Evaluation of MicroRNA as Minimal Residual Disease in Leukemia: Diagnostic and Prognostic Approach: A Review

Various factors are effective in the development of minimal residual disease (MRD), one of which is MicroRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs and their dysfunction in gene expression have influential role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Nowadays, treatments that lead to the suppression or replacement of miRNAs have been developed. Focusing on the role of miRNAs in managing the treatment of leukemia, in this review article we have investigated the miRNAs and signaling pathways involved in the process of apoptosis and cell proliferation, as well as miRNAs with oncogenic function in malignant leukemia cells. Among the studied miRNAs, miR-99a, and miR-181a play an essential role in apoptosis, proliferation and oncogenesis via AKT, MAPK, RAS, and mTOR signaling pathways. miR-223 and miR-125a affect apoptosis and oncogenesis via Wnt/B-catenin, PTEN/PI3K, and STAT5/AKT/ERK/Src signaling pathways. miR-100 also affects both apoptosis and oncogenesis; it acts via IGF1 and mTOR signaling pathways.

The evaluation of COVID-19 effect on pregnancy loss; a molecular and diagnostic approach

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus originates from Wuhan, China; it has spread around the world. According to studies, the results of the SARS-CoV-2 test have been reported positive for some pregnant women. However, not much is known about the effect of this virus on pregnancy and the outcome of baby. The aim of this review study was to evaluate the molecular and diagnostic approach in evaluating the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on pregnancy loss. The entry of COVID-19 virus into the pregnant mother’s body through various channels, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor (ACE2) affects immune and coagulation systems and hormone levels. These changes include D-Dimer, platelets and antithrombin III (AT-III) raises and protein C (PC) decrement and also elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, followed by disruption of various signaling pathways such as JAK / STAT and PI3K. Additionally, decreased expression of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hormones such as progesterone were observed. These changes ultimately lead to serious pregnancy risks, including miscarriage. Therefore, identifying pathways by which COVID-19 impairs immune and coagulation systems of pregnant women can be a way to design abortion preventive strategies.