Optical Detection of Ketoprofen by Its Electropolymerization on an Indium Tin Oxide-Coated Optical Fiber Probe

A bis-pyrene polyamine receptor for fast optical detection of ketoprofen: synthesis, characterization and application in all-solid-state fluorescent sensors

Herein, we report on a polyamine receptor L1 bearing pyrene fluorogenic groups for the optical assessment of the non-opioid analgesic drug ketoprofen (KP). L1, composed of a diethylenetriamine moiety linked at its extremities to the 1 position of two pyrene units via methylene linkers, produced an emission at 460 nm in 1 : 1 (v/v) water/ethanol mixture at pH 7, which can be attributed to the excimer formation between the two aromatic groups. In the presence of KP, a salt-bridging interaction between the carboxylate group of the analyte and the central ammonium group of L1 induced a redistribution of acidic protons in the polyamine chain, causing a marked increase in the emission. This optical signal was used to detect KP in aqueous media. Based on this observation, the properties of all-solid-state optodes with plasticized PVC membranes doped with L1 and deposited on an appropriate solid support material were further investigated. The best membrane contained 1 wt% of fully protonated L1, plasticized with DOS and doped with 3 equiv. of the TDMACl anion-exchanger, which detected KP in the 2 μM-0.1 mM range with a low influence of interfering ions. Furthermore, this membrane was applied for the assessment of the amount of KP in OkiTask, achieving an RSD of 2.1% and recovery of 102%. Moreover, the possibility to decrease the LOD of KP to 0.84 μM (0.21 mg L-1) through the application of L1-based fluorescent sensor arrays and chemometrics was studied.

Recent Trends in Ibuprofen and Ketoprofen Electrochemical Quantification - A Review

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are intensively manufactured, used, and regulated. However, these compounds incur toxic effects on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems when administered in high doses for extended periods. Additionally, once these drugs reach the ecosystems through various pathways, they become environmental contaminants and raise ecological concerns. Traditional detection methods proposed for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs detection encompass certain limitations. In this context, the need for simple, cost-effective, sensitive, and selective detection methods that could improve the quality of analysis led the attention of the scientific community toward electrochemical sensors. The lowest limit of detection of ibuprofen (33.33 × 10-12 μmol L-1) was recorded for a sensor based on ibuprofen specific aptamer bound with nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and gold nanoparticles nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode using differential pulse voltammetry, while the lowest limit of detection reported for ketoprofen was 0.11 μmol L-1 when differential pulse voltammetry was used. This review focuses on the construction, analytical performances, and applicability of electrochemical sensors developed for ibuprofen and ketoprofen determination. This work covers 24 articles published between 2016 and 2022.

CuCo2O4 nanoneedle arrays growth on carbon cloth as a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor with low detection limit ketoprofen recognition

An electrochemical sensor for detecting ketoprofen was constructed by in-situ grown copper cobaltate (CuCo2O4) nanoneedle arrays on a carbon cloth (CC) substrate. The resulting porous nanoneedle arrays not only expose numerous electrochemically active sites but also significantly enhance the electrochemical apparent active area and current transmission efficiency. By leveraging its electrochemical properties, the sensor achieves an impressive detection limit for ketoprofen of 0.7 pM, with a linear range spanning from 2 pM ~ 2 µM. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits remarkable reproducibility, anti-interference capabilities, and stability. Notably, the developed sensor also performed ketoprofen detection on real samples (including drug formulations and wastewater) and demonstrated excellent recognition ability. These exceptional performances can be attributed to the direct growth of CuCo2O4 nanoneedle arrays on the CC substrate, which facilitates a robust electrical connection, provides abundant electrocatalytic active sites, and expands the apparent active area. Consequently, these improvements contribute to the efficient trace detection capabilities of the ketoprofen sensor.

Recent Advances in Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Fiber Optic Sensors: A Review

Fiber optic sensors (FOSs) based on the lossy mode resonance (LMR) technique have gained substantial attention from the scientific community. The LMR technique displays several important features over the conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon, for planning extremely sensitive FOSs. Unlike SPR, which mainly utilizes the thin film of metals, a wide range of materials such as conducting metal oxides and polymers support LMR. The past several years have witnessed a remarkable development in the field of LMR-based fiber optic sensors; through this review, we have tried to summarize the overall development of LMR-based fiber optic sensors. This review article not only provides the fundamental understanding and detailed explanation of LMR generation but also sheds light on the setup/configuration required to excite the lossy modes. Several geometries explored in the literature so far have also been addressed. In addition, this review includes a survey of the different materials capable of supporting lossy modes and explores new possible LMR supporting materials and their potential applications in sensing.

Risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals on wildlife with nanomaterials based aptasensors

Pharmaceuticals have improved human and veterinary health tremendously over the years. But the implications of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment on terrestrial, avian, and aquatic organisms are still not fully comprehended. The bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of these chemicals through the food chain have long-term effects on the wildlife. The detection and quantification of such pharmaceutical residues in the environment is a tedious process and quicker methods are needed. Aptasensors are one such quick and reliable method for the identification of pharmaceutical residues in the wildlife. Aptasensors are a class of biosensors that work on the principles of biological recognition of elements. The aptamers are unique biological recognition elements with high specificity and affinity to various targets. Their efficiency makes them a very promising candidate for such sensitive research. In this review, the pharmaceutical threats to wildlife and their detection techniques using aptasensors have been discussed.

Electrochemically directed biofunctionalization of a lossy-mode resonance optical fiber sensor

In this work, we present a direct electrochemical biofunctionalization of an indium-tin-oxide-coated lossy-mode resonance optical fiber sensor. The functionalization using a biotin derivative was performed by cyclic voltammetry in a 10 mM biotin hydrazide solution. All stages of the experiment were simultaneously verified with optical and electrochemical techniques. Performed measurements indicate the presence of a poly-biotin layer on the sensor's surface. Furthermore, dual-domain detection of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/mL of avidin confirms the sensor's viability for label-free detection.

A Comprehensive Review: Materials for the Fabrication of Optical Fiber Refractometers Based on Lossy Mode Resonance

Lossy mode resonance based sensors have been extensively studied in recent years. The versatility of the lossy mode resonance phenomenon has led to the development of sensors based on different configurations that make use of a wide range of materials. The coating material is one of the key elements in the performance of a refractometer. This review paper intends to provide a global view of the wide range of coating materials available for the development of lossy mode resonance based refractometers.