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Santos-Betancourt A, Santos-Ceballos JC, Alouani MA, Malik SB, Romero A, Ramírez JL, Vilanova X, Llobet E. ZnO Decorated Graphene-Based NFC Tag for Personal NO 2 Exposure Monitoring during a Workday. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1431. [PMID: 38474967 DOI: 10.3390/s24051431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the integration of a sensing layer over interdigitated electrodes and an electronic circuit on the same flexible printed circuit board. This integration provides an effective technique to use this design as a wearable gas measuring system in a target application, exhibiting high performance, low power consumption, and being lightweight for on-site monitoring. The wearable system proves the concept of using an NFC tag combined with a chemoresistive gas sensor as a cumulative gas sensor, having the possibility of holding the data for a working day, and completely capturing the exposure of a person to NO2 concentrations. Three different types of sensors were tested, depositing the sensing layers on gold electrodes over Kapton substrate: bare graphene, graphene decorated with 5 wt.% zinc oxide nanoflowers, or nanopillars. The deposited layers were characterized using FESEM, EDX, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy to determine their crystalline structure, morphological and chemical compositions. The gas sensing performance of the sensors was analyzed against NO2 (dry and humid conditions) and other interfering species (dry conditions) to check their sensitivity and selectivity. The resultant-built wearable NFC tag system accumulates the data in a non-volatile memory every minute and has an average low power consumption of 24.9 µW in dynamic operation. Also, it can be easily attached to a work vest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Santos-Betancourt
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - José Carlos Santos-Ceballos
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Mohamed Ayoub Alouani
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Shuja Bashir Malik
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Alfonso Romero
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - José Luis Ramírez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Xavier Vilanova
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Eduard Llobet
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
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Kammoun H, Ossonon BD, Tavares AC. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Materials with High Electrical Conductivity Produced by Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite Foil. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:123. [PMID: 38202578 PMCID: PMC10780345 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped graphene-based materials are of utmost importance in sensing and energy conversion devices due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, the presence of defects such as pyrrolic nitrogen and oxygenated functional groups reduces their electrical conductivity. Herein, a two-step approach based on the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite foils in aqueous mixed electrolytes followed by thermal reduction at 900 °C is used to prepare high-quality few layers of N-doped graphene-based materials. The exfoliations were conducted in 0.1 M (NH4)2SO4 or H2SO4 and HNO3 (5 mM or 0.1 M) electrolytes mixtures and the HNO3 vol% varied. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the as-prepared graphene oxides contain nitro and amine groups. Thermal reduction is needed for substitutional N-doping. Nitrogen and oxygen surface concentrations vary between 0.23-0.96% and 3-8%, respectively. Exfoliation in (NH4)2SO4 and/or 5 mM HNO3 favors the formation of pyridinic-N (10-40% of the total N), whereas 1 M HNO3 favors the formation of graphitic-N (≈60%). The electrical conductivity ranges between 166-2705 Scm-1. Raman spectroscopy revealed a low density of defects (ID/IG ratio between 0.1 and 0.7) and that most samples are composed of mono-to-bilayer graphene-based materials (IG/I2D integrated intensities ratio). Structural and compositional stability of selected samples after storage in air for three months is demonstrated. These results confirm the high quality of the synthesized undoped and N-doped graphene-type materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana C. Tavares
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada; (H.K.); (B.D.O.)
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Zhu W, Wang M, Zhang Z, Sun J, Zhan J, Guan M, Xu Z, Wang S, Li X, Jiang L. Controllable Photoreduction of Graphene Oxide/Gold Composite Using a Shaped Femtosecond Laser for Multifunctional Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37920904 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The mixture of graphene oxide and noble metal nanoparticles has been widely used in flexible multifunctional sensors. Femtosecond lasers are regarded as useful tools for sensor fabrication through direct inscribing. Normally, the laser power is adjusted to optimize the sensing performances. However, the process between the laser and the sample can be effectively altered by the temporal distribution of the pulse and the laser wavelength. This paper proposes a controllable photoreduction of graphene oxide/gold composite method using a shaped femtosecond laser and promotes its application on multifunctional sensors. Different from the strong reliance of the photoreduction process on laser fluence, femtosecond laser shaping expands the controllability range of the photoreduction degree. By combining the parameters of fluence, temporal distribution, laser wavelength, humidity, and strain multifunctional sensors can be both optimized by controlling the laser reduction. The strain sensor exhibits good linearity with a gauge factor of 67.2 in a strain range of 28.2%; the sensitivity of the humidity sensor is improved by 68.4%. The humidity sensor maintains its performance after 28 days, and the strain sensor maintains its stability after 5000 cycles of stretching. The multifunctional sensor can be applied to detect human breath and human pulse and holds value for human health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhu
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhan
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingle Guan
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sumei Wang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314000, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
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Alouani MA, Casanova-Cháfer J, Güell F, Peña-Martín E, Ruiz-Martínez-Alcocer S, de Bernardi-Martín S, García-Gómez A, Vilanova X, Llobet E. ZnO-Loaded Graphene for NO 2 Gas Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6055. [PMID: 37447904 DOI: 10.3390/s23136055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of decorating graphene with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) for the detection of NO2. In this regard, two graphene sensors with different ZnO loadings of 5 wt.% and 20 wt.% were prepared, and their responses towards NO2 at room temperature and different conditions were compared. The experimental results demonstrate that the graphene loaded with 5 wt.% ZnO NPs (G95/5) shows better performance at detecting low concentrations of the target gas than the one loaded with 20 wt.% ZnO NPs (G80/20). Moreover, measurements under dry and humid conditions of the G95/5 sensor revealed that the material is very sensitive to ambient moisture, showing an almost eight-fold increase in NO2 sensitivity when the background changes from dry to 70% relative humidity. Regarding sensor selectivity, it presents a significant selectivity towards NO2 compared to other gas compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ayoub Alouani
- Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Casanova-Cháfer
- Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Frank Güell
- Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ENFOCAT-IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Peña-Martín
- Gnanomat S.L. C/Faraday, 7. Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Xavier Vilanova
- Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eduard Llobet
- Microsystems Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Huang Z, Zhang J, Wang Z, Peng X, Fang J, He C, Fang P. Study on NO 2 Barrier Properties of RTV Silicone Rubber by Incorporation of Functional Graphene Oxide. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1982. [PMID: 36903097 PMCID: PMC10003996 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, functional graphene oxide (f-GO) nanosheets were prepared to enhance the NO2 resistibility of room-temperature-vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber. A nitrogen dioxide (NO2) accelerated aging experiment was designed to simulate the aging process of nitrogen oxide produced by corona discharge on a silicone rubber composite coating, and then electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to test the process of conductive medium penetration into silicone rubber. After exposure to the same concentration (115 mg·L-1) of NO2 for 24 h, at an optimal filler content of 0.3 wt.%, the impedance modulus of the composite silicone rubber sample was 1.8 × 107 Ω·cm2, which is an order of magnitude higher than that of pure RTV. In addition, with an increase in filler content, the porosity of the coating decreases. When the content of the nanosheet increases to 0.3 wt.%; the porosity reaches a minimum value 0.97 × 10-4%, which is 1/4 of the porosity of the pure RTV coating, indicating that this composite silicone rubber sample has the best resistance to NO2 aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Electric Power Equipment Reliability, Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid State Physics Hubei Province, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Electric Power Equipment Reliability, Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiangyang Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Electric Power Equipment Reliability, Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiapeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid State Physics Hubei Province, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunqing He
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid State Physics Hubei Province, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid State Physics Hubei Province, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Ryu J, Shim S, Song J, Park J, Kim HS, Lee SK, Shin JC, Mun J, Kang SW. Effect of Measurement System Configuration and Operating Conditions on 2D Material-Based Gas Sensor Sensitivity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:573. [PMID: 36770534 PMCID: PMC9919673 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gas sensors applied in real-time detection of toxic gas leakage, air pollution, and respiration patterns require a reliable test platform to evaluate their characteristics, such as sensitivity and detection limits. However, securing reliable characteristics of a gas sensor is difficult, owing to the structural difference between the gas sensor measurement platform and the difference in measurement methods. This study investigates the effect of measurement conditions and system configurations on the sensitivity of two-dimensional (2D) material-based gas sensors. Herein, we developed a testbed to evaluate the response characteristics of MoS2-based gas sensors under a NO2 gas flow, which allows variations in their system configurations. Additionally, we demonstrated that the distance between the gas inlet and the sensor and gas inlet orientation influences the sensor performance. As the distance to the 2D gas sensor surface decreased from 4 to 2 mm, the sensitivity of the sensor improved to 9.20%. Furthermore, when the gas inlet orientation was perpendicular to the gas sensor surface, the sensitivity of the sensor was the maximum (4.29%). To attain the optimum operating conditions of the MoS2-based gas sensor, the effects of measurement conditions, such as gas concentration and temperature, on the sensitivity of the gas sensor were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Ryu
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seob Shim
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongin Song
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseo Park
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Precision Measurement, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Sul Kim
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Ki Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Shin
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Mun
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kang
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Precision Measurement, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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