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Chen Y, Ma M, Tian F, Zeng Z, Xiu Z, Liu S, Yang X, Li L, Zhang J, Liu C, Liu Z. Temperature and salinity sensing characteristics of embedded core optical fiber based on surface plasmon resonance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21049. [PMID: 37964833 PMCID: PMC10641116 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An embedded core fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) principle is developed. In the structure of optical fiber, the middle of the optical fiber cladding is hollowed out. The hollowed-out part is then filled with a temperature-sensitive layer. For the temperature sensitive layer, polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) is chosen. A metal layer is placed outside the cladding of the optical fiber to detect changes in the external environment and stimulate the SPR effect.The gold metal(Au) layer is also placed between the cladding and the PDMS to stimulate the SPR effect.The refractive index of seawater varies with salinity and temperature through COMSOL Multiphysics finite element simulation. We can measure the two parameters of salinity and temperature at the same time based on the SPR principle. The sensitivity of salinity and temperature calculated by this sensor is 0.193 nm/%, 0.397 nm/°C. Fiber optic sensors use the SPR principle to detect dynamic, real-time, continuous processes. The measurement range is very wide, and the brightness is also very high.Compared with single-channel measurement of single parameter, this sensor can greatly improve the efficiency of two-parameter measurement. The sensor has the advantages of simple structure, low production cost and high sensitivity, which can realize the simultaneous measurement of two parameters and avoid the crosstalk between parameters. It has great research significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Chen
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Minghua Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Fengjun Tian
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhibin Zeng
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiguo Xiu
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Sichen Liu
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinghua Yang
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318, China
| | - Zhihai Liu
- Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, and College of Physics and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
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Qu J, Zhang H, Shi X, Li C, Jia D, Liu T, Su R. High Sensitivity Temperature Sensing of Long-Period Fiber Grating for the Ocean. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4768. [PMID: 37430682 DOI: 10.3390/s23104768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new temperature sensor with high sensitivity was achieved by four-layer Ge and B co-doped long-period fiber grating (LPFG) based on the mode coupling principle. By analyzing the mode conversion, the influence of the surrounding refractive index (SRI), the thickness and the refractive index of the film on the sensitivity of the sensor is studied. When 10 nm-thick titanium dioxide (TiO2) film is coated on the surface of the bare LPFG, the refractive index sensitivity of the sensor can be initially improved. Packaging PC452 UV-curable adhesive with a high-thermoluminescence coefficient for temperature sensitization can realize high-sensitivity temperature sensing and meet the requirements of ocean temperature detection. Finally, the effects of salt and protein attachment on the sensitivity are analyzed, which provides a reference for the subsequent application. The sensitivity of 3.8 nm/°C in the range of 5-30 °C was achieved for this new sensor, and the resolution is about 0.00026 °C, which is over 20 times higher than ordinary temperature sensors. This new sensor meets the accuracy and range of general ocean temperature measurements and could be used in various marine monitoring and environmental protection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Changchun National Extreme Precision Optics Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Chuanxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dagong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiegen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Du C, Zhao S, Wang Q, Jia B, Zhao M, Zhang L, Cui L, Chen S, Deng X. A Seawater Salinity Sensor Based on Optimized Long Period Fiber Grating in the Dispersion Turning Point. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094435. [PMID: 37177639 PMCID: PMC10181512 DOI: 10.3390/s23094435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Variations of seawater salinity often cause ocean internal waves, water masses and stratification, which affect the stability of the ocean environment. Therefore, the study of seawater salinity is significant for the prediction of changes in the ocean environment. However, existing methods for measuring seawater salinity generally have the disadvantages of low sensitivity and low accuracy. In this work, we proposed a seawater salinity sensor based on long period fiber grating (LPFG) in the dispersion turning point (DTP), which has demonstrated the possibility to fabricate LPFG with a shorter grating period by CO2 laser in a thin single mode fiber (SMF) of 80 μm cladding diameter without etching. For obtaining higher sensitivity that could meet the measurement requirement in practice, the proposed sensor was optimized by combining etching cladding and DTP. After the LPFG working near DTP was fabricated by a CO2 laser, the cladding diameter was reduced to 57.14 μm for making cladding mode LP1,7 work near DTP by hydrofluoric acid (HF) solutions. The experimental results have demonstrated that a sensitivity of 0.571 nm/‱ can be achieved when the salinity increases from 5.001‱ to 39.996‱, and the sensor shows good repeatability and stability. Based on its excellent performance, the optimized LPFG is a prospective sensor to monitor seawater salinity in real time. Meanwhile, a low-cost way was provided to make LPFG work near DTP instead of ultraviolet exposure and femtosecond laser writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Du
- College of Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- College of Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- College of Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Liqin Cui
- College of Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- College of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shizhe Chen
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, China
| | - Xiao Deng
- College of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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An G, Liu L, Hu P, Jia P, Zhu F, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xiong J. Probe type TFBG-excited SPR fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of multiple ocean parameters assisted by CFBG. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4229-4237. [PMID: 36785396 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The tilted fiber Bragg grating(TFBG), chirped fiber Bragg grating(CFBG), Vernier effect and metal surface plasmon resonance(SPR) effect are effectively combined to form a probe type fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of seawater salinity, temperature and depth(STD). The SPR effect excited by the TFBG is achieved by covering a gold layer around the TFBG, which is used to measure the refractive index (RI) of seawater. The core mode of TFBG is used to detect the change of seawater temperature and the measurement of TFBG reflection spectrum is realized by inscribing a CFBG after the TFBG, which makes the sensor have a probe type design and more beneficial to practical applications. The fusion of quartz micro-spheres on the end face of the sensing fiber and the parallel connection of an Fabry Perot(F-P) interference cavity enables the use of Vernier effect to detect the depth of the ocean. Femtosecond laser line-by-line method is used to the inscribing of TFBG, which allows the grating parameters to be changed flexibly depending on the desired spectrum. The experimental results show that the temperature sensitivity is 10.82pm/°C, the salinity sensitivity is 0.122nm/g/Kg, the depth sensitivity is 116.85 pm/m and the depth can be tested to 1000 m or even deeper.
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Xiao S, Zhang M, Liu C, Jiang C, Wang X, Yang F. CTD Sensors for Ocean Investigation Including State of Art and Commercially Available. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:586. [PMID: 36679382 PMCID: PMC9867478 DOI: 10.3390/s23020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over 70% of the earth's surface is covered by oceans; globally, oceans provides a huge source of wealth to humans. In the literature, several sensors have been developed to investigate oceans. Electrical conductivity temperature depth (CTD) sensors were used frequently and extensively. Long-term accurate CTD data is important for the study and utilization of oceans, e.g., for weather forecasting, ecological evolution, fishery, and shipping. Several kinds of CTD sensors based on electrics, optical, acoustic wave and radio waves have been developed. CTD sensors are often utilized by measuring electrical signals. The latest progress of CTD sensors will be presented in order of performance. The principles, structure, materials and properties of many CTD sensors were discussed in detail. The commercially available CTD sensors were involved and their respective performances were compared. Some possible development directions of CTD sensors for ocean investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xiao
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changhua Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266031, China
| | - Chongwen Jiang
- National Laboratory for Computational Fluid Dynamics, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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Paltusheva ZU, Ashikbayeva Z, Tosi D, Gritsenko LV. Highly Sensitive Zinc Oxide Fiber-Optic Biosensor for the Detection of CD44 Protein. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1015. [PMID: 36421133 PMCID: PMC9688241 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, significant progress is being made in the prevention, treatment and prognosis of many types of cancer, using biological markers to assess current physiological processes in the body, including risk assessment, differential diagnosis, screening, treatment determination and monitoring of disease progression. The interaction of protein coding gene CD44 with the corresponding ligands promotes the processes of invasion and migration in metastases. The study of new and rapid methods for the quantitative determination of the CD44 protein is essential for timely diagnosis and therapy. Current methods for detecting this protein use labeled assay reagents and are time consuming. In this paper, a fiber-optic biosensor with a spherical tip coated with a thin layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) with a thickness of 100 nm, deposited using a low-cost sol-gel method, is developed to measure the CD44 protein in the range from 100 aM to 100 nM. This sensor is easy to manufacture, has a good response to the protein change with detection limit of 0.8 fM, and has high sensitivity to the changes in the refractive index (RI) of the environment. In addition, this work demonstrates the possibility of achieving sensor regeneration without damage to the functionalized surface. The sensitivity of the obtained sensor was tested in relation to the concentration of the control protein, as well as without antibodies-CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaniya U. Paltusheva
- Department of General Physics, Satbayev University, Satpayev Str., 22, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhannat Ashikbayeva
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniele Tosi
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, National Laboratory Astana, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Lesya V. Gritsenko
- Department of General Physics, Satbayev University, Satpayev Str., 22, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
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Zhao F, Lin W, Hu J, Liu S, Yu F, Chen X, Wang G, Shum PP, Shao L. Salinity and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on Fiber Ring Laser with Tapered Side-Hole Fiber Embedded in Sagnac Interferometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8533. [PMID: 36366231 PMCID: PMC9657460 DOI: 10.3390/s22218533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presented a new kind of salinity and temperature dual-parameter sensor based on a fiber ring laser (FRL) with tapered side-hole fiber (SHF) embedded in a Sagnac interferometer. The sensing structure is majorly composed of tapered SHF located in the middle of SHF inside the Sagnac interferometer loop structure. The influences of the SHF's diameters of different tapered in the Sagnac interferometer loop on the FRL sensing system are studied. The presence of air holes in the SHF makes the cladding mode easier to excite, and the interaction between the cladding mode with its surroundings is enhanced, thus having higher salinity sensitivity. Besides, the unique advantages of high resolution, narrower linewidth, and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of fiber laser make the measurement results more accurate. In this experiment, the SHF with different taper diameters was made, and it was found that reducing the diameter of the taper waist diameter could further improve the salinity sensitivity. When the waist diameter was 9.70 μm, the maximum salinity sensitivity of 0.2867 nm/‱ was achieved. Temperature sensing experiments were also carried out. The maximum temperature sensitivity of the FRL sensing system was -0.3041 nm/°C at the temperature range from 20 to 30 °C. The sensor has the characteristics of easy manufacture, good selectivity, and high sensitivity, proving the feasibility of simultaneous measurement of seawater salinity and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weihao Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuaiqi Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Feihong Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingwei Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Perry Ping Shum
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518005, China
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