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Qiao H, Lin Z, Sun X, Li W, Zhao Y, Guo C. Fiber Optic-Based Durability Monitoring in Smart Concrete: A State-of-Art Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7810. [PMID: 37765867 PMCID: PMC10535973 DOI: 10.3390/s23187810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Concrete is the most commonly used construction material nowadays. With emerging cutting-edge technologies such as nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc.), advanced sensing (fiber optics, computer tomography, etc.), and artificial intelligence, concrete can now achieve self-sensing, self-healing, and ultrahigh performance. The concept and functions of smart concrete have thus been partially realized. However, due to the wider application location (coastal areas, cold regions, offshore, and deep ocean scenarios) and changing climate (temperature increase, more CO2 emissions, higher moisture, etc.), durability monitoring (pH, ion penetration, carbonation, corrosion, etc.) becomes an essential component for smart concrete. Fiber optic sensors (FOS) have been widely explored in recent years for concrete durability monitoring due to their advantages of high sensitivity, immunity to harsh environments, small size, and superior sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to summarize FOS development and its application in concrete durability monitoring in recent years. The objectives of this study are to (1) introduce the working principle of FOS, including fiber Bragg grating (FBG), long-period fiber grating (LPFG), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence-based sensors, and distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS); (2) compare the sensitivity, resolution, and application scenarios of each sensor; and (3) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of FOS in concrete durability monitoring. This review is expected to promote technical development and provide potential research paths in the future for FOS in durability monitoring in smart concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou Qiao
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Institute of Urban Smart Transportation & Safety Maintenance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation (HDEC), Hangzhou 311122, China;
- Key Laboratory of Far-Shore Wind Power Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311122, China
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Xiangtao Sun
- Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
| | - Wei Li
- Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation (HDEC), Hangzhou 311122, China;
| | - Yangping Zhao
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Institute of Urban Smart Transportation & Safety Maintenance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chuanrui Guo
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Institute of Urban Smart Transportation & Safety Maintenance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.)
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Raju B, Kumar R, Senthilkumar M, Sulaiman R, Kama N, Dhanalakshmi S. Humidity sensor based on fibre bragg grating for predicting microbial induced corrosion. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS 2022; 52:102306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
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Fibre Bragg Grating Based Interface Pressure Sensor for Compression Therapy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051798. [PMID: 35270942 PMCID: PMC8915074 DOI: 10.3390/s22051798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compression therapy is widely used as the gold standard for management of chronic venous insufficiency and venous leg ulcers, and the amount of pressure applied during the compression therapy is crucial in supporting healing. A fibre optic pressure sensor using Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs) is developed in this paper to measure sub-bandage pressure whilst removing cross-sensitivity due to strain in the fibre and temperature. The interface pressure is measured by an FBG encapsulated in a polymer and housed in a textile to minimise discomfort for the patient. The repeatability of a manual fabrication process is investigated by fabricating and calibrating ten sensors. A customized calibration setup consisting of a programmable translation stage and a weighing scale gives sensitivities in the range 0.4–1.5 pm/mmHg (2.6–11.3 pm/kPa). An alternative calibration method using a rigid plastic cylinder and a blood pressure cuff is also demonstrated. Investigations are performed with the sensor under a compression bandage on a phantom leg to test the response of the sensor to changing pressures in static situations. Measurements are taken on a human subject to demonstrate changes in interface pressure under a compression bandage during motion to mimic a clinical application. These results are compared to the current gold standard medical sensor using a Bland–Altman analysis, with a median bias ranging from −4.6 to −20.4 mmHg, upper limit of agreement (LOA) from −13.5 to 2.7 mmHg and lower LOA from −32.4 to −7.7 mmHg. The sensor has the potential to be used as a training tool for nurses and can be left in situ to monitor bandage pressure during compression therapy.
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High-Temperature Measurement of a Fiber Probe Sensor Based on the Michelson Interferometer. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010289. [PMID: 35009828 PMCID: PMC8749652 DOI: 10.3390/s22010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a fiber probe high-temperature sensor based on the Michelson Interferometer (MI) is proposed and experimentally verified. We used a fiber splicing machine to fabricate a taper of the single-mode fiber (SMF) end. The high order modes were excited at the taper, so that different modes were transmitted forward in the fiber and reflected by the end face of the fiber and then recoupled back to the fiber core to form MI. For comparison, we also coated a thin gold film on the fiber end to improve the reflectivity, and the reflection intensity was improved by 16 dB. The experimental results showed that the temperature sensitivity at 1506 nm was 80 pm/°C (100 °C~450 °C) and 109 pm/°C (450 °C~900 °C). The repeated heating and cooling processes showed that the MI structure had good stability at a temperature up to 900 °C. This fiber probe sensor has the advantages of a small size, simple structure, easy manufacturing, good stability, and broad application prospects in industrial and other environments.
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Rao X, Zhao L, Xu L, Wang Y, Liu K, Wang Y, Chen GY, Liu T, Wang Y. Review of Optical Humidity Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238049. [PMID: 34884052 PMCID: PMC8659510 DOI: 10.3390/s21238049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical humidity sensors have evolved through decades of research and development, constantly adapting to new demands and challenges. The continuous growth is supported by the emergence of a variety of optical fibers and functional materials, in addition to the adaptation of different sensing mechanisms and optical techniques. This review attempts to cover the majority of optical humidity sensors reported to date, highlight trends in design and performance, and discuss the challenges of different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Rao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Lukui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - George Y. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Ballaji HK, Correia R, Liu C, Korposh S, Hayes-Gill BR, Musgrove A, Morgan SP. Optical Fibre Sensor for Capillary Refill Time and Contact Pressure Measurements under the Foot. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186072. [PMID: 34577279 PMCID: PMC8470683 DOI: 10.3390/s21186072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Capillary refill time (CRT) refers to the time taken for body tissue to regain its colour after an applied blanching pressure is released. Usually, pressure is manually applied and not measured. Upon release of pressure, simple mental counting is typically used to estimate how long it takes for the skin to regain its colour. However, this method is subjective and can provide inaccurate readings due to human error. CRT is often used to assess shock and hydration but also has the potential to assess peripheral arterial disease which can result in tissue breakdown, foot ulcers and ultimately amputation, especially in people with diabetes. The aim of this study was to design an optical fibre sensor to simultaneously detect blood volume changes and the contact pressure applied to the foot. The CRT probe combines two sensors: a plastic optical fibre (POF) based on photoplethysmography (PPG) to measure blood volume changes and a fibre Bragg grating to measure skin contact pressure. The results from 10 healthy volunteers demonstrate that the blanching pressure on the subject’s first metatarsal head of the foot was 100.8 ± 4.8 kPa (mean and standard deviation), the average CRT was 1.37 ± 0.46 s and the time to achieve a stable blood volume was 4.77 ± 1.57 s. For individual volunteers, the fastest CRT measured was 0.82 ± 0.11 and the slowest 1.94 ± 0.49 s. The combined sensor and curve fitting process has the potential to provide increased reliability and accuracy for CRT measurement of the foot in diabetic foot ulcer clinics and in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattan K. Ballaji
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
- Computer Engineering Department, College of Computers and Information System, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ricardo Correia
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
| | - Chong Liu
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
| | - Serhiy Korposh
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
| | - Barrie R. Hayes-Gill
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
| | - Alison Musgrove
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK;
| | - Stephen P. Morgan
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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Marrujo-García S, Hernández-Romano I, May-Arrioja DA, Minkovich VP, Torres-Cisneros M. In-Line Mach-Zehnder Interferometers Based on a Capillary Hollow-Core Fiber Using Vernier Effect for a Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensor. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165471. [PMID: 34450913 PMCID: PMC8400867 DOI: 10.3390/s21165471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a highly sensitive temperature sensor based on two cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) that work using the Vernier effect. The all-fiber MZIs were assembled by splicing a segment of capillary hollow-core fiber (CHCF) between two sections of multimode fibers (MMFs). This cascaded configuration exhibits a temperature sensitivity of 1.964 nm/°C in a range from 10 to 70 °C, which is ~67.03 times higher than the sensitivity of the single MZI. Moreover, this device exhibits a high-temperature resolution of 0.0153 °C. A numerical analysis was carried out to estimate the devices' temperature sensitivity and calculate the magnification of the sensitivity produced by the Vernier effect. The numerical results have an excellent agreement with the experimental results and provide a better insight into the working principle of the MZI devices. The sensor's performance, small size, and easy fabrication make us believe that it is an attractive candidate for temperature measurement in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigifredo Marrujo-García
- Electronics Department, DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8, Salamanca 36885, Mexico; (S.M.-G.); (M.T.-C.)
| | - Iván Hernández-Romano
- CONACYT-Electronics Department, DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8, Salamanca 36885, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel A. May-Arrioja
- Fiber and Integrated Optics Laboratory (FIOLab), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Aguascalientes 20200, Mexico;
| | - Vladimir P. Minkovich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Calle Loma del Bosque 115, León 37150, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Torres-Cisneros
- Electronics Department, DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8, Salamanca 36885, Mexico; (S.M.-G.); (M.T.-C.)
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8
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Humidity Sensing by Chitosan-Coated Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBG). SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103348. [PMID: 34065838 PMCID: PMC8151895 DOI: 10.3390/s21103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report novel relative humidity sensors realized by functionalising fibre Bragg gratings with chitosan, a moisture-sensitive biopolymer never used before for this kind of fibre optic sensor. The swelling capacity of chitosan is fundamental to the sensing mechanism. Different samples were fabricated, testing the influence of coating design and deposition procedure on sensor performance. The sensitivity of the sensors was measured in an airtight humidity-controlled chamber using saturated chemical salt solutions. The best result in terms of sensitivity was obtained for a sensor produced on filter paper substrate. Tests for each design were performed in the environment, lasted several days, and all designs were independently re-tested at different seasons of the year. The produced sensors closely followed the ambient humidity variation common to the 24-h circadian cycle.
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Perezcampos Mayoral C, Gutiérrez Gutiérrez J, Cano Pérez JL, Vargas Treviño M, Gallegos Velasco IB, Hernández Cruz PA, Torres Rosas R, Tepech Carrillo L, Arnaud Ríos J, Apreza EL, Rojas Laguna R. Fiber Optic Sensors for Vital Signs Monitoring. A Review of Its Practicality in the Health Field. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:58. [PMID: 33672317 PMCID: PMC7926559 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vital signs not only reflect essential functions of the human body but also symptoms of a more serious problem within the anatomy; they are well used for physical monitoring, caloric expenditure, and performance before a possible symptom of a massive failure-a great variety of possibilities that together form a first line of basic diagnosis and follow-up on the health and general condition of a person. This review includes a brief theory about fiber optic sensors' operation and summarizes many research works carried out with them in which their operation and effectiveness are promoted to register some vital sign(s) as a possibility for their use in the medical, health care, and life support fields. The review presents methods and techniques to improve sensitivity in monitoring vital signs, such as the use of doping agents or coatings for optical fiber (OF) that provide stability and resistance to the external factors from which they must be protected in in vivo situations. It has been observed that most of these sensors work with single-mode optical fibers (SMF) in a spectral range of 1550 nm, while only some work in the visible spectrum (Vis); the vast majority, operate through fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), long-period fiber gratings (LPFG), and interferometers. These sensors have brought great advances to the measurement of vital signs, especially with regard to respiratory rate; however, many express the possibility of monitoring other vital signs through mathematical calculations, algorithms, or auxiliary devices. Their advantages due to miniaturization, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and the absence of a power source makes them truly desirable for everyday use at all times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perezcampos Mayoral
- Doctorado en Biociencias, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68050 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez Gutiérrez
- Escuela de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (SBIT-UABJO), Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (M.V.T.); (L.T.C.); (E.L.A.)
| | - José Luis Cano Pérez
- Doctorado en Biociencias, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68050 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico;
| | - Marciano Vargas Treviño
- Escuela de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (SBIT-UABJO), Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (M.V.T.); (L.T.C.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Itandehui Belem Gallegos Velasco
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68050 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (I.B.G.V.); (P.A.H.C.)
| | - Pedro António Hernández Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68050 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (I.B.G.V.); (P.A.H.C.)
| | - Rafael Torres Rosas
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico;
| | - Lorenzo Tepech Carrillo
- Escuela de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (SBIT-UABJO), Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (M.V.T.); (L.T.C.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Judith Arnaud Ríos
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Desarrollo Regional y Tecnológico, Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Oaxaca, Avenida Ing. Víctor Bravo Ahuja No. 125 Esquina Calzada Tecnológico, 68030 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico;
| | - Edmundo López Apreza
- Escuela de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (SBIT-UABJO), Av. Universidad S/N, Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico; (M.V.T.); (L.T.C.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Roberto Rojas Laguna
- Departamento de Electrónica, División de Ingeniería, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8, Comunidad de Palo Blanco, 36885 Salamanca, Mexico;
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Xu X, Luo M, Liu J, Luan N. Fluorinated Polyimide-Film Based Temperature and Humidity Sensor Utilizing Fiber Bragg Grating. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195469. [PMID: 32987660 PMCID: PMC7583899 DOI: 10.3390/s20195469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a temperature and humidity sensor based on a fluorinated polyimide film and fiber Bragg grating. Moisture-induced film expansion or contraction causes an extra strain, which is transferred to the fiber Bragg grating and leads to a humidity-dependent wavelength shift. The hydrophobic fluoride doping in the polyimide film helps to restrain its humidity hysteresis and provides a short moisture breathing time less than 2 min. Additionally, another cascaded fiber Bragg grating is used to exclude its thermal crosstalk, with a temperature accuracy of ±0.5 °C. Experimental monitoring over 9000 min revealed a considerable humidity accuracy better than ±3% relative humidity, due to the sensitized separate film-grating structure. The passive and electromagnetic immune sensor proved itself in field tests and could have sensing applications in the electro-sensitive storage of fuel, explosives, and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Xu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (N.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Mingming Luo
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (N.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jianfei Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (N.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Nannan Luan
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (N.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China
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Morgan SP, Canfarotta F, Piletska EV, Grillo F, Korposh S, Liu L, Hernandez FU, Correia R, Norris A, Sinha R, Hayes-Gill BR, Piletsky SA. Optical fiber sensors for monitoring in critical care. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:1139-1143. [PMID: 31946095 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of key physiological and pharmacological parameters is an important part of a closed loop control system in critical care. Optical fiber sensors provide a versatile platform technology that can be easily incorporated into existing in-dwelling catheters or face masks. With appropriate functional coatings they can be used to monitor a range of relevant parameters and two different examples are presented: (i) respiration monitoring; (ii) drug level monitoring. Respiration monitoring involves monitoring of temperature and humidity in inhaled and exhaled breath. The optical fiber sensor consists of a fiber Bragg grating to measure temperature and a tip coating whose refractive index changes with humidity. The sensor is demonstrated to be able to track breath to breath changes when incorporated into a mask. Drug level monitoring is demonstrated in vitro using a long period grating coated with molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles that are sensitive to fentanyl. The sensor has a limit of detection of 50ng/ml.
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Iacoponi S, Massaroni C, Lo Presti D, Saccomandi P, Caponero MA, DrAmato R, Schena E. Polymer-coated fiber optic probe for the monitoring of breathing pattern and respiratory rate. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2018:1616-1619. [PMID: 30440702 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, no-invasive and small size systems are meeting the demand of the new healthcare system, in which the vital signs monitoring is gaining in importance. In this context, Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are becoming very popular and FBG-based systems could be used for monitoring vital signs. At the same time, FBG could be able to sense chemical parameters by the polymer functionalization. The aim of our study was investigating the ability of a polymer-coated FBG-based probe for monitoring breathing patterns and respiratory rates. We tested the proposed FBG-based probe on 9 healthy volunteers during spirometry, the most common pulmonary function test. Results showed the high accuracy of the proposed probe to detect respiratory rate. The comparison between the respiratory rates estimated by the probe with the ones by the spirometer showed the absolute value of the percentage errors lower than 2.07% (in the 78% of cases <.91%). Lastly, a Bland Altman analysis was performed to compare the instantaneous respiratory rate values gathered by the spirometer and the FBG probe showing the feasibility of breath-by-breath monitoring by the proposed probe. Results showed a bias of 0.06± 2.90 $\mathrm{breaths}\square {\mathrm {min}}^{-1}$. Additionally, our system was able to follow the breathing activities and monitoring the breathing patterns.
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Massaroni C, Nicolò A, Lo Presti D, Sacchetti M, Silvestri S, Schena E. Contact-Based Methods for Measuring Respiratory Rate. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E908. [PMID: 30795595 PMCID: PMC6413190 DOI: 10.3390/s19040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever-growing demand for measuring respiratory variables during a variety of applications, including monitoring in clinical and occupational settings, and during sporting activities and exercise. Special attention is devoted to the monitoring of respiratory rate because it is a vital sign, which responds to a variety of stressors. There are different methods for measuring respiratory rate, which can be classed as contact-based or contactless. The present paper provides an overview of the currently available contact-based methods for measuring respiratory rate. For these methods, the sensing element (or part of the instrument containing it) is attached to the subject's body. Methods based upon the recording of respiratory airflow, sounds, air temperature, air humidity, air components, chest wall movements, and modulation of the cardiac activity are presented. Working principles, metrological characteristics, and applications in the respiratory monitoring field are presented to explore potential development and applicability for each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sergio Silvestri
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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Schena E, Saccomandi P, Tosi D, Davrieux F, Gassino R, Massaroni C, Presti DL, Costamagna G, Perrone G, Vallan A, Diana M, Marescaux J. Solutions to Improve the Outcomes of Thermal Treatments in Oncology: Multipoint Temperature Monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/jerm.2018.2838341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A Dual-Polymer Fiber Fizeau Interferometer for Simultaneous Measurement of Relative Humidity and Temperature. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112659. [PMID: 29149054 PMCID: PMC5713121 DOI: 10.3390/s17112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel design method in which a dual-polymer fiber Fizeau interferometer (DPFFI) is proposed for simultaneously measuring relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). Since the polymer is intrinsically highly sensitive to both RH and T, the polymer fiber Fizeau interferometer (PFFI) exhibits cross-sensitivity of RH and T. In general, it is difficult to demodulate the optical responses from both variations of RH and T using a single PFFI. If two PFFIs with different structures are combined, they will individually exhibit distinct sensitivity responses with respect to RH and T, respectively. The technical problem of analyzing multiple interferences of the optical spectra of the DPFFI and the individual sensitivity of RH and T to each PFFI is obtained using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). A mathematical method is applied to solve the simultaneous equations of the DPFFI, so that the two variables RH and T can be determined at the same time. Experimental results, indicating good sensitivity and accuracy, with small measurement errors (average errors of ~1.46 °C and ~1.48%, respectively), are shown, determining the feasibility, and verifying the effectiveness, of the proposed DPFFI sensor.
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