1
|
Stinson VP, Subash U, Poutous MK, Hofmann T. Towards Two-Photon Polymerization-Compatible Diffractive Optics for Micro-Mechanical Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1319. [PMID: 37512630 PMCID: PMC10386109 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Diffractive optics are structured optical surfaces that manipulate light based on the principles of interference and diffraction. By carefully designing the diffractive optical elements, the amplitude, phase, direction, and polarization of the transmitted and reflected light can be controlled. It is well-known that the propagation of light through diffractive optics is sensitive to changes in their structural parameters. In this study, a numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate the capabilities of slanted-wire diffraction gratings to function opto-mechanically in the infrared spectral range. The slanted wire array is designed such that it is compatible with fabrication by two-photon polymerization, a direct laser-writing approach. The modeled optical and mechanical capabilities of the diffraction grating are presented. The numerical results demonstrate a high sensitivity of the diffracted light to changes in the slant angle of the wires. The compressive force by which desired slant angles may be achieved as a function of the number of wires in the grating is investigated. The ability to fabricate the presented design using two-photon polymerization is supported by the development of a prototype. The results of this study suggest that slanted-wire gratings fabricated using two-photon polymerization may be effective in applications such as tunable beam splitting and micro-mechanical sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Paige Stinson
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Uma Subash
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Menelaos K Poutous
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Tino Hofmann
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Anand V. Tuning Axial Resolution Independent of Lateral Resolution in a Computational Imaging System Using Bessel Speckles. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1347. [PMID: 36014268 PMCID: PMC9413915 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Speckle patterns are formed by random interferences of mutually coherent beams. While speckles are often considered as unwanted noise in many areas, they also formed the foundation for the development of numerous speckle-based imaging, holography, and sensing technologies. In the recent years, artificial speckle patterns have been generated with spatially incoherent sources using static and dynamic optical modulators for advanced imaging applications. In this report, a basic study has been carried out with Bessel distribution as the fundamental building block of the speckle pattern (i.e., speckle patterns formed by randomly interfering Bessel beams). In general, Bessel beams have a long focal depth, which in this scenario is counteracted by the increase in randomness enabling tunability of the axial resolution. As a direct imaging method could not be applied when there is more than one Bessel beam, an indirect computational imaging framework has been applied to study the imaging characteristics. This computational imaging process consists of three steps. In the first step, the point spread function (PSF) is calculated, which is the speckle pattern formed by the random interferences of Bessel beams. In the next step, the intensity distribution for an object is obtained by a convolution between the PSF and object function. The object information is reconstructed by processing the PSF and the object intensity distribution using non-linear reconstruction. In the computational imaging framework, the lateral resolution remained a constant, while the axial resolution improved when the randomness in the system was increased. Three-dimensional computational imaging with statistical averaging for different cases of randomness has been synthetically demonstrated for two test objects located at two different distances. The presented study will lead to a new generation of incoherent imaging technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Anand
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
- Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith D, Gopinath S, Arockiaraj FG, Reddy ANK, Balasubramani V, Kumar R, Dubey N, Ng SH, Katkus T, Selva SJ, Renganathan D, Kamalam MBR, John Francis Rajeswary AS, Navaneethakrishnan S, Inbanathan SR, Valdma SM, Praveen PA, Amudhavel J, Kumar M, Ganeev RA, Magistretti PJ, Depeursinge C, Juodkazis S, Rosen J, Anand V. Nonlinear Reconstruction of Images from Patterns Generated by Deterministic or Random Optical Masks-Concepts and Review of Research. J Imaging 2022; 8:174. [PMID: 35735973 PMCID: PMC9225382 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect-imaging methods involve at least two steps, namely optical recording and computational reconstruction. The optical-recording process uses an optical modulator that transforms the light from the object into a typical intensity distribution. This distribution is numerically processed to reconstruct the object's image corresponding to different spatial and spectral dimensions. There have been numerous optical-modulation functions and reconstruction methods developed in the past few years for different applications. In most cases, a compatible pair of the optical-modulation function and reconstruction method gives optimal performance. A new reconstruction method, termed nonlinear reconstruction (NLR), was developed in 2017 to reconstruct the object image in the case of optical-scattering modulators. Over the years, it has been revealed that the NLR can reconstruct an object's image modulated by an axicons, bifocal lenses and even exotic spiral diffractive elements, which generate deterministic optical fields. Apparently, NLR seems to be a universal reconstruction method for indirect imaging. In this review, the performance of NLR isinvestigated for many deterministic and stochastic optical fields. Simulation and experimental results for different cases are presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Smith
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Shivasubramanian Gopinath
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, India; (S.G.); (D.R.); (S.N.)
| | - Francis Gracy Arockiaraj
- PG & Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai 625009, India; (F.G.A.); (S.J.S.); (M.B.R.K.); (S.R.I.)
| | - Andra Naresh Kumar Reddy
- Hee Photonic Labs, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Vinoth Balasubramani
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (V.B.); (P.J.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Ravi Kumar
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.K.); (N.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Nitin Dubey
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.K.); (N.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Soon Hock Ng
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Tomas Katkus
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Shakina Jothi Selva
- PG & Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai 625009, India; (F.G.A.); (S.J.S.); (M.B.R.K.); (S.R.I.)
| | - Dhanalakshmi Renganathan
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, India; (S.G.); (D.R.); (S.N.)
| | - Manueldoss Beaula Ruby Kamalam
- PG & Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai 625009, India; (F.G.A.); (S.J.S.); (M.B.R.K.); (S.R.I.)
| | | | | | - Stephen Rajkumar Inbanathan
- PG & Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai 625009, India; (F.G.A.); (S.J.S.); (M.B.R.K.); (S.R.I.)
| | - Sandhra-Mirella Valdma
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Periyasamy Angamuthu Praveen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
- Organic Optoelectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Jayavel Amudhavel
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
- School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal 466114, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Rashid A. Ganeev
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Kori Niyozov Str. 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (V.B.); (P.J.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Christian Depeursinge
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (V.B.); (P.J.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Joseph Rosen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.K.); (N.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Vijayakumar Anand
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sirvent-Verdú JJ, Francés J, Márquez A, Neipp C, Álvarez M, Puerto D, Gallego S, Pascual I. Precise-Integration Time-Domain Formulation for Optical Periodic Media. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14247896. [PMID: 34947491 PMCID: PMC8705158 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A numerical formulation based on the precise-integration time-domain (PITD) method for simulating periodic media is extended for overcoming the Courant-Friedrich-Levy (CFL) limit on the time-step size in a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. In this new method, the periodic boundary conditions are implemented, permitting the simulation of a wide range of periodic optical media, i.e., gratings, or thin-film filters. Furthermore, the complete tensorial derivation for the permittivity also allows simulating anisotropic periodic media. Numerical results demonstrate that PITD is reliable and even considering anisotropic media can be competitive compared to traditional FDTD solutions. Furthermore, the maximum allowable time-step size has been demonstrated to be much larger than that of the CFL limit of the FDTD method, being a valuable tool in cases in which the steady-state requires a large number of time-steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Josep Sirvent-Verdú
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (J.J.S.-V.); (A.M.); (C.N.); (M.Á.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Jorge Francés
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (J.J.S.-V.); (A.M.); (C.N.); (M.Á.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-590-9951
| | - Andrés Márquez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (J.J.S.-V.); (A.M.); (C.N.); (M.Á.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Cristian Neipp
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (J.J.S.-V.); (A.M.); (C.N.); (M.Á.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Mariela Álvarez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (J.J.S.-V.); (A.M.); (C.N.); (M.Á.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Daniel Puerto
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (J.J.S.-V.); (A.M.); (C.N.); (M.Á.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Sergi Gallego
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (J.J.S.-V.); (A.M.); (C.N.); (M.Á.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Departamento de Óptica, Anatomía y Farmacología, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Kazazis D, Tseng LT, Robinson APG, Ekinci Y. High-efficiency diffraction gratings for EUV and soft x-rays using spin-on-carbon underlayers. Nanotechnology 2021; 33:065301. [PMID: 34678796 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac328b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication and characterization of high-resolution gratings with high efficiency in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray ranges using spin-on-carbon (SOC) underlayers. We demonstrate the fabrication of diffraction gratings down to 20 nm half-pitch (HP) on Si3N4membranes with a bilayer of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) and spin-on-carbon and show their performance as a grating mask for extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL). High-resolution patterning of HSQ is possible only for thin films due to pattern collapse. The combination of this high-resolution resist with SOC circumvents this problem and enables the fabrication of high aspect ratio nanostructures. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis shows that the bilayer gratings exhibit higher diffraction efficiency than what is feasible with a grating made of HSQ. We also demonstrate a simple and accurate method to experimentally measure the diffraction efficiency of high-resolution gratings by measuring the relative ratio of the dose-to-clear curves of the photoresist. The measured diffraction efficiencies are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted values. Furthermore, we verify our calculations and measurements by printing line/space patterns in chemically amplified resists down to 10 nm HP with both HSQ and bilayer grating masks using EUV-IL. The improved diffraction efficiency of the bilayers is expected to have applications not only in gratings for interference lithography, but also in Fresnel zone plates and gratings for spectroscopy in the EUV and soft x-ray ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Kazazis
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Li-Ting Tseng
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alex P G Robinson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee J, Kim Y, Choi K, Hahn J, Min SW, Kim H. Digital Incoherent Compressive Holography Using a Geometric Phase Metalens. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:5624. [PMID: 34451063 PMCID: PMC8402565 DOI: 10.3390/s21165624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We propose a compressive self-interference incoherent digital holography (SIDH) with a geometric phase metalens for section-wise holographic object reconstruction. We specify the details of the SIDH with a geometric phase metalens design that covers the visible wavelength band, analyze a spatial distortion problem in the SIDH and address a process of a compressive holographic section-wise reconstruction with analytic spatial calibration. The metalens allows us to realize a compressive SIDH system in the visible wavelength band using an image sensor with relatively low bandwidth. The operation of the proposed compressive SIDH is verified through numerical simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Lee
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Sejong-Campus, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea;
| | - Youngrok Kim
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.-W.M.)
| | - Kihong Choi
- Digital Holography Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 218 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34129, Korea;
| | - Joonku Hahn
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Sung-Wook Min
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.-W.M.)
| | - Hwi Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Sejong-Campus, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hauschwitz P, Bičštová R, Brodsky A, Kaplan N, Cimrman M, Huynh J, Brajer J, Rostohar D, Kopeček J, Smrž M, Mocek T. Towards Rapid Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Surfaces by Multi-Beam Nanostructuring with 40,401 Beams. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11081987. [PMID: 34443819 PMCID: PMC8399360 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces attract a lot of attention due to many potential applications including anti-icing, anti-corrosion, self-cleaning or drag-reduction surfaces. Despite a list of attractive applications of superhydrophobic surfaces and demonstrated capability of lasers to produce them, the speed of laser micro and nanostructuring is still low with respect to many industry standards. Up-to-now, most promising multi-beam solutions can improve processing speed a hundred to a thousand times. However, productive and efficient utilization of a new generation of kW-class ultrashort pulsed lasers for precise nanostructuring requires a much higher number of beams. In this work, we introduce a unique combination of high-energy pulsed ultrashort laser system delivering up to 20 mJ at 1030 nm in 1.7 ps and novel Diffractive Laser-Induced Texturing element (DLITe) capable of producing 201 × 201 sub-beams of 5 µm in diameter on a square area of 1 mm2. Simultaneous nanostructuring with 40,401 sub-beams resulted in a matrix of microcraters covered by nanogratings and ripples with periodicity below 470 nm and 720 nm, respectively. The processed area demonstrated hydrophobic to superhydrophobic properties with a maximum contact angle of 153°.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hauschwitz
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (M.C.); (J.H.); (J.B.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Radka Bičštová
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (M.C.); (J.H.); (J.B.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Alexander Brodsky
- R & D Department, Holo/Or Ltd., Einstein 13b, Ness Tziona 7403617, Israel; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Natan Kaplan
- R & D Department, Holo/Or Ltd., Einstein 13b, Ness Tziona 7403617, Israel; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Martin Cimrman
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (M.C.); (J.H.); (J.B.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (T.M.)
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Huynh
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (M.C.); (J.H.); (J.B.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (T.M.)
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brajer
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (M.C.); (J.H.); (J.B.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Danijela Rostohar
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (M.C.); (J.H.); (J.B.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Jaromír Kopeček
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Smrž
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (M.C.); (J.H.); (J.B.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomáš Mocek
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (M.C.); (J.H.); (J.B.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohammad T, He S, Mrad RB. Analysis of Optical Diffraction Profiles Created by Phase-Modulating MEMS Micromirror Arrays. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:891. [PMID: 34442511 PMCID: PMC8401841 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents modeling and analysis of light diffraction and light-intensity modulation performed by an optical phased array (OPA) system based on metal-coated silicon micromirrors. The models can be used in the design process of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based OPA device to predict its optical performance in terms of its field of view, response, angular resolution, and long-range transmission. Numerical results are derived using an extended model for the 1st-order diffracted light intensity modulation due to phase shift. The estimations of the optical characteristics are utilized in the designs of an OPA system capable of active phase modulation and an OPA system capable of array pitch tuning. Both designs are realized using the Multi-User MEMS Processes (PolyMUMPs) in which polysilicon is used as structural material for the MEMS-actuated mirrors. The experiments are performed to evaluate the optical performance of the prototypes. The tests show that the individually actuated micromirrors, which act as phase shifters, can transmit the most optical power along the 1st-order diffracted beam by actively changing their out-of-plane positions. In addition, the 1st-order diffracted beam with high optical intensity can be steered for distance measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohammad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada;
| | - Siyuan He
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
| | - Ridha Ben Mrad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valušis G, Lisauskas A, Yuan H, Knap W, Roskos HG. Roadmap of Terahertz Imaging 2021. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4092. [PMID: 34198603 PMCID: PMC8232131 DOI: 10.3390/s21124092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this roadmap article, we have focused on the most recent advances in terahertz (THz) imaging with particular attention paid to the optimization and miniaturization of the THz imaging systems. Such systems entail enhanced functionality, reduced power consumption, and increased convenience, thus being geared toward the implementation of THz imaging systems in real operational conditions. The article will touch upon the advanced solid-state-based THz imaging systems, including room temperature THz sensors and arrays, as well as their on-chip integration with diffractive THz optical components. We will cover the current-state of compact room temperature THz emission sources, both optolectronic and electrically driven; particular emphasis is attributed to the beam-forming role in THz imaging, THz holography and spatial filtering, THz nano-imaging, and computational imaging. A number of advanced THz techniques, such as light-field THz imaging, homodyne spectroscopy, and phase sensitive spectrometry, THz modulated continuous wave imaging, room temperature THz frequency combs, and passive THz imaging, as well as the use of artificial intelligence in THz data processing and optics development, will be reviewed. This roadmap presents a structured snapshot of current advances in THz imaging as of 2021 and provides an opinion on contemporary scientific and technological challenges in this field, as well as extrapolations of possible further evolution in THz imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gintaras Valušis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Department of Optoelectronics, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Lisauskas
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hui Yuan
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (H.Y.); (H.G.R.)
| | - Wojciech Knap
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hartmut G. Roskos
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (H.Y.); (H.G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiong Z, Kunwar P, Soman P. Hydrogel-based diffractive optical elements (hDOEs) using rapid digital photopatterning. Adv Opt Mater 2021; 9:2001217. [PMID: 33692935 PMCID: PMC7939132 DOI: 10.1002/adom.202001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, due to their optical transparency and biocompatibility, have emerged as an excellent alternative to conventional optical materials for biomedical applications. Advances in microfabrication techniques have helped convert conventional hydrogels into optically functional materials such as hydrogel-based diffraction optical elements (hDOEs). However, key challenges related to device customization and ease/speed of fabrication need to be addressed to enable widespread utility and acceptance of hDOEs in the field. Here, we report rapid printing of customized hDOEs on polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel using digital photopatterning; a novel method that combines simulated computer-generated hologram (SCGH) and projection photolithography. To showcase the versatility of this approach, a range of hDOEs are demonstrated, including 1D/2D diffraction gratings, Dammann grating, Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lens, fork-shaped grating and computer-generated hologram (CGH) of arbitrary pattern. Results demonstrate that printed hDOEs exhibit optical performance that is comparable with devices made with conventional materials. This versatile strategy can be potentially implemented with other photosensitive hydrogels to achieve user-defined hDOEs in a time-efficient and cost-effective fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiong
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Puskal Kunwar
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Pranav Soman
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Puerto D, Gallego S, Francés J, Márquez A, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Phase-Shift Optimization in AA/PVA Photopolymers by High-Frequency Pulsed Laser. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091887. [PMID: 32825693 PMCID: PMC7565850 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopolymers can be used to fabricate different holographic optical elements, although maximization of the phase-shift in photopolymers has been a challenge for the last few decades. Different material compositions and irradiation conditions have been studied in order to achieve it. One of the main conclusions has been that with continuous laser exposure better results are achieved. However, our results show for the first time that higher phase-shift can be achieved using a pulsed laser. The study has been conducted with crosslinked acrylamide-based photopolymers exposed with a pulsed laser (532 nm). The increment of the phase-shift between the pulsed laser and continuous laser exposure is 17%, achieving a maximum phase-shift of 3π radians and a refractive index shift of 0.0084 at the zero spatial frequency limit, where monomer diffusion does not take place. This allows this photopolymer to be used in large-scale manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Puerto
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergi Gallego
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Jorge Francés
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Andrés Márquez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anand V, Katkus T, Juodkazis S. Randomly Multiplexed Diffractive Lens and Axicon for Spatial and Spectral Imaging. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11040437. [PMID: 32326337 PMCID: PMC7231349 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new hybrid diffractive optical element (HDOE) was designed by randomly multiplexing an axicon and a Fresnel zone lens. The HDOE generates two mutually coherent waves, namely a conical wave and a spherical wave, for every on-axis point object in the object space. The resulting self-interference intensity distribution is recorded as the point spread function. A library of point spread functions are recorded in terms of the different locations and wavelengths of the on-axis point objects in the object space. A complicated object illuminated by a spatially incoherent multi-wavelength source generated an intensity pattern that was the sum of the shifted and scaled point spread intensity distributions corresponding to every spatially incoherent point and wavelength in the complicated object. The four-dimensional image of the object was reconstructed using computer processing of the object intensity distribution and the point spread function library.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Anand
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (S.J.); Tel.: +61-39-214-8718 (S.J.)
| | - Tomas Katkus
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (S.J.); Tel.: +61-39-214-8718 (S.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang J, Liu L, Cao A, Pang H, Xu C, Mu Q, Chen J, Shi L, Deng Q. Generation of Color Images by Utilizing a Single Composite Diffractive Optical Element. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:mi9100508. [PMID: 30424441 PMCID: PMC6215293 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an approach that is capable of producing a color image using a single composite diffractive optical element (CDOE). In this approach, the imaging function of a DOE and the spectral deflection characteristics of a grating were combined together to obtain a color image at a certain position. The DOE was designed specially to image the red, green, and blue lights at the same distance along an optical axis, and the grating was designed to overlay the images to an off-axis position. We report the details of the design process of the DOE and the grating, and the relationship between the various parameters of the CDOE. Following the design and numerical simulations, a CDOE was fabricated, and imaging experiments were carried out. Both the numerical simulations and the experimental verifications demonstrated a successful operation of this new approach. As a platform based on coaxial illumination and off-axis imaging, this system is featured with simple structures and no cross-talk of the light fields, which has huge potentials in applications such as holographic imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou Wang
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China.
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Liwei Liu
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China.
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Axiu Cao
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China.
| | - Hui Pang
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China.
| | - Chuntao Xu
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China.
| | - Quanquan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Lifang Shi
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China.
| | - Qiling Deng
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bawart M, Jesacher A, Bernet S, Ritsch-Marte M. Remote focusing in confocal microscopy by means of a modified Alvarez lens. J Microsc 2018; 271:337-344. [PMID: 29932461 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alvarez lenses are actuated lens-pairs which allow one to tune the optical power by mechanical displacement of subelements. Here, we show that a recently realized modified Alvarez lens design which does not require mechanical actuation can be integrated into a confocal microscope. Instead of mechanically moving them, the sublenses are imaged onto each other in a 4f-configuration, where the lateral image shift leading to a change in optical power is created by a galvo-mirror. The avoidance of mechanical lens shifts leads to a large speed gain for axial (and hence also 3D) image scans compared to classical Alvarez lenses. We demonstrate that the suggested operation principle is compatible with confocal microscopy. In order to optimize the system, we have drawn advantage of the flexibility a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator offers for the implementation. For given specifications, dedicated diffractive optical elements or freeform elements can be used in combination with resonant galvo-scanners or acousto-optic beam deflectors, to achieve even faster z-scans than reported here, reaching video rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bawart
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Jesacher
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Bernet
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Ritsch-Marte
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonin K, Smelser A, Moreno NS, Holzwarth G, Wang K, Levy P, Vidi PA. Structured illumination to spatially map chromatin motions. J Biomed Opt 2018; 23:1-8. [PMID: 29766687 PMCID: PMC5987180 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.5.056007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple optical method that creates structured illumination of a photoactivatable probe and apply this method to characterize chromatin motions in nuclei of live cells. A laser beam coupled to a diffractive optical element at the back focal plane of an excitation objective generates an array of near diffraction-limited beamlets with FWHM of 340 ± 30 nm, which simultaneously photoactivate a 7 × 7 matrix pattern of GFP-labeled histones, with spots 1.70 μm apart. From the movements of the photoactivated spots, we map chromatin diffusion coefficients at multiple microdomains of the cell nucleus. The results show correlated motions of nearest chromatin microdomain neighbors, whereas chromatin movements are uncorrelated at the global scale of the nucleus. The method also reveals a DNA damage-dependent decrease in chromatin diffusion. The diffractive optical element instrumentation can be easily and cheaply implemented on commercial inverted fluorescence microscopes to analyze adherent cell culture models. A protocol to measure chromatin motions in nonadherent human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is also described. We anticipate that the method will contribute to the identification of the mechanisms regulating chromatin mobility, which influences most genomic processes and may underlie the biogenesis of genomic translocations associated with hematologic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Bonin
- Wake Forest University, Department of Physics, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Amanda Smelser
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Naike Salvador Moreno
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - George Holzwarth
- Wake Forest University, Department of Physics, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kevin Wang
- Wake Forest University, Department of Physics, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Preston Levy
- Wake Forest University, Department of Physics, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Vidi
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo C, Li Q, Zhang X, Tan J, Liu S, Liu Z. Enhancing imaging contrast via weighted feedback for iterative multi-image phase retrieval. J Biomed Opt 2018; 23:1-10. [PMID: 29388412 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.1.016015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iterative phase retrieval (IPR) has developed into a feasible and simple computational method to retrieve a complex-valued sample. Due to coherent illumination, the reconstructed image quality is degraded by speckle noise arising from a laser. Accordingly, partially coherent illumination has been introduced to alleviate this restriction. We apply weighted feedback modality into multidistance and multiwavelength phase retrieval to realize high-contrast and fast imaging. In simulation, it is proved that IPR based on weighted feedback accelerates the convergence in partially coherent illumination and speckle illumination. In experiment, the resolution chart and biological specimen are reconstructed in lensless and lens-based systems, which also demonstrate the performance of weighted feedback. This work provides a simple and high-contrast imaging modality for IPR. Also, it facilitates compact and flexible experimental implementation for label-free imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Department of Automatic Test and Control, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Department of Automatic Test and Control, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Harbin Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiubin Tan
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Department of Automatic Test and Control, Harbin, China
| | - Shutian Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengjun Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Department of Automatic Test and Control, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Siewert F, Löchel B, Buchheim J, Eggenstein F, Firsov A, Gwalt G, Kutz O, Lemke S, Nelles B, Rudolph I, Schäfers F, Seliger T, Senf F, Sokolov A, Waberski C, Wolf J, Zeschke T, Zizak I, Follath R, Arnold T, Frost F, Pietag F, Erko A. Gratings for synchrotron and FEL beamlines: a project for the manufacture of ultra-precise gratings at Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:91-99. [PMID: 29271757 PMCID: PMC5741124 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517015600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Blazed gratings are of dedicated interest for the monochromatization of synchrotron radiation when a high photon flux is required, such as, for example, in resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments or when the use of laminar gratings is excluded due to too high flux densities and expected damage, for example at free-electron laser beamlines. Their availability became a bottleneck since the decommissioning of the grating manufacture facility at Carl Zeiss in Oberkochen. To resolve this situation a new technological laboratory was established at the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, including instrumentation from Carl Zeiss. Besides the upgraded ZEISS equipment, an advanced grating production line has been developed, including a new ultra-precise ruling machine, ion etching technology as well as laser interference lithography. While the old ZEISS ruling machine GTM-6 allows ruling for a grating length up to 170 mm, the new GTM-24 will have the capacity for 600 mm (24 inch) gratings with groove densities between 50 lines mm-1 and 1200 lines mm-1. A new ion etching machine with a scanning radiofrequency excited ion beam (HF) source allows gratings to be etched into substrates of up to 500 mm length. For a final at-wavelength characterization, a new reflectometer at a new Optics beamline at the BESSY-II storage ring is under operation. This paper reports on the status of the grating fabrication, the measured quality of fabricated items by ex situ and in situ metrology, and future development goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Siewert
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Löchel
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Buchheim
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Eggenstein
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Firsov
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Gwalt
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - O. Kutz
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - St. Lemke
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Nelles
- DIOS GmbH, Bad Münstereifel, Schmittstraße 41, 53902 Bad Münstereifel, Germany
| | - I. Rudolph
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Schäfers
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Seliger
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Senf
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Sokolov
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ch. Waberski
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Wolf
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Zeschke
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I. Zizak
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Follath
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villingen, Switzerland
| | - T. Arnold
- IOM – Leibniz Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung eV, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F. Frost
- IOM – Leibniz Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung eV, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F. Pietag
- IOM – Leibniz Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung eV, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A. Erko
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fernández R, Navarro-Fuster V, Martínez FJ, Gallego S, Márquez A, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Modeling Diffractive Lenses Recording in Environmentally Friendly Photopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9070278. [PMID: 30970957 PMCID: PMC6431883 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvements made in diffusion models simulating phase image recording in photopolymers enable the optimization of a wide range of complex diffractive optical elements (DOEs), while the miniaturization of spatial light modulators makes it possible to generate both symmetric and non-symmetric DOEs. In addition, there is increasing interest in the design of new friendly recording materials. In this respect, photopolymers are a promising material due to their optical properties. In this paper, we show a procedure to record diffractive spherical lenses using a nontoxic optimized photopolymer. To achieve this goal, we followed three steps: first, the chemical optimization for DOE recording; second, the recording material characterization to be simulated by a three-dimensional diffusion model; and third, the evaluation of the coverplating for the conservation of the DOE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fernández
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Víctor Navarro-Fuster
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Martínez
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departmento de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergi Gallego
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departmento de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Andrés Márquez
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departmento de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departmento de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Itano MS, Bleck M, Johnson DS, Simon SM. Readily Accessible Multiplane Microscopy: 3D Tracking the HIV-1 Genome in Living Cells. Traffic 2015; 17:179-86. [PMID: 26567131 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection and the associated disease AIDS are a major cause of human death worldwide with no vaccine or cure available. The trafficking of HIV-1 RNAs from sites of synthesis in the nucleus, through the cytoplasm, to sites of assembly at the plasma membrane are critical steps in HIV-1 viral replication, but are not well characterized. Here we present a broadly accessible microscopy method that captures multiple focal planes simultaneously, which allows us to image the trafficking of HIV-1 genomic RNAs with high precision. This method utilizes a customization of a commercial multichannel emission splitter that enables high-resolution 3D imaging with single-macromolecule sensitivity. We show with high temporal and spatial resolution that HIV-1 genomic RNAs are most mobile in the cytosol, and undergo confined mobility at sites along the nuclear envelope and in the nucleus and nucleolus. These provide important insights regarding the mechanism by which the HIV-1 RNA genome is transported to the sites of assembly of nascent virions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Itano
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marina Bleck
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Daniel S Johnson
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Perl EE, McMahon WE, Farrell RM, DenBaars SP, Speck JS, Bowers JE. Surface structured optical coatings with near-perfect broadband and wide-angle antireflective properties. Nano Lett 2014; 14:5960-5964. [PMID: 25238041 DOI: 10.1021/nl502977f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical thin-film coatings are typically limited to designs where the refractive index varies in only a single dimension. However, additional control over the propagation of incoming light is possible by structuring the other two dimensions. In this work, we demonstrate a three-dimensional surface structured optical coating that combines the principles of thin-film optical design with bio-inspired nanostructures to yield near-perfect antireflection. Using this hybrid approach, we attain average reflection losses of 0.2% on sapphire and 0.6% on gallium nitride for 300-1800 nm light. This performance is maintained to very wide incidence angles, achieving less than 1% reflection at all measured wavelengths out to 45° for sapphire. This hybrid design has the potential to significantly enhance the broadband and wide-angle properties for a number of optical systems that require high transparency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmett E Perl
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Varón C, Gil MA, Alba-Bueno F, Cardona G, Vega F, Millán MS, Buil JA. Stereo-acuity in patients implanted with multifocal intraocular lenses: is the choice of stereotest relevant? Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:711-9. [PMID: 24400719 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.865758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A randomized and double-blinded study design was implemented to assess the stereo-acuity in patients symmetrically implanted with four types of multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs), compared to a monofocal lens (control group). In addition, the influence of the type of test employed for the evaluation of stereo-acuity was explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six months after cataract intervention, stereo-acuity was measured with the Titmus and TNO stereotests in 143 patients implanted with one of the following MIOL lens types: hybrid spherical SN60D3, hybrid aspheric SN6AD1, diffractive aspheric ZMA00 and refractive spherical NXG1. A control group implanted with the monofocal aspheric ZA9003 (in which stereo-acuity was measured with a near addition) was also included in the study. RESULTS Statistically significant better stereo-acuity was found in the monofocal group with both stereotests (except for the SN60D3 group with the Titmus test) (all p < 0.001). No significant differences in stereo-acuity between MIOLs were found using the Titmus test. However, with the TNO, patients implanted with hybrid diffractive MIOLs exhibited statistically significant worse stereo-acuity than those with the refractive design (SN60D3, p < 0.001; SN6AD1, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Patients implanted with MIOLs have worse stereo-acuity than those implanted with monofocal IOLs due to the decrease in retinal image contrast originating in the simultaneous presence of two images. A wavelength-based stereotest such as the TNO induces large differences in image contrast between fellow eyes implanted with diffractive-based MIOLs, which may result in an underestimation of the real stereo-acuity of the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Varón
- Department of Optics and Optometry, Technical University of Catalonia , Terrassa , Spain and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brzhezinskaya M, Firsov A, Holldack K, Kachel T, Mitzner R, Pontius N, Schmidt JS, Sperling M, Stamm C, Föhlisch A, Erko A. A novel monochromator for experiments with ultrashort X-ray pulses. J Synchrotron Radiat 2013; 20:522-530. [PMID: 23765293 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049513008613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at advancing storage-ring-based ultrafast X-ray science, over the past few years many upgrades have been undertaken to continue improving beamline performance and photon flux at the Femtoslicing facility at BESSY II. In this article the particular design upgrade of one of the key optical components, the zone-plate monochromator (ZPM) beamline, is reported. The beamline is devoted to optical pump/soft X-ray probe applications with 100 fs (FWHM) X-ray pulses in the soft X-ray range at variable polarization. A novel approach consisting of an array of nine off-axis reflection zone plates is used for a gapless coverage of the spectral range between 410 and 1333 eV at a designed resolution of E/ΔE = 500 and a pulse elongation of only 30 fs. With the upgrade of the ZPM the following was achieved: a smaller focus, an improved spectral resolution and bandwidth as well as excellent long-term stability. The beamline will enable a new class of ultrafast applications with variable optical excitation wavelength and variable polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brzhezinskaya
- Institute for Nanometer Optics and Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Luo Y, Zervantonakis IK, Oh SB, Kamm RD, Barbastathis G. Spectrally resolved multidepth fluorescence imaging. J Biomed Opt 2011; 16:096015. [PMID: 21950929 PMCID: PMC3189259 DOI: 10.1117/1.3626211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a multicolor fluorescence imaging modality to visualize in real-time tissue structures emitting multispectral fluorescent light from different focal depths. Each designated spectrum of fluorescent emission from a specific depth within a volumetric tissue is probed by a depth-spectrum selective holographic grating. The grating for each fluorescent color are multiplexed within a volume hologram, which enables simultaneously obtaining multicolored fluorescent information at different depths within a biological tissue sample. We demonstrate the imaging modality's ability to obtain laser-induced multicolored fluorescence images of a biological sample from different depths without scanning. We also experimentally demonstrate that the imaging modality can be simultaneously operated at both fluorescent and bright field modes to provide complementary information of volumetric tissue structures at different depths in real-time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Levine ZH. Diffractive Optics From Self-Assembled DNA. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2002; 107:319-325. [PMID: 27446733 PMCID: PMC4859262 DOI: 10.6028/jres.107.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2002] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An algorithm is presented for assembling tiles into a variable spaced grating, the one-dimensional analog of a Fresnel zone plate. The algorithm supports multi-level gratings. The x-ray properties of such a grating, assumed to be constructed from DNA are estimated, leading to the conclusion that thick structures may be useful for intermediate energy x rays, but that thin structures for soft x rays are best used as disposable masks. The diffraction of cold, coherent atoms is a plausible application for single layer stencils.
Collapse
|