A Tunable Hyperspectral Imager for Detection and Quantification of Marine Biofouling on Coated Surfaces

Low-Cost Hyperspectral Imaging in Macroalgae Monitoring

This study presents an approach to macroalgae monitoring using a cost-effective hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system and artificial intelligence (AI). Kelp beds are vital habitats and support nutrient cycling, making ongoing monitoring crucial amid environmental changes. HSI emerges as a powerful tool in this context, due to its ability to detect pigment-characteristic fingerprints that are often missed altogether by standard RGB cameras. Still, the high costs of these systems are a barrier to large-scale deployment for in situ monitoring. Here, we showcase the development of a cost-effective HSI setup that combines a GoPro camera with a continuous linear variable spectral bandpass filter. We empirically validate the operational capabilities through the analysis of two brown macroalgae, Fucus serratus and Fucus versiculosus, and two red macroalgae, Ceramium sp. and Vertebrata byssoides, in a controlled aquatic environment. Our HSI system successfully captured spectral information from the target species, which exhibit considerable similarity in morphology and spectral profile, making them difficult to differentiate using traditional RGB imaging. Using a one-dimensional convolutional neural network, we reached a high average classification precision, recall, and F1-score of 99.9%, 89.5%, and 94.4%, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of our custom low-cost HSI setup. This work paves the way to achieving large-scale and automated ecological monitoring.

How to identify biofouling species in marine and freshwater

The identification and management of biofouling remain pressing challenges in marine and freshwater ecosystems, with significant implications for environmental sustainability and industrial operations. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current state-of-the-art in biofouling identification technologies, examining eight prominent methodologies: Microscopy Examination, Molecular Biology, Remote Sensing, Community Involvement, Ecological Methods, Artificial Intelligence, Chemical Analysis, and Macro Photography. Each method is evaluated for its respective advantages and disadvantages, considering factors such as precision, scalability, cost, and data quality. Furthermore, the review identifies current obstacles that inhibit the optimal utilization of these technologies, ranging from technical limitations and high operational costs to issues of data inconsistency and subjectivity. Finally, the review posits a future outlook, advocating for the development of integrated, standardized systems that amalgamate the strengths of individual approaches. Such advancement will pave the way for more effective and sustainable strategies for biofouling identification and management.