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Yu K, Feng L, Chen Y, Wu M, Zhang Y, Zhu P, Chen W, Wu Q, Hao J. Accurate wavelet thresholding method for ECG signals. Comput Biol Med 2024; 169:107835. [PMID: 38096762 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Current wavelet thresholding methods for cardiogram signals captured by flexible wearable sensors face a challenge in achieving both accurate thresholding and real-time signal denoising. This paper proposes a real-time accurate thresholding method based on signal estimation, specifically the normalized ACF, as an alternative to traditional noise estimation without the need for parameter fine-tuning and extensive data training. This method is experimentally validated using a variety of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals from different databases, each containing specific types of noise such as additive white Gaussian (AWG) noise, baseline wander noise, electrode motion noise, and muscle artifact noise. Although this method only slightly outperforms other methods in removing AWG noise in ECG signals, it far outperforms conventional methods in removing other real noise. This is attributed to the method's ability to accurately distinguish not only AWG noise that is significantly different spectrum of the ECG signal, but also real noise with similar spectra. In contrast, the conventional methods are effective only for AWG noise. In additional, this method improves the denoising visualization of the measured ECG signals and can be used to optimize other parameters of other wavelet methods to enhancing the denoised periodic signals, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimin Yu
- School of Marine Equipment and Mechanical Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Feng
- School of Ocean Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- School of Ocean Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Minfeng Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, 43900, Malaysia
| | - Yuanfang Zhang
- School of Ocean Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Peibin Zhu
- School of Ocean Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Wen Chen
- School of Ocean Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Qihui Wu
- School of Marine Equipment and Mechanical Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Jianzhong Hao
- Institute for Infocomm Research (I(2)R), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⋆STAR), 138632, Singapore
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Kumaki D, Motoshima Y, Higuchi F, Sato K, Sekine T, Tokito S. Unobstructive Heartbeat Monitoring of Sleeping Infants and Young Children Using Sheet-Type PVDF Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9252. [PMID: 38005638 PMCID: PMC10674719 DOI: 10.3390/s23229252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for noninvasively acquiring the vital information of infants and young children are considered very useful in the fields of healthcare and medical care. An unobstructive measurement method for sleeping infants and young children under the age of 6 years using a sheet-type vital sensor with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pressure-sensitive layer is demonstrated. The signal filter conditions to obtain the ballistocardiogram (BCG) and phonocardiogram (PCG) are discussed from the waveform data of infants and young children. The difference in signal processing conditions was caused by the physique of the infants and young children. The peak-to-peak interval (PPI) extracted from the BCG or PCG during sleep showed an extremely high correlation with the R-to-R interval (RRI) extracted from the electrocardiogram (ECG). The vital changes until awakening in infants monitored using a sheet sensor were also investigated. In infants under one year of age that awakened spontaneously, the distinctive vital changes during awakening were observed. Understanding the changes in the heartbeat and respiration signs of infants and young children during sleep is essential for improving the accuracy of abnormality detection by unobstructive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kumaki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan (T.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Yuko Motoshima
- Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata City 990-8560, Yamagata, Japan;
| | - Fujio Higuchi
- Research Center for Organic Electronics, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan (T.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Katsuhiro Sato
- Research Center for Organic Electronics, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan (T.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Tomohito Sekine
- Research Center for Organic Electronics, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan (T.S.); (S.T.)
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan (T.S.); (S.T.)
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
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Feng J, Huang W, Jiang J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li Q, Jiao X. Non-invasive monitoring of cardiac function through Ballistocardiogram: an algorithm integrating short-time Fourier transform and ensemble empirical mode decomposition. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1201722. [PMID: 37664434 PMCID: PMC10472450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1201722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ballistocardiogram (BCG) is a vibration signal that is generated by the displacement of the entire body due to the injection of blood during each heartbeat. It has been extensively utilized to monitor heart rate. The morphological features of the BCG signal serve as effective indicators for the identification of atrial fibrillation and heart failure, holding great significance for BCG signal analysis. The IJK-complex identification allows for the estimation of inter-beat intervals (IBI) and enables a more detailed analysis of BCG amplitude and interval waves. This study presents a novel algorithm for identifying the IJK-complex in BCG signals, which is an improvement over most existing algorithms that only perform IBI estimation. The proposed algorithm employs a short-time Fourier transform and summation across frequencies to initially estimate the occurrence of the J wave using peak finding, followed by Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and a regional search to precisely identify the J wave. The algorithm's ability to detect the morphological features of BCG signals and estimate heart rates was validated through experiments conducted on 10 healthy subjects and 2 patients with coronary heart disease. In comparison to commonly used methods, the presented scheme ensures accurate heart rate estimation and exhibits superior capability in detecting BCG morphological features. This advancement holds significant value for future applications involving BCG signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingda Feng
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Space Engineering University, Beijing, China
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - WeiFen Huang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qijie Li
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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Balali P, Rabineau J, Hossein A, Tordeur C, Debeir O, van de Borne P. Investigating Cardiorespiratory Interaction Using Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography-A Narrative Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239565. [PMID: 36502267 PMCID: PMC9737480 DOI: 10.3390/s22239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ballistocardiography (BCG) and seismocardiography (SCG) are non-invasive techniques used to record the micromovements induced by cardiovascular activity at the body's center of mass and on the chest, respectively. Since their inception, their potential for evaluating cardiovascular health has been studied. However, both BCG and SCG are impacted by respiration, leading to a periodic modulation of these signals. As a result, data processing algorithms have been developed to exclude the respiratory signals, or recording protocols have been designed to limit the respiratory bias. Reviewing the present status of the literature reveals an increasing interest in applying these techniques to extract respiratory information, as well as cardiac information. The possibility of simultaneous monitoring of respiratory and cardiovascular signals via BCG or SCG enables the monitoring of vital signs during activities that require considerable mental concentration, in extreme environments, or during sleep, where data acquisition must occur without introducing recording bias due to irritating monitoring equipment. This work aims to provide a theoretical and practical overview of cardiopulmonary interaction based on BCG and SCG signals. It covers the recent improvements in extracting respiratory signals, computing markers of the cardiorespiratory interaction with practical applications, and investigating sleep breathing disorders, as well as a comparison of different sensors used for these applications. According to the results of this review, recent studies have mainly concentrated on a few domains, especially sleep studies and heart rate variability computation. Even in those instances, the study population is not always large or diversified. Furthermore, BCG and SCG are prone to movement artifacts and are relatively subject dependent. However, the growing tendency toward artificial intelligence may help achieve a more accurate and efficient diagnosis. These encouraging results bring hope that, in the near future, such compact, lightweight BCG and SCG devices will offer a good proxy for the gold standard methods for assessing cardiorespiratory function, with the added benefit of being able to perform measurements in real-world situations, outside of the clinic, and thus decrease costs and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Balali
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Rabineau
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amin Hossein
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cyril Tordeur
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Debeir
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Cheng T, Jiang F, Li Q, Zeng J, Zhang B. Quantitative Analysis Using Consecutive Time Window for Unobtrusive Atrial Fibrillation Detection Based on Ballistocardiogram Signal. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5516. [PMID: 35898020 PMCID: PMC9331962 DOI: 10.3390/s22155516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant arrhythmia; therefore, AF detection is crucial. Here, we propose a novel feature extraction method to improve AF detection performance using a ballistocardiogram (BCG), which is a weak vibration signal on the body surface transmitted by the cardiogenic force. In this paper, continuous time windows (CTWs) are added to each BCG segment and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) features are extracted from each time window. Then, the number of CTWs is discussed and the combined features from multiple time windows are ranked, which finally constitute the CTW-RQA features. As validation, the CTW-RQA features are extracted from 4000 BCG segments of 59 subjects, which are compared with classical time and time-frequency features and up-to-date energy features. The accuracy of the proposed feature is superior, and three types of features are fused to obtain the highest accuracy of 95.63%. To evaluate the importance of the proposed feature, the fusion features are ranked using a chi-square test. CTW-RQA features account for 60% of the first 10 fusion features and 65% of the first 17 fusion features. It follows that the proposed CTW-RQA features effectively supplement the existing BCG features for AF detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Cheng
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (T.C.); (Q.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fangfang Jiang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (T.C.); (Q.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qing Li
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (T.C.); (Q.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jitao Zeng
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (T.C.); (Q.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Biyong Zhang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- BOBO Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
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A Flexible Baseline Measuring System Based on Optics for Airborne DPOS. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165333. [PMID: 34450775 PMCID: PMC8398224 DOI: 10.3390/s21165333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional imaging for multi-node interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) or multi-task imaging sensors has become the prevailing trend in the field of aerial remote sensing, which requires multi-node motion information to carry out the motion compensation. A distributed position and orientation system (DPOS) can provide multi-node motion information for InSAR by transfer alignment technology. However, due to wing deformation, the relative spatial relationship between the nodes will change, which will lead to lower accuracy of the transfer alignment. As a result, the flexible baseline between the nodes affects the interferometric phase error compensation and further deteriorates the imaging quality. This paper proposes a flexible baseline measuring system based on optics, which achieves non-connect measurement and overcomes the problem that it is difficult to build an accurate wing deformation model. An accuracy test was conducted in the laboratory, and results showed that the measurement accuracy of the baseline under static and dynamic conditions was less than 0.3 mm and 0.67 mm, respectively.
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