1
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Algarín Pérez A, Acedo P. An Organic Electrochemical Transistor-Based Sensor for IgG Levels Detection of Relevance in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:207. [PMID: 38667200 PMCID: PMC11048065 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors appear as an alternative for relatively low-cost, easy-to-operate biosensors due to their intrinsic amplification. Herein, we present the fabrication, characterization, and validation of an immuno-detection system based on commercial sensors using gold electrodes where no additional surface treatment is performed on the gate electrode. The steady-state response of these sensors has been studied by analyzing different semiconductor organic channels in order to optimize the biomolecular detection process and its the application to monitoring human IgG levels due to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Detection levels of up to tens of μgmL-1 with sensitivities up to 13.75% [μg/mL]-1, concentration ranges of medical relevance in seroprevalence studies, have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Algarín Pérez
- Electronic Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain;
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2
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Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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3
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Fumeaux N, Almeida CP, Demuru S, Briand D. Organic electrochemical transistors printed from degradable materials as disposable biochemical sensors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11467. [PMID: 37454190 PMCID: PMC10349802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient electronics hold promise in reducing electronic waste, especially in applications that require only a limited lifetime. While various degradable electronic and physical sensing devices have been proposed, there is growing interest in the development of degradable biochemical sensors. In this work, we present the development of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) with degradable electrodes, printed on an eco- and bioresorbable substrate. The influence of the design and materials for the contacts, channel and gate of the transducer, namely poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and carbon, is systematically evaluated for the development of OECT-based transient biosensors. The sensing capabilities of the electrochemical transistors are demonstrated with ionic solutions as well as for the enzyme-based detection of glucose. The disposable OECTs show comparable performance to their non-degradable counterparts. Their integration with highly conductive degradable and printable zinc tracks is studied for the realization of interconnects. These eco-friendly OECTs may find applications as disposable and sustainable biochemical sensors, and constitute a step towards bioresorbable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fumeaux
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Claudio Pinto Almeida
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Demuru
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Danick Briand
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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4
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Lee I, Park S, Lee YS, Kim Y, Kang MH, Yun C. Gradual Morphological Change in PEDOT:PSS Thin Films Immersed in an Aqueous Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1600-1610. [PMID: 36637867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film is a promising material for electrodes, biomolecular sensor channels, and probes for physiological signals because the electrical conduction of PEDOT:PSS is tuned simply through the electrochemical reaction with the target analyte. However, forming a specific morphology or nanostructure on PEDOT:PSS thin films immersed in an aqueous solution is still a challenge. Herein, we report the mechanism for the stepwise morphological change in the highly conductive PEDOT:PSS layer that successfully explains the electrical and structural modulations that occur after a soaking test in various pH conditions. The change in PEDOT:PSS begins with the rapid swelling and dissolution of PSS-rich domains and the simultaneous structural rearrangement of the remaining PEDOT chains within 1 s of dipping. Analysis confirms that the pH conditions of an aqueous solution govern the oxidation state and the form of the PEDOT chains. After removing the water molecules, additional PEDOT-rich grains were generated and accumulated on the surface of the film, which exhibited hydrophobic barrier characteristics. With the help of this intrinsic barrier on the PEDOT:PSS surface, the sheet resistance slightly increased from 72 to 144 Ω/sq even after dipping in a water bath for 350 h. We also demonstrate the usability of the proposed approach on a sensor to detect vitamin C in an aqueous medium. Utilizing the electrochemical reaction of PEDOT:PSS films, the simple resistor sensor showed a response time of less than 150 s, which is 10 times faster than that observed in a previous report. The soaked samples also showed a more reliable linear correlation between the current change and the amount of ascorbic acid compared with pristine PEDOT:PSS. Both the proposed mechanism and the role of accumulated PEDOT-rich regions illustrate the versatile potential of highly conductive PEDOT:PSS films in the field of bioelectronic applications, owing to the increased design architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inwoo Lee
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejung Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seong Lee
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hee Kang
- School of Electronics Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Yun
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
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5
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Gupta S, Datt R, Mishra A, Tsoi WC, Patra A, Bober P. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrene sulfonate) in antibacterial, tissue engineering and biosensors applications: Progress, challenges and perspectives. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Gupta
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ram Datt
- SPECIFIC, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University Swansea United Kingdom
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Advanced Materials and Devices Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory New Delhi India
| | - Wing Chung Tsoi
- SPECIFIC, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University Swansea United Kingdom
| | - Asit Patra
- Advanced Materials and Devices Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory New Delhi India
| | - Patrycja Bober
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czech Republic
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6
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Zhang X, Yang W, Zhang H, Xie M, Duan X. PEDOT:PSS: From conductive polymers to sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wentuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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7
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McCuskey SR, Chatsirisupachai J, Zeglio E, Parlak O, Panoy P, Herland A, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Current Progress of Interfacing Organic Semiconducting Materials with Bacteria. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4791-4825. [PMID: 34714064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial bioelectronics require interfacing microorganisms with electrodes. The resulting abiotic/biotic platforms provide the basis of a range of technologies, including energy conversion and diagnostic assays. Organic semiconductors (OSCs) provide a unique strategy to modulate the interfaces between microbial systems and external electrodes, thereby improving the performance of these incipient technologies. In this review, we explore recent progress in the field on how OSCs, and related materials capable of charge transport, are being used within the context of microbial systems, and more specifically bacteria. We begin by examining the electrochemical communication modes in bacteria and the biological basis for charge transport. Different types of synthetic organic materials that have been designed and synthesized for interfacing and interrogating bacteria are discussed next, followed by the most commonly used characterization techniques for evaluating transport in microbial, synthetic, and hybrid systems. A range of applications is subsequently examined, including biological sensors and energy conversion systems. The review concludes by summarizing what has been accomplished so far and suggests future design approaches for OSC bioelectronics materials and technologies that hybridize characteristic properties of microbial and OSC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R McCuskey
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Jirat Chatsirisupachai
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Onur Parlak
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine(Solna), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,AIMES Center of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Patchareepond Panoy
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,AIMES Center of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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8
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Lee Y, Bandari VK, Li Z, Medina-Sánchez M, Maitz MF, Karnaushenko D, Tsurkan MV, Karnaushenko DD, Schmidt OG. Nano-biosupercapacitors enable autarkic sensor operation in blood. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4967. [PMID: 34426576 PMCID: PMC8382768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's smallest energy storage devices for in-vivo applications are larger than 3 mm3 and lack the ability to continuously drive the complex functions of smart dust electronic and microrobotic systems. Here, we create a tubular biosupercapacitor occupying a mere volume of 1/1000 mm3 (=1 nanoliter), yet delivering up to 1.6 V in blood. The tubular geometry of this nano-biosupercapacitor provides efficient self-protection against external forces from pulsating blood or muscle contraction. Redox enzymes and living cells, naturally present in blood boost the performance of the device by 40% and help to solve the self-discharging problem persistently encountered by miniaturized supercapacitors. At full capacity, the nano-biosupercapacitors drive a complex integrated sensor system to measure the pH-value in blood. This demonstration opens up opportunities for next generation intravascular implants and microrobotic systems operating in hard-to-reach small spaces deep inside the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Lee
- grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhe Li
- grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred F. Maitz
- grid.419239.40000 0000 8583 7301Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mikhail V. Tsurkan
- grid.419239.40000 0000 8583 7301Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D. Karnaushenko
- grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Kousseff CJ, Taifakou FE, Neal WG, Palma M, Nielsen CB. Controlling morphology, adhesion, and electrochromic behavior of
PEDOT
films through molecular design and processing. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William G. Neal
- Department of Chemistry Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Matteo Palma
- Department of Chemistry Queen Mary University of London London UK
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10
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Functionalization Strategies of PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Films for Organic Bioelectronics Applications. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic bioelectronics involves the connection of organic semiconductors with living organisms, organs, tissues, cells, membranes, proteins, and even small molecules. In recent years, this field has received great interest due to the development of all kinds of devices architectures, enabling the detection of several relevant biomarkers, the stimulation and sensing of cells and tissues, and the recording of electrophysiological signals, among others. In this review, we discuss recent functionalization approaches for PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS films with the aim of integrating biomolecules for the fabrication of bioelectronics platforms. As the choice of the strategy is determined by the conducting polymer synthesis method, initially PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS films preparation methods are presented. Later, a wide variety of PEDOT functionalization approaches are discussed, together with bioconjugation techniques to develop efficient organic-biological interfaces. Finally, and by making use of these approaches, the fabrication of different platforms towards organic bioelectronics devices is reviewed.
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11
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Towards In Vivo Monitoring of Ions Accumulation in Trees: Response of an in Planta Organic Electrochemical Transistor Based Sensor to Water Flux Density, Light and Vapor Pressure Deficit Variation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Research on organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based sensors to monitor in vivo plant traits such as xylem sap concentration is attracting attention for their potential application in precision agriculture. Fabrication and electronic aspects of OECT have been the subject of extensive research while its characterization within the plant water relation context deserves further efforts. This study tested the hypothesis that the response (R) of an OECT (bioristor) implanted in the trunk of olive trees is inversely proportional to the water flux density flowing through the plant (Jw). This study also examined the influence on R of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) as coupled/uncoupled with light. R was hourly recorded in potted olive trees for a 10-day period concomitantly with Jw (weight loss method). A subgroup of trees was bagged in order to reduce VPD and in turn Jw, and other trees were located in a walk-in chamber where VPD and light were independently managed. R was tightly sensitive to diurnal oscillation of Jw and at negligible values of Jw (late afternoon and night) R increased. The bioristor was not sensitive to the VPD per se unless a light source was coupled to trigger Jw. This study preliminarily examined the suitability of bioristor to estimate the mean daily nutrients accumulation rate (Ca, K) in leaves comparing chemical and sensor-based procedures showing a good agreement between them opening new perspective towards the application of OECT sensor in precision agricultural cropping systems.
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12
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Application of PEDOT:PSS and Its Composites in Electrochemical and Electronic Chemosensors. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a highly important and attractive conducting polymer as well as commercially available in organic electronics, including electrochemical and electronic chemosensors, due to its unique features such as excellent solution-fabrication capability and miscibility, high and controllable conductivity, excellent chemical and electrochemical stability, good optical transparency and biocompatibility. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent research progress of PEDOT:PSS and its composites, and the application in electrochemical and electronic sensors for detecting liquid-phase or gaseous chemical analytes, including inorganic or organic ions, pH, humidity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ammonia (NH3), CO, CO2, NO2, and organic solvent vapors like methanol, acetone, etc. We will discuss in detail the structural, architectural and morphological optimization of PEDOT:PSS and its composites with other additives, as well as the fabrication technology of diverse sensor systems in response to a wide range of analytes in varying environments. At the end of the review will be given a perspective summary covering both the key challenges and potential solutions in the future research of PEDOT:PSS-based chemosensors, especially those in a flexible or wearable format.
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13
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Sharma S, Venzac B, Burgers T, Le Gac S, Schlatt S. Microfluidics in male reproduction: is ex vivo culture of primate testis tissue a future strategy for ART or toxicology research? Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:179-192. [PMID: 31977028 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant rise in male infertility disorders over the years has led to extensive research efforts to recapitulate the process of male gametogenesis in vitro and to identify essential mechanisms involved in spermatogenesis, notably for clinical applications. A promising technology to bridge this research gap is organ-on-chip (OoC) technology, which has gradually transformed the research landscape in ART and offers new opportunities to develop advanced in vitro culture systems. With exquisite control on a cell or tissue microenvironment, customized organ-specific structures can be fabricated in in vitro OoC platforms, which can also simulate the effect of in vivo vascularization. Dynamic cultures using microfluidic devices enable us to create stimulatory effect and non-stimulatory culture conditions. Noteworthy is that recent studies demonstrated the potential of continuous perfusion in OoC systems using ex vivo mouse testis tissues. Here we review the existing literature and potential applications of such OoC systems for male reproduction in combination with novel bio-engineering and analytical tools. We first introduce OoC technology and highlight the opportunities offered in reproductive biology in general. In the subsequent section, we discuss the complex structural and functional organization of the testis and the role of the vasculature-associated testicular niche and fluid dynamics in modulating testis function. Next, we review significant technological breakthroughs in achieving in vitro spermatogenesis in various species and discuss the evidence from microfluidics-based testes culture studies in mouse. Lastly, we discuss a roadmap for the potential applications of the proposed testis-on-chip culture system in the field of primate male infertility, ART and reproductive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bastien Venzac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Burgers
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schlatt
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Goel S, Hawi S, Goel G, Thakur VK, Agrawal A, Hoskins C, Pearce O, Hussain T, Upadhyaya HM, Cross G, Barber AH. Resilient and agile engineering solutions to address societal challenges such as coronavirus pandemic. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2020; 17:100300. [PMID: 32835154 PMCID: PMC7254035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The world is witnessing tumultuous times as major economic powers including the US, UK, Russia, India, and most of Europe continue to be in a state of lockdown. The worst-hit sectors due to this lockdown are sales, production (manufacturing), transport (aerospace and automotive) and tourism. Lockdowns became necessary as a preventive measure to avoid the spread of the contagious and infectious "Coronavirus Disease 2019" (COVID-19). This newly identified disease is caused by a new strain of the virus being referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV). We review the current medical and manufacturing response to COVID-19, including advances in instrumentation, sensing, use of lasers, fumigation chambers and development of novel tools such as lab-on-the-chip using combinatorial additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques and use of molecular modelling and molecular docking in drug and vaccine discovery. We also offer perspectives on future considerations on climate change, outsourced versus indigenous manufacturing, automation, and antimicrobial resistance. Overall, this paper attempts to identify key areas where manufacturing can be employed to address societal challenges such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Goel
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE10AA, UK
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budh Nagar, 201314, India
| | - Sara Hawi
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Gaurav Goel
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE10AA, UK
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budh Nagar, 201314, India
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Anupam Agrawal
- Mays Business School, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Oliver Pearce
- Orthopaedic Department, Milton Keynes University Hospital, MK65 LD, UK
| | - Tanvir Hussain
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hari M Upadhyaya
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE10AA, UK
| | - Graham Cross
- Adama Innovations Limited, Dublin 2, Ireland
- CRANN Nanoscience Institute, School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Asa H Barber
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE10AA, UK
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15
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Mariani F, Quast T, Andronescu C, Gualandi I, Fraboni B, Tonelli D, Scavetta E, Schuhmann W. Needle-type organic electrochemical transistor for spatially resolved detection of dopamine. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:378. [PMID: 32518976 PMCID: PMC7283208 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the advantages of carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs) and orgonic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) were merged to realise nanometre-sized, spearhead OECTs based on single- and double-barrel CNEs functionalised with a conducting polymer film. The needle-type OECT shows a high aspect ratio that allows its precise positioning by means of a macroscopic handle and its size is compatible with single-cell analysis. The device was characterised with respect to its electrolyte-gated behaviour and was employed as electrochemical sensor for the proof-of-concept detection of dopamine (DA) over a wide concentration range (10-12-10-6 M). Upon application of fixed drain and gate voltages (Vd = - 0.3 V, Vg = - 0.9 V, respectively), the nano-sized needle-type OECT sensor exhibited a linear response in the low pM range and from 0.002 to 7 μM DA, with a detection limit of 1 × 10-12 M. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III, Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 201, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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16
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Vázquez-López A, Yaseen A, Maestre D, Ramírez-Castellanos J, Marstein ES, Karazhanov SZ, Cremades A. Synergetic Improvement of Stability and Conductivity of Hybrid Composites formed by PEDOT:PSS and SnO Nanoparticles. Molecules 2020; 25:E695. [PMID: 32041230 PMCID: PMC7036770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, layered hybrid composites formed by tin oxide (SnO) nanoparticles synthesized by hydrolysis and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) have been analyzed. Prior to the composite study, both SnO and PEDOT:PSS counterparts were characterized by diverse techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL), atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical absorption and Hall effect measurements. Special attention was given to the study of the stability of the polymer under laser illumination, as well as the analysis of the SnO to SnO2 oxidation assisted by laser irradiation, for which different laser sources and neutral filters were employed. Synergetic effects were observed in the hybrid composite, as the addition of SnO nanoparticles improves the stability and electrical conductivity of the polymer, while the polymeric matrix in which the nanoparticles are embedded hinders formation of SnO2. Finally, the Si passivation behavior of the hybrid composites was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Anisa Yaseen
- Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway; (A.Y.); (E.S.M.)
| | - David Maestre
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Julio Ramírez-Castellanos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Erik S. Marstein
- Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway; (A.Y.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Smagul Zh. Karazhanov
- Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway; (A.Y.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Ana Cremades
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
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17
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Dyachenko NV, Khoroshutin AV, Sotnikova YA, Karnoukhova VA, Tokarev SD, Anisimov AV, Fedorov YV, Fedorova OA. Synthesis of fused heterocyclic systems via the Mallory photoreaction of arylthienylethenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2901-2911. [PMID: 31657424 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical oxidative cyclization of 2- and 3-thienylstilbenes (heterostilbenes) containing mono-, di- and trimethoxy groups in the benzene ring or heterocyclic fragment results in the formation of isomeric thieno-annelated polycyclic aromatic compounds demonstrating optical properties that differ from those of initial stilbene derivatives. The structures of cyclic products were evaluated via1H and 13C NMR, HRMS, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. The research was aimed to study the effect of substituents in stilbene derivatives of thiophene as well as the position of the styryl fragment in the thiophene nucleus on the occurrence of photocyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Dyachenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia. and A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Khoroshutin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yulia A Sotnikova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Valentina A Karnoukhova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey D Tokarev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia. and A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Anisimov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yurii V Fedorov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olga A Fedorova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia. and A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Vurro F, Janni M, Coppedè N, Gentile F, Manfredi R, Bettelli M, Zappettini A. Development of an In Vivo Sensor to Monitor the Effects of Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) Changes to Improve Water Productivity in Agriculture. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4667. [PMID: 31661770 PMCID: PMC6864644 DOI: 10.3390/s19214667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Environment, biodiversity and ecosystem services are essential to ensure food security and nutrition. Managing natural resources and mainstreaming biodiversity across agriculture sectors are keys towards a sustainable agriculture focused on resource efficiency. Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) is considered the main driving force of water movements in the plant vascular system, however the tools available to monitor this parameter are usually based on environmental monitoring. The driving motif of this paper is the development of an in-vivo sensor to monitor the effects of VPD changes in the plant. We have used an in vivo sensor, termed "bioristor", to continuously monitor the changes occurring in the sap ion's status when plants experience different VPD conditions and we observed a specific R (sensor response) trend in response to VPD. The possibility to directly monitor the physiological changes occurring in the plant in different VPD conditions, can be used to increase efficiency of the water management in controlled conditions thus achieving a more sustainable use of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Vurro
- Istituto dei materiali per l'elettronica e il magnetismo (IMEM-CNR) Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Michela Janni
- Istituto dei materiali per l'elettronica e il magnetismo (IMEM-CNR) Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse (IBBR-CNR) Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nicola Coppedè
- Istituto dei materiali per l'elettronica e il magnetismo (IMEM-CNR) Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Manfredi
- Istituto dei materiali per l'elettronica e il magnetismo (IMEM-CNR) Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Manuele Bettelli
- Istituto dei materiali per l'elettronica e il magnetismo (IMEM-CNR) Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Andrea Zappettini
- Istituto dei materiali per l'elettronica e il magnetismo (IMEM-CNR) Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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19
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Hopkins J, Fidanovski K, Lauto A, Mawad D. All-Organic Semiconductors for Electrochemical Biosensors: An Overview of Recent Progress in Material Design. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:237. [PMID: 31608275 PMCID: PMC6773807 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic semiconductors remain of major interest in the field of bioelectrochemistry for their versatility in chemical and electrochemical behavior. These materials have been tailored using organic synthesis for use in cell stimulation, sustainable energy production, and in biosensors. Recent progress in the field of fully organic semiconductor biosensors is outlined in this review, with a particular emphasis on the synthetic tailoring of these semiconductors for their intended application. Biosensors ultimately function on the basis of a physical, optical or electrochemical change which occurs in the active material when it encounters the target analyte. Electrochemical biosensors are becoming increasingly popular among organic semiconductor biosensors, owing to their good detection performances, and simple operation. The analyte either interacts directly with the semiconductor material in a redox process or undergoes a redox process with a moiety such as an enzyme attached to the semiconductor material. The electrochemical signal is then transduced through the semiconductor material. The most recent examples of organic semiconductor biosensors are discussed here with reference to the material design of polymers with semiconducting backbones, specifically conjugated polymers, and polymer semiconducting dyes. We conclude that direct interaction between the analyte and the semiconducting material is generally more sensitive and cost effective, despite being currently limited by the need to identify, and synthesize selective sensing functionalities. It is also worth noting the potential roles of highly-sensitive, organic transistor devices and small molecule semiconductors, such as the photochromic and redox active molecule spiropyran, as polymer pendant groups in future biosensor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hopkins
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristina Fidanovski
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Yan Y, Wu X, Chen Q, Liu Y, Chen H, Guo T. High-Performance Low-Voltage Flexible Photodetector Arrays Based on All-Solid-State Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Photosensing and Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20214-20224. [PMID: 31074275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The identifying characteristic of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is the coupling between ionic and electronic charges within the entire volume of the channel. In this work, by taking advantage of the volumetric nature of the OECTs' response, a novel flexible photodetector is reported for the first time based on all-solid-state OECT with an excellent responsivity of up to 6.7 × 106 A/W, detectivity as high as 3.6 × 1013 Jones, and a fast response of ∼0.13 s in the visible range, which are superior to those of the majority of the reported organic phototransistors (OPTs) based on field-effect transistors (FETs) and even better than those of FET-based phototransistors with two-dimensional (MoS2 and graphene) and perovskite materials. The high performance of the devices was ascribed to the combination of the higher carrier mobility of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a channel and the volumetric nature of the OECTs' response, and the charge density of the volumetric channel was efficiently modulated by incident light compared to FETs. Moreover, OECT-based OPTs with quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS) as a light sensitizer were characterized under ultraviolet light, and they exhibited excellent photosensitivity, which further verified the superiority of OECT for phototransistors. Furthermore, a flexible image sensor was fabricated for the first time by integrating flexible OECTs-OPTs into a 10 × 10 array, which can clearly identify the target image under a bending state, indicating the great potential of OECTs-OPTs in the application of low-power, ultrasensitive flexible photodetectors and imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yan
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Qizhen Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Huipeng Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Tailiang Guo
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
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