (LPFG), and interferometers. These sensors have brought great advances to the measurement of vital signs, especially with regard to respiratory rate; however, many express the possibility of monitoring other vital signs through mathematical calculations, algorithms, or auxiliary devices. Their advantages due to miniaturization, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and the absence of a power source makes them truly desirable for everyday use at all times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perezcampos Mayoral
- Doctorado en Biociencias, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68050 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez Gutiérrez
- Escuela de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (SBIT-UABJO), Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (M.V.T.); (L.T.C.); (E.L.A.)
| | - José Luis Cano Pérez
- Doctorado en Biociencias, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68050 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico;
| | - Marciano Vargas Treviño
- Escuela de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (SBIT-UABJO), Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (M.V.T.); (L.T.C.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Itandehui Belem Gallegos Velasco
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68050 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (I.B.G.V.); (P.A.H.C.)
| | - Pedro António Hernández Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68050 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (I.B.G.V.); (P.A.H.C.)
| | - Rafael Torres Rosas
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico;
| | - Lorenzo Tepech Carrillo
- Escuela de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (SBIT-UABJO), Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (M.V.T.); (L.T.C.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Judith Arnaud Ríos
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Desarrollo Regional y Tecnológico, Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Oaxaca, Avenida Ing. Víctor Bravo Ahuja No. 125 Esquina Calzada Tecnológico, 68030 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico;
| | - Edmundo López Apreza
- Escuela de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (SBIT-UABJO), Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (M.V.T.); (L.T.C.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Roberto Rojas Laguna
- Departamento de Electrónica, División de Ingeniería, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8, Comunidad de Palo Blanco, 36885 Salamanca, Mexico;
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Peng L, Jing G, Luo Z, Yuan X, Wang Y, Zhang B. Temperature and Strain Correlation of Bridge Parallel Structure Based on Vibrating Wire Strain Sensor. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030658. [PMID: 31991640 PMCID: PMC7038346 DOI: 10.3390/s20030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deformation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature. This process usually refers to the change in shape, size, and position of an object in the time and spatial domain under various loads. Under normal circumstances, during engineering construction, technicians are generally required to monitor the safe operation of structural facilities in the transportation field and the health of bridge, because monitoring in the engineering process plays an important role in construction safety. Considering the reliability risk of sensors after a long-time work period, such as signal drift, accurate measurement of strain gauges is inseparable from the value traceability system of high-precision strain gauges. In this study, two vibrating wire strain gauges with the same working principle were measured using the parallel method at similar positions. First, based on the principle of time series, the experiment used high-frequency dynamic acquisition to measure the thermometer strain of two vibrating wire strain gauges. Second, this experiment analyzed the correlation between strain and temperature measured separately. Under the condition of different prestress, this experiment studied the influencing relationship of temperature corresponding variable. In this experiment, the measurement repetitiveness was analyzed using the meteorology knowledge of single sensor data, focused on researching the influence of temperature and prestress effect on sensors by analyzing differences of their measurement results in a specified situation. Then, the reliability and stability of dynamic vibrating wire strain gauge were verified in the experiment. The final conclusion of the experiment is the actual engineering in the later stage. Onsite online meteorology in the application provides support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- National Center of Metrization for Equipments of Roads and Bridges, Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China; (G.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Genqiang Jing
- National Center of Metrization for Equipments of Roads and Bridges, Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China; (G.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Zhu Luo
- National Center of Metrization for Equipments of Roads and Bridges, Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China; (G.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Xin Yuan
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China;
| | - Yixu Wang
- National Center of Metrization for Equipments of Roads and Bridges, Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China; (G.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Center of Metrization for Equipments of Roads and Bridges, Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China; (G.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.)
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Sensing Characteristics of Tilted Long Period Fiber Gratings Inscribed by Infrared Femtosecond Laser. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18093003. [PMID: 30205527 PMCID: PMC6163470 DOI: 10.3390/s18093003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel tilted long period fiber grating (TLPFG) design, inscribed using a line-by-line inscription technique and an infrared femtosecond (Fs) laser. The responses of this TLPFG to external refractive index, temperature, torsion, and strain were systematically investigated to determine its sensing characteristics. The external refractive index (RI) was measured to be −602.86 nm/RIU at an RI of ~1.432. The TLPFG was used to accurately measure temperatures up to 450 °C with a sensitivity of 103.8 pm/°C. The torsion and strain sensitivity of the device were 48.94 nm/(rad/mm) and −0.63 pm/µε, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed TLPFG could be used as sensors in a series of application fields including high temperatures and external environments.
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Esposito F, Ranjan R, Campopiano S, Iadicicco A. Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings from Standard to Polarization-Maintaining and Photonic Crystal Fibers. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18030918. [PMID: 29558407 PMCID: PMC5877216 DOI: 10.3390/s18030918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report about our recent results concerning the fabrication of Long Period Grating (LPG) sensors in several optical fibers, through the Electric Arc Discharge (EAD) technique. In particular, the following silica fibers with both different dopants and geometrical structures are considered: standard Ge-doped, photosensitive B/Ge codoped, P-doped, pure-silica core with F-doped cladding, Panda type Polarization-maintaining, and Hollow core Photonic crystal fiber. An adaptive platform was developed and the appropriate “recipe” was identified for each fiber, in terms of both arc discharge parameters and setup arrangement, for manufacturing LPGs with strong and narrow attenuation bands, low insertion losses, and short length. As the fabricated devices have appealing features from the application point of view, the sensitivity characteristics towards changes in different external perturbations (i.e., surrounding refractive index, temperature, and strain) are investigated and compared, highlighting the effects of different fiber composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Esposito
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Stefania Campopiano
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Agostino Iadicicco
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
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Real-time analysis of arc-induced Long Period Gratings under gamma irradiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43389. [PMID: 28262784 PMCID: PMC5338260 DOI: 10.1038/srep43389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a comparative experimental and theoretical study on gamma radiation sensitivity of Long Period Gratings (LPGs), fabricated by electric arc discharge technique, as monitored in three single mode optical fibers supplied by different manufacturers. A real-time measurement of LPGs’ wavelength shift was performed until a total dose of 35 kGy was reached, with average dose rate of 0.18 kGy/h, the irradiation being done at room temperature. In one case, a maximum radiation sensitivity of 1.34 nm/kGy was recorded for doses up to 0.5 kGy. Moreover, by combining experimental results with numerical simulations, it was found that changes occurred in the core refractive index of the irradiated optical fibers up to 2.5 ∙ 10−5. The increase of the core thermo-optic coefficient up to 1.5 ∙ 10−8/°C was observed as well.
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