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Baruah S, Betty CA. Point of care devices for detection of Covid-19, malaria and dengue infections: A review. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 158:108704. [PMID: 38593574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Need for affordable, rapid and user-friendly point of care (POC) devices are increasing exponentially for strengthening the health care system in primary care as well as for self- monitoring in routine analysis. In addition to routine analysis of glucose, Covid-19 type fast spreading, infectious diseases have created further push for exploring rapid, cost-effective and self-monitoring diagnostic devices. Successful implementation of self-monitoring devices for Covid -19 has been realized. However, not much success has been realized for malaria and dengue which are two fatal diseases that affect the population in underdeveloped and developing countries. To monitor the presence of parasites for these diseases, rapid, onsite monitoring devices are still being explored. In this review, we present a review of the research carried out on electrochemical POC devices for monitoring infectious diseases such as Covid-19, malaria and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Baruah
- Nanoscience and Soft Matter Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, PO: Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - C A Betty
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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2
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Esfahani IC, Tehrani NA, Ji S, Sun H. Simultaneous Protein Adsorption and Viscosity Measurement using Micropillar-Enhanced Acoustic Wave (μPAW) Device for Pharmaceutical Applications. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00223-5. [PMID: 38857644 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
At the early stages of drug development, the amount of drug materials is rather limited. In this case, viscosity measurement is often postponed to the later stages, where grams of proteins can be produced. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a viscometer capable of measuring the viscosity with high accuracy while requiring low sample volume. This study presents a novel viscosity measurement technique based on measuring the resonance frequency and motional resistance of a micropillar-enhanced acoustic wave (μPAW) device. The μPAW was developed by fabricating micropillars on the quartz crystal microbalance substrate in order to achieve ultra-high sensitivity, thanks to a unique coupling between the micropillar and the resonator. The experimental measurements demonstrated a nonlinear relationship between the density and viscosity of the fluid and the response of μPAW. A calibration correlation was developed using the response of μPAW in aqueous glycerol and sucrose solutions. The measurements were then extended using high-concentration BSA solutions as the model of protein solution. The main advantage of the μPAW device in this work over other viscometers is the ability to simultaneously measure solution viscosity and protein adsorption on the surface. This is a huge step forward in the development of sensing systems for the pharmaceutical industry, where real-time sensing of target biological proteins and measuring the viscosity of a solution is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nastaran A Tehrani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Siqi Ji
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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3
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Farsaeivahid N, Grenier C, L. Wang M. Filtered Saliva for Rapid and Accurate Analyte Detection for POC Diagnostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1088. [PMID: 38893615 PMCID: PMC11171550 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Saliva has shown considerable promise as a diagnostic medium for point-of-care (POC) and over-the-counter (OTC) diagnostic devices due to the non-invasive nature of its collection. However, a significant limitation of saliva-based detection is undesirable interference in a sensor's readout caused by interfering components in saliva. In this study, we develop standardized sample treatment procedures to eliminate bubbles and interfering molecules while preserving the sample's target molecules such as spike (S) protein and glucose. We then test the compatibility of the pretreatment system with our previously designed SARS-CoV-2 and glucose diagnostic biosensing systems for detecting S protein and glucose in subject saliva. Ultimately, the effectiveness of each filter in enhancing biomarker sensitivity is assessed. The results show that a 20 mg nylon wool (NW) filter shows an 80% change in viscosity reduction with only a 6% reduction in protein content, making it an appropriate filter for the salivary S protein diagnostic system. Meanwhile, a 30 mg cotton wool (CW) filter is identified as the optimal choice for salivary glucose detection, achieving a 90% change in viscosity reduction and a 60.7% reduction in protein content with a minimal 4.3% reduction in glucose content. The NW pretreatment filtration significantly improves the limit of detection (LOD) for salivary S protein detection by five times (from 0.5 nM to 0.1 nM) and it reduces the relative standard deviation (RSD) two times compared to unfiltered saliva. Conversely, the CW filter used for salivary glucose detection demonstrated improved linearity with an R2 of 0.99 and a sensitivity of 36.6 μA/mM·cm2, over twice as high as unfiltered saliva. This unique filtration process can be extended to any POC diagnostic system and optimized for any biomarker detection, making electrochemical POC diagnostics more viable in the current market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Farsaeivahid
- Interdisciplinary Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (N.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Christian Grenier
- Interdisciplinary Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (N.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Ming L. Wang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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LaBute B, Fong J, Ziaee F, Gombar R, Stover M, Beaudin T, Badalova M, Geng Q, Corchis-Scott R, Podadera A, Lago K, Xu Z, Lim F, Chiu F, Fu M, Nie X, Wu Y, Quan C, Hamm C, McKay RM, Ng K, Porter LA, Tong Y. Evaluating and optimizing Acid-pH and Direct Lysis RNA extraction for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in whole saliva. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7017. [PMID: 38527999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has been a global public health and economic challenge. Screening for the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been a key part of disease mitigation while the world continues to move forward, and lessons learned will benefit disease detection beyond COVID-19. Saliva specimen collection offers a less invasive, time- and cost-effective alternative to standard nasopharyngeal swabs. We optimized two different methods of saliva sample processing for RT-qPCR testing. Two methods were optimized to provide two cost-efficient ways to do testing for a minimum of four samples by pooling in a 2.0 mL tube and decrease the need for more highly trained personnel. Acid-pH-based RNA extraction method can be done without the need for expensive kits. Direct Lysis is a quick one-step reaction that can be applied quickly. Our optimized Acid-pH and Direct Lysis protocols are reliable and reproducible, detecting the beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) mRNA in saliva as an internal control from 97 to 96.7% of samples, respectively. The cycle threshold (Ct) values for B2M were significantly higher in the Direct Lysis protocol than in the Acid-pH protocol. The limit of detection for N1 gene was higher in Direct Lysis at ≤ 5 copies/μL than Acid-pH. Saliva samples collected over the course of several days from two COVID-positive individuals demonstrated Ct values for N1 that were consistently higher from Direct Lysis compared to Acid-pH. Collectively, this work supports that each of these techniques can be used to screen for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva for a cost-effective screening platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden LaBute
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Jackie Fong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- WE-SPARK Health Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Farinaz Ziaee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Gombar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Mathew Stover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Terry Beaudin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Badalova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Qiudi Geng
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Ryland Corchis-Scott
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Podadera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Lago
- WE-SPARK Health Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - ZhenHuan Xu
- Aumintec Research Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
| | - Fievel Lim
- Aumintec Research Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
| | - Felix Chiu
- Aumintec Research Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
| | - Minghua Fu
- Aumintec Research Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaofeng Nie
- Aumintec Research Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
| | - Yuanmin Wu
- Aumintec Research Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
| | | | - Caroline Hamm
- WE-SPARK Health Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - R Michael McKay
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- WE-SPARK Health Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa A Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
- WE-SPARK Health Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
| | - Yufeng Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
- WE-SPARK Health Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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Kim YJ, Min J. Advances in nanobiosensors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future perspectives for the post-COVID era. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:3. [PMID: 38206526 PMCID: PMC10784265 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The unprecedented threat of the highly contagious virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes exponentially increased infections of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlights the weak spots of the current diagnostic toolbox. In the midst of catastrophe, nanobiosensors offer a new opportunity as an alternative tool to fill a gap among molecular tests, rapid antigen tests, and serological tests. Nanobiosensors surpass the potential of antigen tests because of their enhanced sensitivity, thus enabling us to see antigens as stable and easy-to-access targets. During the first three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial number of studies have reported nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The number of articles on nanobiosensors and SARS-CoV-2 exceeds the amount of nanobiosensor research on detecting previous infectious diseases, from influenza to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This unprecedented publishing pace also implies the significance of SARS-CoV-2 and the present pandemic. In this review, 158 studies reporting nanobiosensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigens are collected to discuss the current challenges of nanobiosensors using the criteria of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics along with COVID-specific issues. These advances and lessons during the pandemic pave the way for preparing for the post-COVID era and potential upcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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du Plooy J, Kock B, Jahed N, Iwuoha E, Pokpas K. Carbon Nanostructured Immunosensing of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein Antibodies. Molecules 2023; 28:8022. [PMID: 38138513 PMCID: PMC10745885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rampant spread and death rate of the recent coronavirus pandemic related to the SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus have underscored the critical need for affordable, portable virus diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings. Moreover, efficient and timely monitoring of vaccine efficacy is needed to prevent future widespread infections. Electrochemical immunosensing poses an effective alternative to conventional molecular spectroscopic approaches, offering rapid, cost-effective, sensitive, and portable electroanalysis of disease biomarkers and antibodies; however, efforts to improve binding efficiency and sensitivity are still being investigated. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in particular have shown promise in improving device sensitivity. This study reports the development of a GQD-functionalized point-of-contamination device leveraging the selective interactions between SARS-CoV-2-specific Spike (S) Protein receptor binding domain (RBD) antigens and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific S-protein antibodies at screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surfaces. The immunocomplexes formed at the GQD surfaces result in the interruption of the redox reactions that take place in the presence of a redox probe, decreasing the current response. Increased active surface area, conductivity, and binding via EDC/NHS chemistry were achieved due to the nanomaterial inclusion, with 5 nm, blue luminescent GQDs offering the best results. GQD concentration, EDC/NHS ratio, and RBD S-protein incubation time and concentration were optimized for the biosensor, and inter- and intra-screen-printed carbon electrode detection was investigated by calibration studies on multiple and single electrodes. The single electrode used for the entire calibration provided the best results. The label-free immunosensor was able to selectively detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies between 0.5 and 100 ng/mL in the presence of IgM and other coronavirus antibodies with an excellent regression of 0.9599. A LOD of 2.028 ng/mL was found, offering comparable findings to the literature-reported values. The detection sensitivity of the sensor is further compared to non-specific IgM antibodies. The developed GQD immunosensor was compared to other low-oxygen content carbon nanomaterials, namely (i) carbon quantum dot (CQD), (ii) electrochemically reduced graphene oxide, and (iii) carbon black-functionalized devices. The findings suggest that improved electron transfer kinetics and increased active surface area of the CNs, along with surface oxygen content, aid in the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. The novel immunosensor suggests a possible application toward monitoring of IgG antibody production in SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated patients to study immune responses, vaccine efficacy, and lifetime to meet the demands for POC analysis in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Keagan Pokpas
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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Amiri BS, Sabernia N, Abouali B, Amini P, Rezaeeyan H. Evaluation of MicroRNA as Minimal Residual Disease in Leukemia: Diagnostic and Prognostic Approach: A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:2541-2553. [PMID: 38435763 PMCID: PMC10903317 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i12.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Various factors are effective in the development of minimal residual disease (MRD), one of which is MicroRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs and their dysfunction in gene expression have influential role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Nowadays, treatments that lead to the suppression or replacement of miRNAs have been developed. Focusing on the role of miRNAs in managing the treatment of leukemia, in this review article we have investigated the miRNAs and signaling pathways involved in the process of apoptosis and cell proliferation, as well as miRNAs with oncogenic function in malignant leukemia cells. Among the studied miRNAs, miR-99a, and miR-181a play an essential role in apoptosis, proliferation and oncogenesis via AKT, MAPK, RAS, and mTOR signaling pathways. miR-223 and miR-125a affect apoptosis and oncogenesis via Wnt/B-catenin, PTEN/PI3K, and STAT5/AKT/ERK/Src signaling pathways. miR-100 also affects both apoptosis and oncogenesis; it acts via IGF1 and mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Shateri Amiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Sabernia
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behdokht Abouali
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parya Amini
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hadi Rezaeeyan
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran
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Khezripour H, Mozaffari SP, Reshadi M, Zarrabi H. Classification of electrocardiogram signals using deep learning based on genetic algorithm feature extraction. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9:055014. [PMID: 37285819 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/acdc2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmias using electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is important in medical and computer research due to the timely diagnosis of dangerous cardiac conditions. The current study used the ECG to classify cardiac signals into normal heartbeats, congestive heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation arrhythmias, atrial flutter, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, and premature atrial fibrillation. A deep learning algorithm was used to identify and diagnose cardiac arrhythmias. We proposed a new ECG signal classification method to increase signal classification sensitivity. We smoothed the ECG signal with noise removal filters. A discrete wavelet transform based on an arrhythmic database was applied to extract ECG features. Feature vectors were obtained based on wavelet decomposition energy properties and calculated values of PQRS morphological features. We used the genetic algorithm to reduce the feature vector and determine the input layer weights of the artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Proposed methods for classifying ECG signals were in different classes of rhythm to diagnose heart rhythm diseases. Training data was with 80% of the data set and test data was with 20% for the whole data set. The learning accuracy for the results of training and test data in the ANN classifier was calculated as 99.9% and 88.92% and in ANFIS as 99.8% and 88.83% respectively. Based on these results, good accuracy was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khezripour
- Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saadat Pour Mozaffari
- Computer Engineering and Information Technology Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Midia Reshadi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Papi M, De Spirito M, Palmieri V. Nanotechnology in the COVID-19 era: Carbon-based nanomaterials as a promising solution. CARBON 2023; 210:118058. [PMID: 37151958 PMCID: PMC10148660 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to collaboration between nanotechnology scientists, industry stakeholders, and clinicians to develop solutions for diagnostics, prevention, and treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Nanomaterials, including carbon-based materials (CBM) such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, have been studied for their potential in viral research. CBM unique effects on microorganisms, immune interaction, and sensitivity in diagnostics have made them a promising subject of SARS-CoV-2 research. This review discusses the interaction of CBM with SARS-CoV-2 and their applicability, including CBM physical and chemical properties, the known interactions between CBM and viral components, and the proposed prevention, treatment, and diagnostics uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Ionescu RE. Updates on the Biofunctionalization of Gold Nanoparticles for the Rapid and Sensitive Multiplatform Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Virus and Its Proteins: From Computational Models to Validation in Human Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119249. [PMID: 37298201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the pandemic respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), academic communities and governments/private companies have used several detection techniques based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In this emergency context, colloidal AuNPs are highly valuable easy-to-synthesize biocompatible materials that can be used for different functionalization strategies and rapid viral immunodiagnosis. In this review, the latest multidisciplinary developments in the bioconjugation of AuNPs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its proteins in (spiked) real samples are discussed for the first time, with reference to the optimal parameters provided by three approaches: one theoretical, via computational prediction, and two experimental, using dry and wet chemistry based on single/multistep protocols. Overall, to achieve high specificity and low detection limits for the target viral biomolecules, optimal running buffers for bioreagent dilutions and nanostructure washes should be validated before conducting optical, electrochemical, and acoustic biosensing investigations. Indeed, there is plenty of room for improvement in using gold nanomaterials as stable platforms for ultrasensitive and simultaneous "in vitro" detection by the untrained public of the whole SARS-CoV-2 virus, its proteins, and specific developed IgA/IgM/IgG antibodies (Ab) in bodily fluids. Hence, the lateral flow assay (LFA) approach is a quick and judicious solution to combating the pandemic. In this context, the author classifies LFAs according to four generations to guide readers in the future development of multifunctional biosensing platforms. Undoubtedly, the LFA kit market will continue to improve, adapting researchers' multidetection platforms for smartphones with easy-to-analyze results, and establishing user-friendly tools for more effective preventive and medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Elena Ionescu
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS EMR 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, CEDEX, 10004 Troyes, France
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