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Picciariello A, Dezi A, Vincenti L, Spampinato MG, Zang W, Riahi P, Scott J, Sharma R, Fan X, Altomare DF. Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis through Breath Test Using a Portable Breath Analyzer-Preliminary Data. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2343. [PMID: 38610554 PMCID: PMC11014225 DOI: 10.3390/s24072343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Screening methods available for colorectal cancer (CRC) to date are burdened by poor reliability and low patient adherence and compliance. An altered pattern of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath has been proposed as a non-invasive potential diagnostic tool for distinguishing CRC patients from healthy controls (HC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of an innovative portable device containing a micro-gas chromatograph in enabling rapid, on-site CRC diagnosis through analysis of patients' exhaled breath. In this prospective trial, breath samples were collected in a tertiary referral center of colorectal surgery, and analysis of the chromatograms was performed by the Biomedical Engineering Department. The breath of patients with CRC and HC was collected into Tedlar bags through a Nafion filter and mouthpiece with a one-way valve. The breath samples were analyzed by an automated portable gas chromatography device. Relevant volatile biomarkers and discriminant chromatographic peaks were identified through machine learning, linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis. A total of 68 subjects, 36 patients affected by histologically proven CRC with no evidence of metastases and 32 HC with negative colonoscopies, were enrolled. After testing a training set (18 CRC and 18 HC) and a testing set (18 CRC and 14 HC), an overall specificity of 87.5%, sensitivity of 94.4% and accuracy of 91.2% in identifying CRC patients was found based on three VOCs. Breath biopsy may represent a promising non-invasive method of discriminating CRC patients from HC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnese Dezi
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area and Interdepartmental Research Center for Pelvic Floor Diseases (CIRPAP), University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Vincenti
- Surgical Unit, IRCCS de Bellis, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Wenzhe Zang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.Z.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (X.F.)
| | - Pamela Riahi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.Z.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (X.F.)
| | - Jared Scott
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.Z.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (X.F.)
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.Z.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (X.F.)
| | - Xudong Fan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.Z.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (X.F.)
| | - Donato F. Altomare
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area and Interdepartmental Research Center for Pelvic Floor Diseases (CIRPAP), University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Zifarelli A, Cantatore A, Sampaolo A, Mueller M, Rueck T, Hoelzl C, Rossmadl H, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V. Multivariate analysis and digital twin modelling: Alternative approaches to evaluate molecular relaxation in photoacoustic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 33:100564. [PMID: 38021285 PMCID: PMC10658604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of two different approaches developed to deal with molecular relaxation in photoacoustic spectroscopy is here reported. The first method employs a statistical analysis based on partial least squares regression, while the second method relies on the development of a digital twin of the photoacoustic sensor based on the theoretical modelling of the occurring relaxations. Methane detection within a gas matrix of synthetic air with variable humidity level is selected as case study. An interband cascade laser emitting at 3.345 µm is used to target methane absorption features. Two methane concentration ranges are explored targeting different absorptions, one in the order of part-per-million and one in the order of percent, while water vapor absolute concentration was varied from 0.3 % up to 2 %. The results achieved employing the detection techniques demonstrated the possibility to efficiently retrieve the target gas concentrations with accuracy > 95 % even in the case of strong influence of relaxation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A.F.P. Cantatore
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - M. Mueller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - T. Rueck
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C. Hoelzl
- Thorlabs GmbH, Münchner Weg 1, 85232 Bergkirchen, Germany
| | - H. Rossmadl
- Thorlabs GmbH, Münchner Weg 1, 85232 Bergkirchen, Germany
| | - P. Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - V. Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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3
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Rasmussen AN, Thomsen BL, Christensen JB, Petersen JC, Lassen M. Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Assisted by Partial Least-Squares Regression for Multi-Gas Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7984. [PMID: 37766039 PMCID: PMC10537676 DOI: 10.3390/s23187984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) for multi-gas detection. Photoacoustic (PA) spectra of mixtures of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) were measured in the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range using a mid-infrared (MIR) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) light source. Highly overlapping absorption spectra are a common challenge for gas spectroscopy. To mitigate this, we used a partial least-squares regression (PLS) method to estimate the mixing ratio and concentrations of the individual gasses. The concentration range explored in the analysis varies from a few parts per million (ppm) to thousands of ppm. Spectra obtained from HITRAN and experimental single-molecule reference spectra of each of the molecular species were acquired and used as training data sets. These spectra were used to generate simulated spectra of the gas mixtures (linear combinations of the reference spectra). Here, in this proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate that after an absolute calibration of the QEPAS cell, the PLS analyses could be used to determine concentrations of single molecular species with a relative accuracy within a few % for mixtures of H2O, NH3, and CH4 and with an absolute sensitivity of approximately 300 (±50) ppm/V, 50 (±5) ppm/V, and 5 (±2) ppm/V for water, ammonia, and methane, respectively. This demonstrates that QEPAS assisted by PLS is a powerful approach to estimate concentrations of individual gas components with considerable spectral overlap, which is a typical scenario for real-life adoptions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mikael Lassen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (A.N.R.); (B.L.T.); (J.B.C.); (J.C.P.)
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4
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Olivieri M, Giglio M, Dello Russo S, Menduni G, Zifarelli A, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Assessment of vibrational-translational relaxation dynamics of in a wet-nitrogen matrix through QEPAS. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100518. [PMID: 37325395 PMCID: PMC10265511 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on a study of the non-radiative relaxation dynamic of 12CH4 and 13CH4 in wet nitrogen-based matrixes by using the quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique. The dependence of the QEPAS signal on pressure at fixed matrix composition and on H2O concentration at fixed pressure was investigated. We demonstrated that QEPAS measurements can be used to retrieve both the effective relaxation rate in the matrix, and the V-T relaxation rate associated to collisions with nitrogen and water vapor. No significant differences in measured relaxation rates were observed between the two isotopologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Olivieri
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Stefano Dello Russo
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Centro di geodesia Spaziale “Giuseppe Colombo”, Matera, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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5
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Olivieri M, Menduni G, Giglio M, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Characterization of H 2S QEPAS detection in methane-based gas leaks dispersed into environment. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100438. [PMID: 36582842 PMCID: PMC9792567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The increase in fatal accidents and chronic illnesses caused by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exposure occurring in various workplaces is pushing the development of sensing systems for continuous and in-field monitoring of this hazardous gas. We report here on the design and realization of a Near-IR quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensor (QEPAS) for H2S leaks detection. H2S QEPAS signal was measured in matrixes containing up to 1 % of methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N2) which were chosen as the laboratory model environment for leakages from oil and gas wells or various industrial processes where H2S and CH4 can leak simultaneously. An investigation of the influence of CH4 on H2S relaxation and photoacoustic generation was proposed in this work and the sensor performances were carefully assessed with respect to CH4 content in the mixture. We demonstrated the high selectivity, with no cross talk between H2S, H2O and CH4 absorption lines, high sensitivity, and fast response time of the developed sensor, achieving a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 2.5 ppm for H2S with 2 s lock-in integration time. The employed 2.6 µm laser allowed us to employ the sensor also for CH4 detection, achieving an MDL of 85 ppm. The realized QEPAS sensor lends itself to the development of a portable and compact device for industrial monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Olivieri
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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6
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Wu G, Gong Z, Ma J, Li H, Guo M, Chen K, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. High-sensitivity miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic sensor based on silicon cantilever beam for trace gas sensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100386. [PMID: 36068800 PMCID: PMC9441259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic (PA) sensor, mainly consisting of a small resonant T-type PA cell and an integrated sensor probe based on a silicon cantilever beam. The resonance frequency of the miniature T-type PA cell is matched with the first-order natural frequency of the cantilever beam to achieve double resonance of the acoustic signal. The volume of the designed T-type PA cell is only about 2.26 cubic centimeters. A PA spectroscopy (PAS) system, employing the dual-resonance photoacoustic (PA) sensor as the prober and a high-speed spectrometer as the demodulator, has been implemented for high-sensitivity methane sensing. The sensitivity and the minimum detection limit can reach up to 2.0 pm/ppm and 35.6 parts-per-billion, respectively, with an averaging time of 100 s. The promising performance demonstrated a great potential of employing the reported sensor for high-sensitivity gas sensing in sub cubic centimeter-level spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Haie Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Müller M, Rück T, Jobst S, Pangerl J, Weigl S, Bierl R, Matysik FM. An Algorithmic Approach to Compute the Effect of Non-Radiative Relaxation Processes in Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100371. [PMID: 37614667 PMCID: PMC10442890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Successful transfer of photoacoustic gas sensors from laboratory to real-life applications requires knowledge about potential cross-sensitivities towards environmental and gas matrix changes. Multi-dimensional calibration in case of cross-sensitivities can become very complex or even unfeasible. To address this challenge, we present a novel algorithm to compute the collision based non-radiative efficiency and phase lag of energy relaxation on a molecular level (CoNRad) for photoacoustic signal calculation. This algorithmic approach allows to calculate the entire relaxation cascade of arbitrarily complex systems, yielding a theoretical photoacoustic signal. In this work the influence of varying bulk compositions, i.e. nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) on the photoacoustic signal during methane (CH4) detection is demonstrated. The applicability of the algorithm to other photoacoustic setups is shown exemplary by applying it to the relaxational system investigated in [1]. Hayden et al. examined the effect of water on photoacoustic carbon monoxide (CO) detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Müller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Jobst
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Menduni G, Zifarelli A, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Amoroso N, Wu H, Dong L, Bellotti R, Spagnolo V. High-concentration methane and ethane QEPAS detection employing partial least squares regression to filter out energy relaxation dependence on gas matrix composition. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100349. [PMID: 35345809 PMCID: PMC8956809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor capable to detect high concentrations of methane (C1) and ethane (C2) is here reported. The hydrocarbons fingerprint region around 3 µm was exploited using an interband cascade laser (ICL). A standard quartz tuning fork (QTF) coupled with two resonator tubes was used to detect the photoacoustic signal generated by the target molecules. Employing dedicated electronic boards to both control the laser source and collect the QTF signal, a shoe-box sized QEPAS sensor was realized. All the generated mixtures were downstream humidified to remove the influence of water vapor on the target gases. Several natural gas-like samples were generated and subsequently diluted 1:10 in N2. In the concentration ranges under investigation (1%-10% for C1 and 0.1%-1% for C2), both linear and nonlinear responses of the sensor were measured and signal variations due to matrix effects were observed. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed as a multivariate statistical tool to accurately determine the concentrations of C1 and C2 in the mixtures, compensating the matrix relaxation effects. The achieved results extend the range of C1 and C2 concentrations detectable by QEPAS technique up to the percent scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Nicola Amoroso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia—Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via A. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Roberto Bellotti
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
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9
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Zhao N, Zhao D, Ma L, Wang B. Study on a photoacoustic spectroscopy trichloromethane gas detection method based on an arched photoacoustic cavity. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1507-1514. [PMID: 35343529 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an important component in photoacoustic spectroscopy gas detection systems, the performance of the photoacoustic cavity directly affects the sensitivity and resolution of the system. Based on a study of photoacoustic cavity performance, a new type of arched photoacoustic cavity is proposed. Finite element simulation software is used for modeling. By comparing the influences of the position and radius of the central sphere, the length and radius of the resonant cavity, and the radius of the buffer chamber on the performance of the photoacoustic cavity, the optimal structural size of the arched photoacoustic cavity is determined. Compared to a traditional cylindrical photoacoustic cavity with the same size, and considering the thermal viscous acoustic loss, a thermal-acoustic coupling multiphysical field simulation of the two models is carried out. The acoustic pressure signal of the arched photoacoustic cavity is 6 times that of the cylindrical photoacoustic cavity, the resonant frequency increases by 300 Hz, and the quality factor is 2.6 times that of the cylindrical photoacoustic cavity. The performance of the arched photoacoustic cavity is significantly improved. A photoacoustic spectroscopy system for the detection of chloroform gas (CHCl3) is built based on an arched photoacoustic cavity. Detection experiments are carried out with different concentrations of chloroform. At room temperature (25 °C) and atmospheric pressure, the linear coefficient R2 is 0.9975, and the detection sensitivity is 0.28 ppm. The system has great practical value for the detection of chloroform gas in industrial and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050043, China.
| | - Dong Zhao
- School of Software, Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Longge Ma
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050043, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050043, China.
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10
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Calibration of Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensors for Real-Life Adaptation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030609. [PMID: 33503854 PMCID: PMC7865643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the use of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for continuous carbon-dioxide measurements in humid air over a period of six days. The presence of water molecules alters the relaxation rate of the target molecules and thus the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal. Prior to the measurements, the photoacoustic sensor system was pre-calibrated using CO2 mole fractions in the range of 0–10−3 (0–1000 ppm) and at different relative humidities between 0% and 45%, while assuming a model hypothesis that allowed the photoacoustic signal to be perturbed linearly by H2O content. This calibration technique was compared against an alternative learning-based method, where sensor data from the first two days of the six-day period were used for self-calibration. A commercial non-dispersive infrared sensor was used as a CO2 reference sensor and provided the benchmark for the two calibration procedures. In our case, the self-calibrated method proved to be both more accurate and precise.
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Menduni G, Sgobba F, Russo SD, Ranieri AC, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Passaro VM, Csutak S, Assante D, Ranieri E, Geoffrion E, Spagnolo V. Fiber-Coupled Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy System for Methane and Ethane Monitoring in the Near-Infrared Spectral Range. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235607. [PMID: 33260601 PMCID: PMC7729494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a fiber-coupled, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) near-IR sensor for sequential detection of methane (CH4 or C1) and ethane (C2H6 or C2) in air. With the aim of developing a lightweight, compact, low-power-consumption sensor suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-empowered environmental monitoring, an all-fiber configuration was designed and realized. Two laser diodes emitting at 1653.7 nm and 1684 nm for CH4 and C2H6 detection, respectively, were fiber-combined and fiber-coupled to the collimator port of the acoustic detection module. No cross talk between methane and ethane QEPAS signal was observed, and the related peak signals were well resolved. The QEPAS sensor was calibrated using gas samples generated from certified concentrations of 1% CH4 in N2 and 1% C2H6 in N2. At a lock-in integration time of 100 ms, minimum detection limits of 0.76 ppm and 34 ppm for methane and ethane were achieved, respectively. The relaxation rate of CH4 in standard air has been investigated considering the effects of H2O, N2 and O2 molecules. No influence on the CH4 QEPAS signal is expected when the water vapor concentration level present in air varies in the range 0.6–3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Sgobba
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Stefano Dello Russo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Ada Cristina Ranieri
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Engineering, Uninettuno University, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Vittorio M.N. Passaro
- Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Sebastian Csutak
- Independent Consultant, 16300 Park Row Dr, Houston, TX 77084, USA;
| | - Dario Assante
- Faculty of Engineering, Uninettuno University, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ezio Ranieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Eric Geoffrion
- Thorlabs Canada ULC, 361 Boulevard Montpellier, Saint-Laurent, QC H4N 2G6, Canada;
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-544-2373
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Sun B, Zifarelli A, Wu H, Dello Russo S, Li S, Patimisco P, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Mid-Infrared Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor for ppb-Level CO Detection in a SF 6 Gas Matrix Exploiting a T-Grooved Quartz Tuning Fork. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13922-13929. [PMID: 32962343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An optical sensor for highly sensitive detection of carbon monoxide (CO) in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was demonstrated by using the quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy technique. A spectrophone composed of a custom 8 kHz T-shaped quartz tuning fork with grooved prongs and a pair of resonator tubes, to amplify the laser-induced acoustic waves, was designed aiming to maximize the CO photoacoustic response in SF6. A theoretical analysis and an experimental investigation of the influence of SF6 gas matrix on spectrophone resonance properties for CO detection have been provided, and the performances were compared with the standard air matrix. A mid-infrared quantum cascade laser with a central wavelength at 4.61 μm, resonant with the fundamental band of CO, and an optical power of 20 mW was employed as the light excitation source. A minimum detection limit of 10 ppb at 10 s of integration time was achieved, and a sensor response time of ∼3 min was measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.,PolySense Laboratory, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Stefano Dello Russo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.,PolySense Laboratory, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Shangzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.,PolySense Laboratory, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Laboratory, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
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Christensen JB, Høgstedt L, Friis SMM, Lai JY, Chou MH, Balslev-Harder D, Petersen JC, Lassen M. Intrinsic Spectral Resolution Limitations of QEPAS Sensors for Fast and Broad Wavelength Tuning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4725. [PMID: 32825631 PMCID: PMC7506663 DOI: 10.3390/s20174725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensing is a promising method for low-concentration trace-gas monitoring due to the resonant signal enhancement provided by a high-Q quartz tuning fork. However, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is associated with a relatively slow acoustic decay, which results in a reduced spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio as the wavelength tuning rate is increased. In this work, we investigate the influence of wavelength scan rate on the spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of QEPAS sensors. We demonstrate the acquisition of photoacoustic spectra from 3.1 μm to 3.6 μm using a tunable mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator. The spectra are attained using wavelength scan rates differing by more than two orders of magnitude (from 0.3 nm s-1 to 96 nm s-1). With this variation in scan rate, the spectral resolution is found to change from 2.5 cm-1 to 9 cm-1. The investigated gas samples are methane (in nitrogen) and a gas mixture consisting of methane, water, and ethanol. For the gas mixture, the reduced spectral resolution at fast scan rates significantly complicates the quantification of constituent gas concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jui-Yu Lai
- HC Photonics, 4F, No. 2, Technology Rd. V, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chou
- HC Photonics, 4F, No. 2, Technology Rd. V, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | | | - Jan C Petersen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Mikael Lassen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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Zheng H, Liu Y, Lin H, Kan R, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Giglio M, Zhu W, Yu J, Tittel FK, Spagnolo V, Chen Z. Sub-ppb-level CH 4 detection by exploiting a low-noise differential photoacoustic resonator with a room-temperature interband cascade laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19446-19456. [PMID: 32672221 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-highly sensitive and robust CH4 sensor is reported based on a 3.3 µm interband cascade laser (ICL) and a low-noise differential photoacoustic (PAS) cell. The ICL emission wavelength targeted a fundamental absorption line of CH4 at 2988.795 cm-1 with an intensity of 1.08 × 10-19 cm/molecule. The double-pass and differential design of the PAS cell effectively enhanced the PAS signal amplitude and decreased its background noise. The wavelength modulation depth, operating pressure and V-T relaxation promotion were optimized to maximize the sensor detection limit. With an integration time of 90 s, a detection limit of 0.6 ppb was achieved. No additional water or air laser cooling were required and thereby allowing the realization of a compact and robust CH4 sensor.
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