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Haque MA, Rahman MA, Al-Bawri SS, Yusoff Z, Sharker AH, Abdulkawi WM, Saha D, Paul LC, Zakariya MA. Machine learning-based technique for gain and resonance prediction of mid band 5G Yagi antenna. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12590. [PMID: 37537201 PMCID: PMC10400634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present our findings from investigating the use of a machine learning (ML) technique to improve the performance of Quasi-Yagi-Uda antennas operating in the n78 band for 5G applications. This research study investigates several techniques, such as simulation, measurement, and an RLC equivalent circuit model, to evaluate the performance of an antenna. In this investigation, the CST modelling tools are used to develop a high-gain, low-return-loss Yagi-Uda antenna for the 5G communication system. When considering the antenna's operating frequency, its dimensions are [Formula: see text]. The antenna has an operating frequency of 3.5 GHz, a return loss of [Formula: see text] dB, a bandwidth of 520 MHz, a maximum gain of 6.57 dB, and an efficiency of almost 97%. The impedance analysis tools in CST Studio's simulation and circuit design tools in Agilent ADS software are used to derive the antenna's equivalent circuit (RLC). We use supervised regression ML method to create an accurate prediction of the frequency and gain of the antenna. Machine learning models can be evaluated using a variety of measures, including variance score, R square, mean square error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean squared logarithmic error. Among the nine ML models, the prediction result of Linear Regression is superior to other ML models for resonant frequency prediction, and Gaussian Process Regression shows an extraordinary performance for gain prediction. R-square and var score represents the accuracy of the prediction, which is close to 99% for both frequency and gain prediction. Considering these factors, the antenna can be deemed an excellent choice for the n78 band of a 5G communication system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashraful Haque
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Afzalur Rahman
- Space Science Centre, Climate Change Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Samir Salem Al-Bawri
- Space Science Centre, Climate Change Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Malaysia.
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Petroleum, Hadhramout University, 50512, Al-Mukalla, Hadhramout, Yemen.
| | - Zubaida Yusoff
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Adiba Haque Sharker
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wazie M Abdulkawi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Addawasir, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dipon Saha
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Liton Chandra Paul
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - M A Zakariya
- Smart Infrastructure Modelling and Monitoring (SIMM) Research Group Institute of Transportation and Infrastructure Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
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2
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Hussain M, Awan WA, Alzaidi MS, Hussain N, Ali EM, Falcone F. Metamaterials and Their Application in the Performance Enhancement of Reconfigurable Antennas: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:349. [PMID: 36838049 PMCID: PMC9964562 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials exhibit properties in terms of subwavelength operation or phase manipulation, among others, that can be used in a variety of applications in 5G communication systems. The future and current 5G devices demand high efficiency, high data rate, computational capabilities, cost-effectiveness, compact size, and low power consumption. This variation and advancement are possible when the antenna design is revised to operate over wideband, high gain, and multiband and has characteristics of compact size, reconfiguration, absorption, and simple ease of fabrication. The materials loaded with antennas or, in the same cases, without antennas, offer the aforementioned characteristics to bring advancement in order to facilitate users. A number of works on designing metasurfaces capable of improving bandwidth, gain efficiency, and reducing the size and cost of antennas are available in the literature for this purpose. Not only are these applications possible, but the intelligent metasurfaces are also designed to obtain reconfiguration in terms of frequency and polarization. The number of absorbers loaded with metamaterials is also designed to improve the absorption percentage used for radar applications. Thus, in this paper, the general overview of different types of metamaterials and their role in performance enhancement and application in 5G and 6G communication systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Hussain
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Bahria University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Wahaj Abbas Awan
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed S. Alzaidi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niamat Hussain
- Department of Smart Device Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Esraa Mousa Ali
- Faculty of Aviation Sciences, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan
| | - Francisco Falcone
- Electrical Engineering and Communications Department, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Smart Cities, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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Al-Bawri SS, Islam MT, Islam MS, Singh MJ, Alsaif H. Massive metamaterial system-loaded MIMO antenna array for 5G base stations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14311. [PMID: 35995831 PMCID: PMC9395365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) antenna system loaded with metamaterial (MTM) is proposed in this article for fifth-generation (5G) applications. Besides, achievement of duple negative (DNG) characteristics using a proposed compact complementary split-ring resonator (SRR), a broad epsilon negative metamaterial (ENG) with more than 1 GHz bandwidth (BW), and near-zero refractive index (NZRI) features are presented. The proposed mMIMO antenna consists of eight subarrays with three layers that operate in the 5G mind band at 3.5 GHz (3.40–3.65 GHz) with high port isolation between adjacent antenna elements compared to an antenna that does not use MTM. Each subarray has two patches on the top layer, while the middle and bottom layers have two categories of full and partial ground plans, respectively. Simulated, produced, and tested are 32 elements with a total volume of 184 × 340 × 1.575 mm3. The measured findings reveal that the sub-6 antenna has a better than 10 dB reflection coefficient (S11), a lower than 35 dB isolation, and a peak gain of 10.6 dBi for each subarray. Furthermore, the recommended antenna loaded with MTM has demonstrated good MIMO performance with an ECC of less than 0.0001, total efficiencies of more than 90%, more than 300 MHz bandwidth, and an overall gain of 19.5 dBi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Salem Al-Bawri
- Space Science Centre, Climate Change Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Md Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, 63100, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mandeep Jit Singh
- Space Science Centre, Climate Change Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Malaysia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haitham Alsaif
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, 81481, Saudi Arabia
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Ibrahim HH, Singh MJ, Al-Bawri SS, Ibrahim SK, Islam MT, Soliman MS, Islam MS. Low Profile Monopole Meander Line Antenna for WLAN Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6180. [PMID: 36015943 PMCID: PMC9415491 DOI: 10.3390/s22166180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An antenna assumes a significant role in expanding the levels of communication to meet the demands of contemporary technologically based industry and private data services. In this paper, a printed compact meander line patch antenna array for wireless local-area network (WLAN) applications in the frequency span of 2.3685-2.4643 GHz is presented. The impedance matching of the antenna is generated by applying a partial rectangular-shaped ground plane backside of the meander line antenna. The proposed antenna evolved on the Rogers RT5880 substrate with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2, and the height of the substrate was 1.575 mm to accomplish the lowest possible return loss. The proposed antenna was developed to achieve particular outcomes, for example, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) 1.32, reflection coefficient 20 dB with a bandwidth of 94.2 MHz, a gain of 2.8 dBi, and an efficacy measurement of 97%. This antenna is appropriate for WLAN applications that utilize a 2.4 GHz resonance frequency. The overall dimensions of the antenna are 15 mm × 90.86 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Hamid Ibrahim
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mandeep Jit Singh
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Space Science Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samir Salem Al-Bawri
- Space Science Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla 50512, Yemen
| | - Sura Khalil Ibrahim
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed S. Soliman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Md Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ibrahim HH, Singh MJ, Al-Bawri SS, Ibrahim SK, Islam MT, Alzamil A, Islam MS. Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Technologies: A Comprehensive Review on Designing, Methodologies, and Potential Applications. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114144. [PMID: 35684763 PMCID: PMC9185291 DOI: 10.3390/s22114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Radio frequency energy harvesting (RF-EH) is a potential technology via the generation of electromagnetic waves. This advanced technology offers the supply of wireless power that is applicable for battery-free devices, which makes it a prospective alternative energy source for future applications. In addition to the dynamic energy recharging of wireless devices and a wide range of environmentally friendly energy source options, the emergence of the RF-EH technology is advantageous in facilitating various applications that require quality of service. This review highlights the abundant source of RF-EH from the surroundings sources, including nearby mobile phones, Wi-Fi, wireless local area network, broadcast television signal or DTS, and FM/AM radio signals. In contrast, the energy is captured by a receiving antenna and rectified into a working direct current voltage. This review also summarizes the power of RF-EH technology, which would provide a guideline for developing RF-EH units. The energy harvesting circuits depend on cutting-edge electrical technology to achieve significant efficiency, given that they are built to perform with considerably small current and voltage. Hence, the review includes a thorough analysis and discussion of various RF designs and their pros and cons. Finally, the latest applications of RF-EH are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Hamid Ibrahim
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (S.K.I.)
| | - Mandeep Jit Singh
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (S.K.I.)
- Space Science Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (S.S.A.-B.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Samir Salem Al-Bawri
- Space Science Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla 50512, Hadhramout, Yemen
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (S.S.A.-B.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Sura Khalil Ibrahim
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (S.K.I.)
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (S.K.I.)
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (S.S.A.-B.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Ahmed Alzamil
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Karimbu Vallappil A, Khawaja BA, Rahim MKA, Iqbal MN, Chattha HT. Metamaterial-Inspired Electrically Compact Triangular Antennas Loaded with CSRR and 3 × 3 Cross-Slots for 5G Indoor Distributed Antenna Systems. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020198. [PMID: 35208322 PMCID: PMC8876282 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this article, two distinct kinds of metamaterial (MTM) antennas are proposed for fifth-generation (5G) indoor distributed antenna systems (IDAS). Both antennas operate in the sub-6 GHz 5G band, i.e., 3.5 GHz. The antenna’s radiating structure is based on a combination of triangular and rectangular patches, as well as two complementary split-ring resonators (CSRR) unit-cells etched on the top layer. The bottom layer of the first MTM antenna is a complete ground plane, while the bottom layer of the second MTM antenna is etched by a 3 × 3 cross-slot MTM structure on the ground plane. The use of these structures on the ground plane improves the antenna bandwidth. The proposed antennas are designed using two different substrates i.e., a high-end Rogers thermoset microwave materials (TMM4) substrate (h = 1.524 mm/εr = 4.5/tan δ = 0.002) and a low-end flame-resistant (FR4) epoxy glass substrate (h = 1.6 mm/εr = 4.3/tan δ = 0.025), respectively. The antenna designs are simulated using CST microwave studio, and in the end, the antenna fabrication is performed using FR4 substrate, and the results are compared. Furthermore, parametric analysis and comparative studies are carried out to investigate the performance of the designed antennas. The simulated and measured results are presented for various parameters such as return-loss, gain, and radiation pattern. The two MTM antennas have an overall dimension of 18 × 34 mm2, demonstrating that the proposed design is 60 percent smaller than a standard microstrip patch antenna (MPA). The two proposed MTM antenna designs with complete ground plane and 3 × 3 cross-slot MTM on the bottom layer using FR4 substrate have a measured gain/bandwidth characteristic of 100 MHz/2.6 dBi and 700 MHz/2.3 dBi, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Karimbu Vallappil
- Advance RF and Microwave Research Group (ARFMRG), School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (M.K.A.R.); (M.N.I.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, P.O. Box 170, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.K.V.); (B.A.K.)
| | - Bilal A. Khawaja
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, P.O. Box 170, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, PN-Engineering College (PNEC), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Karachi 75104, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.K.V.); (B.A.K.)
| | - Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim
- Advance RF and Microwave Research Group (ARFMRG), School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (M.K.A.R.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Muhammad Naeem Iqbal
- Advance RF and Microwave Research Group (ARFMRG), School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (M.K.A.R.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Hassan T. Chattha
- Department of Information Technology, Focus College, Kelowna, BC V1Y 8A6, Canada;
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Design and Realization of a Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna with Wide, Dual, and Single-Band Operations for Compact Sized Wireless Applications. ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a compact and simple reconfigurable antenna with wide-band, dual-band, and single-band operating modes. Initially, a co-planar waveguide-fed triangular monopole antenna is obtained with a wide operational frequency band ranging from 4.0 GHz to 7.8 GHz. Then, two additional stubs are connected to the triangular monopole through two p-i-n diodes. By electrically switching these p-i-n diodes ON and OFF, different operating frequency bands can be attained. When turning ON only one diode, the antenna offers dual-band operations of 3.3–4.2 GHz and 5.8–7.2 GHz. Meanwhile, the antenna with single-band operation from 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz can be realized when both of the p-i-n diodes are switched to ON states. The proposed compact size antenna with dimensions of 0.27λ0 × 0.16λ0 × 0.017λ0 at the lower operating frequency (3.3 GHz) can be used for several wireless applications such as worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), wireless access in the vehicular environment (WAVE), and wireless local area network (WLAN). A comparative analysis with state-of-the-art works exhibits that the presented design possesses advantages of compact size and multiple operating modes.
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8
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Ibrahim HH, Singh MSJ, Al-Bawri SS, Islam MT. Synthesis, Characterization and Development of Energy Harvesting Techniques Incorporated with Antennas: A Review Study. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102772. [PMID: 32414069 PMCID: PMC7294434 DOI: 10.3390/s20102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The investigation into new sources of energy with the highest efficiency which are derived from existing energy sources is a significant research area and is attracting a great deal of interest. Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting is a promising alternative for obtaining energy for wireless devices directly from RF energy sources in the environment. An overview of the energy harvesting concept will be discussed in detail in this paper. Energy harvesting is a very promising method for the development of self-powered electronics. Many applications, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), smart environments, the military or agricultural monitoring depend on the use of sensor networks which require a large variety of small and scattered devices. The low-power operation of such distributed devices requires wireless energy to be obtained from their surroundings in order to achieve safe, self-sufficient and maintenance-free systems. The energy harvesting circuit is known to be an interface between piezoelectric and electro-strictive loads. A modern view of circuitry for energy harvesting is based on power conditioning principles that also involve AC-to-DC conversion and voltage regulation. Throughout the field of energy conversion, energy harvesting circuits often impose electric boundaries for devices, which are important for maximizing the energy that is harvested. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) is described as the ratio between the rectifier’s output DC power and the antenna-based RF-input power (before its passage through the corresponding network).
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Hamid Ibrahim
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (M.S.J.S.)
| | - Mandeep S. J. Singh
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (M.S.J.S.)
| | - Samir Salem Al-Bawri
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla 50512, Hadhramout, Yemen;
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (M.S.J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Al-Bawri SS, Hwang Goh H, Islam MS, Wong HY, Jamlos MF, Narbudowicz A, Jusoh M, Sabapathy T, Khan R, Islam MT. Compact Ultra-Wideband Monopole Antenna Loaded with Metamaterial. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030796. [PMID: 32024016 PMCID: PMC7038770 DOI: 10.3390/s20030796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A printed compact monopole antenna based on a single negative (SNG) metamaterial is proposed for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. A low-profile, key-shaped structure forms the radiating monopole and is loaded with metamaterial unit cells with negative permittivity and more than 1.5 GHz bandwidth of near-zero refractive index (NZRI) property. The antenna offers a wide bandwidth from 3.08 to 14.1 GHz and an average gain of 4.54 dBi, with a peak gain of 6.12 dBi; this is in contrast to the poor performance when metamaterial is not used. Moreover, the maximum obtained radiation efficiency is 97%. A reasonable agreement between simulation and experiments is realized, demonstrating that the proposed antenna can operate over a wide bandwidth with symmetric split-ring resonator (SSRR) metamaterial structures and compact size of 14.5 × 22 mm2 (0.148 λ0 × 0.226 λ0) with respect to the lowest operating frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Salem Al-Bawri
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.I.); (H.Y.W.)
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla 50512, Hadhramout, Yemen
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.-B.); (H.H.G.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Hui Hwang Goh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.-B.); (H.H.G.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Md Shabiul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.I.); (H.Y.W.)
| | - Hin Yong Wong
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.I.); (H.Y.W.)
| | - Mohd Faizal Jamlos
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Adam Narbudowicz
- Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Muzammil Jusoh
- Bioelectromagnetics Research Group (BioEM), School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.J.); (T.S.)
| | - Thennarasan Sabapathy
- Bioelectromagnetics Research Group (BioEM), School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.J.); (T.S.)
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Research and Development, Laird Technologies (M) Sdn Bhd, Penang 13600, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.-B.); (H.H.G.); (M.T.I.)
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