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Rykaczewski K, Joshi A, Viswanathan SH, Guddanti SS, Sadeghi K, Gupta M, Jaiswal AK, Kompally K, Pathikonda G, Barlett R, Vanos JK, Middel A. A simple three-cylinder radiometer and low-speed anemometer to characterize human extreme heat exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:1081-1092. [PMID: 38430247 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
As populations and temperatures of urban areas swell, more people face extreme heat and are at increasing risk of adverse health outcomes. Radiation accounts for much of human heat exposure but is rarely used as heat metric due to a lack of cost-effective and accurate sensors. To this end, we fuse the concepts of a three-globe radiometer-anemometer with a cylindrical human body shape representation, which is more realistic than a spherical representation. Using cost-effective and readily available materials, we fabricated two combinations of three cylinders with varying surface properties. These simple devices measure the convection coefficient and the shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. We tested the devices in a wind tunnel and at fourteen outdoor sites during July 2023's record-setting heat wave in Tempe, Arizona. The average difference between pedestrian-level mean radiant temperature (MRT) measured using research-grade 3-way net radiometers and the three-cylinder setup was 0.4 ± 3.0 °C ( ± 1 SD). At most, we observed a 10 °C MRT difference on a white roof site with extreme MRT values (70 °C to 80 °C), which will be addressed through discussed design changes to the system. The measured heat transfer coefficient can be used to calculate wind speed below 2 m·s-1; thus, the three cylinders combined also serve as a low-speed anemometer. The novel setup could be used in affordable biometeorological stations and deployed across urban landscapes to build human-relevant heat sensing networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Ankit Joshi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shri H Viswanathan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sai S Guddanti
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mahima Gupta
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ankush K Jaiswal
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Krishna Kompally
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Pathikonda
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Riley Barlett
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer K Vanos
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School for Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Joshi A, Viswanathan SH, Jaiswal AK, Sadeghi K, Bartels L, Jain RM, Pathikonda G, Vanos JK, Middel A, Rykaczewski K. Characterization of human extreme heat exposure using an outdoor thermal manikin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171525. [PMID: 38458460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Extreme heat is a current and growing global health concern. Current heat exposure models include meteorological and human factors that dictate heat stress, comfort, and risk of illness. However, radiation models simplify the human body to a cylinder, while convection ones provide conflicting predictions. To address these issues, we introduce a new method to characterize human exposure to extreme heat with unprecedented detail. We measure heat loads on 35 body surface zones using an outdoor thermal manikin ("ANDI") alongside an ultrasonic anemometer array and integral radiation measurements (IRM). We show that regardless of body orientation, IRM and ANDI agree even under high solar conditions. Further, body parts can be treated as cylinders, even in highly turbulent flow. This geometry-rooted insight yields a whole-body convection correlation that resolves prior conflicts and is valid for diverse indoor and outdoor wind flows. Results will inform decision-making around heat protection, adaptation, and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Joshi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shri H Viswanathan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ankush K Jaiswal
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lyle Bartels
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rajan M Jain
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Pathikonda
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer K Vanos
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Rykaczewski K, Bartels L, Martinez DM, Viswanathan SH. Human body radiation area factors for diverse adult population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2357-2367. [PMID: 36074273 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiation accounts for a significant fraction of the human body and environment heat exchange and strongly impacts thermal comfort and safety. The direct radiative exchange between an individual and a source or sink can be quantified using the effective (feff) and projected radiation area factors (fp). However, these factors have not been quantified for half of the population of the USA with an above-average body mass index (BMI). Here, we address this gap by developing thirty male and thirty female computational manikin models that cover the 1 to 99 percentile variation in height and BMI of adults in the USA. The radiative simulations reveal that the feff and the fp angular distributions are nearly independent of gender, height, and BMI. Appreciable relative differences from the average models only emerge for manikins with BMI above 80th percentile. However, these differences only occur at low zenith angles and, in absolute terms, are small as compared to variations induced by, for example, the zenith angle increase. We also use the manikin set to evaluate whether the body shape impacts the quality of human representation with several levels of geometrical simplification. We find that the "box/peg" body representation, which is based on the hemispherical fp average, is independent of the body shape. In turn, the fp distributions averaged over the azimuth angle range, representing the rotationally symmetric humans, are only impacted to the same degree as for the anatomical manikins. We also show that the anatomical manikins can be closely approximated by the multi-cylinder and sphere representation, at least from a radiation perspective. The developed anatomical manikin set is freely available and can be used to compute how body shape impacts a variety of external heat transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Lyle Bartels
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Daniel M Martinez
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Shri H Viswanathan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Lee H, Jo S, Park S. A simple technique for the traditional method to estimate mean radiant temperature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:521-533. [PMID: 34716804 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) is the most important meteorological factor influencing human thermal comfort in urban areas. Numerous methods have been implemented for estimating Tmrt using measured radiometer or thermometer data, and exhibit different levels of accuracy. This study presents a simple technique based on the traditional method (Tmrt_TM) to estimate Tmrt by utilizing measured radiation data from the radiometers. The estimated Tmrt values from the six-directional method (Tmrt_SM) and two black globe thermometer methods (Tmrt_BG and Tmrt_BGv) at two stations (sky view factor 0.69 and 0.94) in Jeju, Republic of Korea, for 8 days (5 sunny days, 3 (semi-) cloudy days) in spring and summer were used to validate the Tmrt_TM. The results showed that the mean differences between Tmrt_TM and Tmrt_SM were within the required accuracy for comfort in ISO 7726 (± 2 ℃) on sunny days and were reduced to 0.1-0.3 ℃ in high Tmrt conditions such as clear summer days. The Tmrt_BG in most sunny and semi-cloudy days and Tmrt_BGv on all days resulted in large mean differences from the Tmrt_TM that exceeded the required accuracy for thermal stress in ISO 7726 (± 5 ℃). Therefore, both black globe thermometer methods should be used carefully when estimating Tmrt, especially during sunny days. The correlations between Tmrt_TM and Tmrt_SM were highly significant, 0.93 on all days (p = 0.01). The newly developed regression equations between Tmrt_TM and Tmrt_SM could reduce mean differences within 0.5 ℃ for all days, and their r2 values exceeded 0.87. Therefore, the simple Tmrt_TM technique can be used for Tmrt estimation in human thermal comfort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Department of Urban Climatology, Office for Environmental Protection, City of Stuttgart, 70182, Stuttgart, Germany
- Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Bioscience and Industry, College of Applied Life Science, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangman Jo
- Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Bioscience and Industry, College of Applied Life Science, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookuk Park
- Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Bioscience and Industry, College of Applied Life Science, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
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Vanos JK, Rykaczewski K, Middel A, Vecellio DJ, Brown RD, Gillespie TJ. Improved methods for estimating mean radiant temperature in hot and sunny outdoor settings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:967-983. [PMID: 33909138 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal comfort research has utilized various sensors and models to estimate the mean radiant temperature (MRT) experienced by a human, including the standard black globe thermometer (SGT), acrylic globe thermometers (AGT), and cylindrical radiation thermometers (CRT). Rather than directly measuring radiation, a temperature is measured in the center of these low-cost sensors that can be related to MRT after theoretically accounting for convection. However, these sensors have not been systematically tested under long-term hot and clear conditions. Further, under variable weather conditions, many issues can arise due to slow response times, shape, inaccuracies in material properties and assumptions, and color (albedo, emissivity) inconsistencies. Here, we assess the performance of MRT produced by various heat transfer models, with and without new average surface temperature ([Formula: see text]) correction factors, using five instruments-the SGT (15 cm, black), tan and black CRTs, gray and black 38 mm AGTs-compared to 3D integral radiation measurements. Measurements were taken on an unobscured roof throughout summer-to-early-fall months in Tempe, Arizona, examining 58 full-sun days. Deviations without correcting for asymmetrical surface heating-found to be the main cause of errors-reached ± 15-20 °C MRT. By accounting for asymmetric heating through [Formula: see text] calculations, new corrective algorithms were derived for the low-cost sensor models. Results show significant improvements in the estimated MRT error for each sensor (i.e., ∆MRTmodel - IRM) when applying the [Formula: see text] corrections. The tan MRTCRT improved from 1.9 ± 6.2 to -0.1 ± 4.4 °C, while the gray AGT and SGT showed improvements from -1.6 ± 7.2 to -0.4 ± 6.3 °C and - 6.6 ± 6.4 to - 0.03 ± 5.7 °C, respectively. The new corrections also eliminated dependence on other meteorological factors (zenith, wind speed). From these results, we provide three simple equations for CRT, AGT, and SGT correction for future research use under warm-hot and clear conditions. This study is the most comprehensive empirical assessment of various low-cost instruments with broad applicability in urban climate and biometeorological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel J Vecellio
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert D Brown
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Terry J Gillespie
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Ouyang W, Morakinyo TE, Ren C, Liu S, Ng E. Thermal-irradiant performance of green infrastructure typologies: Field measurement study in a subtropical climate city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:144635. [PMID: 33387766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Greenery infrastructure (GI) is an important design strategy for sustainable cities and communities' development, as it brings multiple benefits including mitigating urban heat island. Based on the implementation locations, three typical GI typologies, namely green roof, green wall, and ground tree, are widely adopted in urban communities. As previous studies focused on one single GI and mainly studied their thermal features, this study aims to fill the gap by investigating three GI typologies within one site; their thermal-irradiant performance was compared for four typical summer days in a subtropical city. Firstly, stationary and transect measurements were taken for six points (three greenery and three bare points); two typical measuring methods, i.e., the globe thermometer and the six-directional methods, were employed to collect irradiant variables. Secondly, the thermal-irradiant differences were revealed among GI typologies and temporal periods; two measuring methods were compared for their capabilities in detecting the irradiant variations near three GI typologies. Results showed that: 1) the ground tree experienced the smallest thermal-irradiant average and variation among three GI typologies; 2) the morning session (09:00-12:00) had the largest thermal-irradiant reduction and variations for three GI typologies; and 3) the six-directional method showed higher sensitivity towards the irradiant variations near three GI typologies; the globe thermometer method is not suitable for tree-shaded areas. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of proper selection of MRT measuring methods and GI implementation for thermal comfort, especially for the subtropical cities. Practically, this study shows designers and policymakers on how to implement GI typologies for climate-resilient design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Ouyang
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Chao Ren
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward Ng
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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A Comprehensive Model for Estimating Heat Vulnerability of Young Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176156. [PMID: 32854203 PMCID: PMC7503897 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for estimating heat vulnerability of young athletes use a heat index (HI) or a wet bulb globe thermometer (WBGT), neither of which fully include the environmental or physiological characteristics that can affect a person’s heat budget, particularly where activity occurs on a synthetic surface. This study analyzed and compared the standard methods, HI and WBGT, with a novel and more comprehensive method termed COMFA-Kid (CK) which is based on an energy budget model explicitly designed for youth. The COMFA model was presented at the same time to demonstrate the difference between a child and an adult during activity. Micrometeorological measurements were taken at a synthetic-surfaced football field during mid-day in hot environmental conditions. Standard methods (HI and WBGT) indicated that conditions on the field were relatively safe for youth to engage in activities related to football practice or games, whereas the CK method indicated that conditions were dangerously hot and could lead to exertional heat illness. Estimates using the CK method also indicated that coaches and staff standing on the sidelines, and parents sitting in the stands, would not only be safe from heat but would be thermally comfortable. The difference in thermal comfort experienced by coaches and staff off the field, versus that experienced by young players on the field, could affect decision making regarding the duration and intensity of practices and time in the game. The CK method, which is easy to use and available for modification for specific conditions, would lead to more accurate estimates of heat safety on outdoor synthetic surfaces in particular, and in sports with a high prevalence of heat illness such as football, and should be considered as a complementary or alternative preventive measure against heat.
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