1
|
Dalloul AH, Miramirkhani F, Kouhalvandi L. A Review of Recent Innovations in Remote Health Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2157. [PMID: 38138326 PMCID: PMC10745663 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of remote health monitoring systems has focused on enhancing healthcare services' efficiency and quality, particularly in chronic disease management and elderly care. These systems employ a range of sensors and wearable devices to track patients' health status and offer real-time feedback to healthcare providers. This facilitates prompt interventions and reduces hospitalization rates. The aim of this study is to explore the latest developments in the realm of remote health monitoring systems. In this paper, we explore a wide range of domains, spanning antenna designs, small implantable antennas, on-body wearable solutions, and adaptable detection and imaging systems. Our research also delves into the methodological approaches used in monitoring systems, including the analysis of channel characteristics, advancements in wireless capsule endoscopy, and insightful investigations into sensing and imaging techniques. These advancements hold the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of monitoring, ultimately contributing to enhanced health outcomes for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hany Dalloul
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Isik University, 34980 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Farshad Miramirkhani
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Isik University, 34980 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Lida Kouhalvandi
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dogus University, 34775 Istanbul, Turkey;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
But DB, Ikamas K, Kołaciński C, Chernyadiev AV, Vizbaras D, Knap W, Lisauskas A. Sub-terahertz feedback interferometry and imaging with emitters in 130 nm BiCMOS technology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16161. [PMID: 37758798 PMCID: PMC10533495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present the effect of self-mixing in compact terahertz emitters implemented in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The devices are based on a differential Colpitts oscillator topology with optimized emission frequency at the fundamental harmonic. The radiation is out-coupled through the substrate side using a hyper-hemispheric silicon lens. The first source is optimized for 200 GHz and radiates up to 0.525 mW of propagating power. The second source emits up to 0.325 mW at 260 GHz. We demonstrate that in these devices, feedback radiation produces the change in bias current, the magnitude of which can reach up to several percent compared to the bias current itself, enabling feedback interferometric measurements. We demonstrate the applicability of feedback interferometry to perform coherent reflection-type raster-scan imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro B. But
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kȩstutis Ikamas
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Research Group on Logistics and Defense Technology Management, General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, LT-10322 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Cezary Kołaciński
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
- Lukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Domantas Vizbaras
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Wojciech Knap
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alvydas Lisauskas
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ivaškevičiūtė-Povilauskienė R, Kizevičius P, Nacius E, Jokubauskis D, Ikamas K, Lisauskas A, Alexeeva N, Matulaitienė I, Jukna V, Orlov S, Minkevičius L, Valušis G. Terahertz structured light: nonparaxial Airy imaging using silicon diffractive optics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:326. [PMID: 36385101 PMCID: PMC9668966 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Structured light - electromagnetic waves with a strong spatial inhomogeneity of amplitude, phase, and polarization - has occupied far-reaching positions in both optical research and applications. Terahertz (THz) waves, due to recent innovations in photonics and nanotechnology, became so robust that it was not only implemented in a wide variety of applications such as communications, spectroscopic analysis, and non-destructive imaging, but also served as a low-cost and easily implementable experimental platform for novel concept illustration. In this work, we show that structured nonparaxial THz light in the form of Airy, Bessel, and Gaussian beams can be generated in a compact way using exclusively silicon diffractive optics prepared by femtosecond laser ablation technology. The accelerating nature of the generated structured light is demonstrated via THz imaging of objects partially obscured by an opaque beam block. Unlike conventional paraxial approaches, when a combination of a lens and a cubic phase (or amplitude) mask creates a nondiffracting Airy beam, we demonstrate simultaneous lensless nonparaxial THz Airy beam generation and its application in imaging system. Images of single objects, imaging with a controllable placed obstacle, and imaging of stacked graphene layers are presented, revealing hence potential of the approach to inspect quality of 2D materials. Structured nonparaxial THz illumination is investigated both theoretically and experimentally with appropriate extensive benchmarks. The structured THz illumination consistently outperforms the conventional one in resolution and contrast, thus opening new frontiers of structured light applications in imaging and inverse scattering problems, as it enables sophisticated estimates of optical properties of the investigated structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulius Kizevičius
- Department of Fundamental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Ernestas Nacius
- Department of Fundamental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Domas Jokubauskis
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Kęstutis Ikamas
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics & Telecommunications, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Lisauskas
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics & Telecommunications, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
- CENTERA Labs., Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, ul. Sokolowska 29/37, Warsaw, 01-142, Poland
| | - Natalia Alexeeva
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Matulaitienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Jukna
- Department of Fundamental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Sergej Orlov
- Department of Fundamental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Linas Minkevičius
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Gintaras Valušis
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harris ZB, Arbab MH. Terahertz PHASR Scanner with 2 kHz, 100 picosecond Time-Domain Trace Acquisition Rate and an Extended Field-of-View Based on a Heliostat Design. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 12:619-632. [PMID: 36531441 PMCID: PMC9757810 DOI: 10.1109/tthz.2022.3200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we introduced a Portable HAndheld Spectral Reflection (PHASR) Scanner to allow THz Time-Domain Spectroscopic (THz-TDS) imaging in clinical and industrial settings using a fiber-coupled and alignment-free telecentric beam steering design. The key limitations of the version 1.0 of the PHASR Scanner were its field-of-view and speed of time-domain trace acquisition. In this paper, we address these limitations by introducing a heliostat geometry for beam scanning to achieve an extended field-of-view, and by reconfiguring the Asynchronous OPtical Sampling (ASOPS) system to perform Electronically Controlled OPtical Sampling (ECOPS) measurements. The former change improved the deflection range of the beam, while also drastically reducing the coupling of the two scanning axes, the combination of which resulted in a larger than four-fold increase in the FOV area. The latter change significantly improves the acquisition speed and frequency domain performance simultaneously by improving measurement efficiency. To accomplish this, we characterized the non-linear time-axis sampling behavior of the electro-mechanical system in the ECOPS mode. We proposed methods to model and correct the non-linear time-axis distortions and tested the performance of the high-speed ECOPS trace acquisition. Therefore, here we introduce the PHASR Scanner version 2.0, which is capable of imaging a 40×27 mm2 FOV with 2000 traces per second over a 100 picosecond TDS range. This new scanner represents a significant leap towards translating the THz-TDS technology from the lab bench to the bedside for real-time clinical imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachery B Harris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - M Hassan Arbab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
El Kaid A, Brazey D, Barra V, Baïna K. Top-Down System for Multi-Person 3D Absolute Pose Estimation from Monocular Videos. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114109. [PMID: 35684728 PMCID: PMC9185275 DOI: 10.3390/s22114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) multi-person pose estimation and three-dimensional (3D) root-relative pose estimation from a monocular RGB camera have made significant progress recently. Yet, real-world applications require depth estimations and the ability to determine the distances between people in a scene. Therefore, it is necessary to recover the 3D absolute poses of several people. However, this is still a challenge when using cameras from single points of view. Furthermore, the previously proposed systems typically required a significant amount of resources and memory. To overcome these restrictions, we herein propose a real-time framework for multi-person 3D absolute pose estimation from a monocular camera, which integrates a human detector, a 2D pose estimator, a 3D root-relative pose reconstructor, and a root depth estimator in a top-down manner. The proposed system, called Root-GAST-Net, is based on modified versions of GAST-Net and RootNet networks. The efficiency of the proposed Root-GAST-Net system is demonstrated through quantitative and qualitative evaluations on two benchmark datasets, Human3.6M and MuPoTS-3D. On all evaluated metrics, our experimental results on the MuPoTS-3D dataset outperform the current state-of-the-art by a significant margin, and can run in real-time at 15 fps on the Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal El Kaid
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Mines de Saint-Étienne, Clermont-Auvergne-INP, LIMOS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Alqualsadi Research Team, Rabat IT Center, ENSIAS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10112, Morocco;
- Société Prynel, RD974, 21190 Corpeau, France;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Vincent Barra
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Mines de Saint-Étienne, Clermont-Auvergne-INP, LIMOS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Karim Baïna
- Alqualsadi Research Team, Rabat IT Center, ENSIAS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10112, Morocco;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vicarelli L, Tredicucci A, Pitanti A. Micromechanical Bolometers for Subterahertz Detection at Room Temperature. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:360-367. [PMID: 35211645 PMCID: PMC8855436 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fast room-temperature imaging at terahertz (THz) and subterahertz (sub-THz) frequencies is an interesting technique that could unleash the full potential of plenty of applications in security, healthcare, and industrial production. In this Letter, we introduce micromechanical bolometers based on silicon nitride trampoline membranes as broad-range detectors down to sub-THz frequencies. They show, at the longest wavelengths, room-temperature noise-equivalent powers comparable to those of state-of-the-art commercial devices (∼100 pW Hz-1/2), which, along with the good operation speed and the easy, large-scale fabrication process, could make the trampoline membrane the next candidate for cheap room-temperature THz imaging and related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vicarelli
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto
Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tredicucci
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto
Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pitanti
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto
Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sensitive Planar Microwave Diode on the Base of Ternary Al xGa 1-xAs Semiconductor Compound. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21134487. [PMID: 34209095 PMCID: PMC8271366 DOI: 10.3390/s21134487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article presents the results of experimental studies of the dc and high-frequency electrical characteristics of planar microwave diodes that are fabricated on the base of the n-AlxGa1-xAs layer (x = 0, 0.15 or 0.3), epitaxially grown on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The diodes can serve as reliable and inexpensive sensors of microwave radiation in the millimeter wavelength range; they sense electromagnetic radiation directly, without any external bias voltage at room temperature. The investigation revealed a strong dependence of the detection properties of the microwave diodes on AlAs mole fraction x: in the Ka microwave frequency range, the median value of voltage responsivity is several volts per watt in the case of GaAs-based diodes (x = 0), and it substantially increases, reaching hundreds of volts per watt at higher x values. Also, a model enabling us to forecast the responsivity of the sensor in other frequency ranges is proposed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Valušis G, Lisauskas A, Yuan H, Knap W, Roskos HG. Roadmap of Terahertz Imaging 2021. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4092. [PMID: 34198603 PMCID: PMC8232131 DOI: 10.3390/s21124092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this roadmap article, we have focused on the most recent advances in terahertz (THz) imaging with particular attention paid to the optimization and miniaturization of the THz imaging systems. Such systems entail enhanced functionality, reduced power consumption, and increased convenience, thus being geared toward the implementation of THz imaging systems in real operational conditions. The article will touch upon the advanced solid-state-based THz imaging systems, including room temperature THz sensors and arrays, as well as their on-chip integration with diffractive THz optical components. We will cover the current-state of compact room temperature THz emission sources, both optolectronic and electrically driven; particular emphasis is attributed to the beam-forming role in THz imaging, THz holography and spatial filtering, THz nano-imaging, and computational imaging. A number of advanced THz techniques, such as light-field THz imaging, homodyne spectroscopy, and phase sensitive spectrometry, THz modulated continuous wave imaging, room temperature THz frequency combs, and passive THz imaging, as well as the use of artificial intelligence in THz data processing and optics development, will be reviewed. This roadmap presents a structured snapshot of current advances in THz imaging as of 2021 and provides an opinion on contemporary scientific and technological challenges in this field, as well as extrapolations of possible further evolution in THz imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gintaras Valušis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Department of Optoelectronics, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Lisauskas
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hui Yuan
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (H.Y.); (H.G.R.)
| | - Wojciech Knap
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hartmut G. Roskos
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (H.Y.); (H.G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Homodyne Spectroscopy with Broadband Terahertz Power Detector Based on 90-nm Silicon CMOS Transistor. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, photomixer-based continuous wave systems developed into versatile and practical tools for terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. The high responsivity to the THz field amplitude of photomixer-based systems is predetermined by the homodyne detection principle that allows the system to have high sensitivity. Here, we show that the advantages of homodyne detection can be exploited with broadband power detectors combined with two photomixer sources. For this, we employ a THz detector based on a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor and a broadband bow-tie antenna (TeraFET). At 500 GHz and an effective noise bandwidth of 1 Hz, the response from one photomixer-based THz source resulted in an about 43 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We demonstrate that by employing a homodyne detection system by overlaying the radiation from two photomixers, the SNR can reach up to 70 dB at the same frequency with an integration time 100 ms. The improvement in SNR and the spectroscopic evidence for water vapor lines demonstrated up to 2.2 THz allow us to conclude that these detectors can be successfully used in practical continuous wave THz spectrometry systems.
Collapse
|
10
|
Harris ZB, Khani ME, Arbab MH. Terahertz Portable Handheld Spectral Reflection (PHASR) Scanner. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2020; 8:228024-228031. [PMID: 35433151 PMCID: PMC9009755 DOI: 10.1109/access.2020.3045460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development and characterization of a handheld terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopic scanner for broadband imaging between approximately 0.25 and 1.25 THz. We designed and fabricated a 3D-printed fiber-coupled housing which provides an alignment-free strategy for the placement and operation of the THz optics. Image formation is achieved through telecentric beam steering over a planar surface through a custom f-θ scanning lens. This design achieves a consistent resolution over the full 12 × 19 mm field of view. Broadband spectral imaging is demonstrated using a 1951 United States Air Force Resolution Test Target. The consistency of the resolution over the wide field is validated through Boehler Star resolution measurements. Finally, a practical scenario of subsurface imaging on a damaged section of an aircraft wing is demonstrated. The THz PHASR is a field-deployable imaging system with the versatility to be applied to a much broader range of targets and imaging scenarios than previously possible, from industrial non-destructive testing to clinical diagnostic imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachery B Harris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Mahmoud E Khani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - M Hassan Arbab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|