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Antonacci C, Longo UG, Nazarian A, Schena E, Carnevale A. Monitoring Scapular Kinematics through Wearable Magneto-Inertial Measurement Units: State of the Art and New Frontiers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6940. [PMID: 37571723 PMCID: PMC10422625 DOI: 10.3390/s23156940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring shoulder kinematics, including the scapular segment, is of great relevance in the orthopaedic field. Among wearable systems, magneto-inertial measurement units (M-IMUs) represent a valid alternative for applications in unstructured environments. The aim of this systematic literature review is to report and describe the existing methods to estimate 3D scapular movements through wearable systems integrating M-IMUs. A comprehensive search of PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science was performed, and results were included up to May 2023. A total of 14 articles was included. The results showed high heterogeneity among studies regarding calibration procedures, tasks executed, and the population. Two different techniques were described, i.e., with the x-axis aligned with the cranial edge of the scapular spine or positioned on the flat surface of the acromion with the x-axis perpendicular to the scapular spine. Sensor placement affected the scapular motion and, also, the kinematic output. Further studies should be conducted to establish a universal protocol that reduces the variability among studies. Establishing a protocol that can be carried out without difficulty or pain by patients with shoulder musculoskeletal disorders could be of great clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to monitor 3D scapular kinematics in unstructured settings or during common clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Antonacci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (A.C.)
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy;
| | - Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (A.C.)
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Ara Nazarian
- Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA;
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy;
| | - Arianna Carnevale
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (A.C.)
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2
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Yoon K, Lee S, Shim D, Lee M, Cho S, Kwon C, Won C, Lee S, Lee J, Jung HH, Jang KI, Lee J, Lee T. Strain-Insensitive Stretchable Fiber Conductors Based on Highly Conductive Buckled Shells for Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18281-18289. [PMID: 36989129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on their high applicability to wearable electronics, fiber-based stretchable electronics have been developed via different strategies. However, the electrical conductivity of a fiber electrode is severely degraded, following deformation upon stretching. Despite the introduction of conductive buckled structures to resolve this issue, there still exist limitations regarding the simultaneous realizations of high conductivity and stretchability. Here, we exploit the dense distribution of the Ag nanoparticle (AgNP) network in polyurethane (PU) to fabricate a strain-insensitive stretchable fiber conductor comprising highly conductive buckled shells via a facile chemical process. These buckled AgNPs/PU fibers exhibit stable and reliable electrical responses across a wide range (tensile strain = ∼200%), in addition to their high electrical conductivity (26,128 S/m) and quality factor (Q = 2.29). Particularly, the negligible electrical hysteresis and excellent durability (>10,000 stretching-releasing cycles) of the fibers demonstrate their high applicability to wearable electronics. Furthermore, we develop buckled fiber-based pH sensors exhibiting stable, repeatable, and highly distinguishable responses (changing pH is from 4 to 8, response time is 5-6 s) even under 100% tensile strain. The buckled AgNPs/PU fibers represent a facile strategy for maintaining the stable electrical performances of fiber electrodes across the strain range of human motion for wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukro Yoon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Lee
- KIURI Institute, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghun Shim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaebeen Kwon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chihyeong Won
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhan Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Hee Jung
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Lee
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Friesen KB, Sigurdson A, Lang AE. Comparison of scapular kinematics from optical motion capture and inertial measurement units during a work-related and functional task protocol. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:1521-1531. [PMID: 36781544 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding scapular motion during everyday tasks is essential for adequate return-to-work and intervention programming, yet most scapular assessments involve restricted motion analysis within a laboratory setting. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been used to track scapular motion, but their validity compared to "gold standard" optical motion capture is not well defined. Further, it is unclear how different IMU sensor placements could affect scapular kinematic outcomes during a functional task protocol. To assess the reliability of scapular motion measurements with the use of the "gold standard" optical motion capture and IMUs, and to compare scapular IMU placement to assess which location (acromion or spine) was best for reliability of scapular motion, participants completed two testing sessions. During each lab visit, participant torso, humeri, and scapulae motion was tracked during 3 trials of 8 dynamic tasks and two elevation movements. Scapular angles were extracted during each task. To assess intra-session reliability, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), and root mean square errors (RMSEs) were calculated. Results showed ICCs and RMSEs were acceptable. Although there appeared offsets between the two motion capture system scapular kinematics outcomes based on the plotted waveforms, the movement patterns appeared consistent between both motion capture methods. Data also showed that acromion IMU placement produced slightly more reliable outcomes than placement on the spine. Two placements of scapular tracking IMUs were tested with identical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzie B Friesen
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Anya Sigurdson
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Angelica E Lang
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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Longo UG, De Salvatore S, Carnevale A, Tecce SM, Bandini B, Lalli A, Schena E, Denaro V. Optical Motion Capture Systems for 3D Kinematic Analysis in Patients with Shoulder Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12033. [PMID: 36231336 PMCID: PMC9566555 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Shoulder dysfunctions represent the third musculoskeletal disorder by frequency. However, monitoring the movement of the shoulder is particularly challenging due to the complexity of the joint kinematics. The 3D kinematic analysis with optical motion capture systems (OMCs) makes it possible to overcome clinical tests' shortcomings and obtain objective data on the characteristics and quality of movement. This systematic review aims to retrieve the current knowledge about using OMCs for 3D shoulder kinematic analysis in patients with musculoskeletal shoulder disorders and their corresponding clinical relevance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to improve the reporting of the review. Studies employing OMCs for 3D kinematic analysis in patients with musculoskeletal shoulder disorders were retrieved. Eleven articles were considered eligible for this study. OMCs can be considered a powerful tool in orthopedic clinical research. The high costs and organizing complexities of experimental setups are likely outweighed by the impact of these systems in guiding clinical practice and patient follow-up. However, additional high-quality studies on using OMCs in clinical practice are required, with standardized protocols and methodologies to make comparing clinical trials easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio De Salvatore
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Arianna Carnevale
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Tecce
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bandini
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Lalli
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Carnevale A, Mannocchi I, Sassi MSH, Carli M, De Luca G, Longo UG, Denaro V, Schena E. Virtual Reality for Shoulder Rehabilitation: Accuracy Evaluation of Oculus Quest 2. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22155511. [PMID: 35898015 PMCID: PMC9332705 DOI: 10.3390/s22155511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) systems are becoming increasingly attractive as joint kinematics monitoring systems during rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the Oculus Quest 2 in measuring translational and rotational displacements. As the Oculus Quest 2 was chosen for future applications in shoulder rehabilitation, the translation range (minimum: ~200 mm, maximum: ~700 mm) corresponded to the forearm length of the 5th percentile female and the upper limb length of the 95th percentile male. The controller was moved on two structures designed to allow different translational displacements and rotations in the range 0-180°, to cover the range of motion of the upper limb. The controller measures were compared with those of a Qualisys optical capture system. The results showed a mean absolute error of 13.52 ± 6.57 mm at a distance of 500 mm from the head-mounted display along the x-direction. The maximum mean absolute error for rotational displacements was found to be 1.11 ± 0.37° for a rotation of 40° around the z-axis. Oculus Quest 2 is a promising VR tool for monitoring shoulder kinematics during rehabilitation. The inside-out movement tracking makes Oculus Quest 2 a viable alternative to traditional motion analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Carnevale
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.D.L.); (V.D.)
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Mannocchi
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (M.S.H.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Mohamed Saifeddine Hadj Sassi
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (M.S.H.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (M.S.H.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Giovanna De Luca
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.D.L.); (V.D.)
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.D.L.); (V.D.)
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.D.L.); (V.D.)
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
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Abstract
Shoulder Range of Motion (ROM) has been studied with several devices and methods in recent years. Accurate tracking and assessment of shoulder movements could help us to understand the pathogenetic mechanism of specific conditions in quantifying the improvements after rehabilitation. The assessment methods can be classified as subjective and objective. However, self-reported methods are not accurate, and they do not allow the collection of specific information. Therefore, developing measurement devices that provide quantitative and objective data on shoulder function and range of motion is important. A comprehensive search of PubMed and IEEE Xplore was conducted. The sensor fusion algorithm used to analyze shoulder kinematics was described in all studies involving wearable inertial sensors. Eleven articles were included. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 was used to assess the risk of bias (QUADAS-2). The finding showed that the Kalman filter and its variants UKF and EKF are used in the majority of studies. Alternatives based on complementary filters and gradient descent algorithms have been reported as being more computationally efficient. Many approaches and algorithms have been developed to solve this problem. It is useful to fuse data from different sensors to obtain a more accurate estimation of the 3D position and 3D orientation of a body segment. The sensor fusion technique makes this integration reliable. This systematic review aims to redact an overview of the literature on the sensor fusion algorithms used for shoulder motion tracking.
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