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Ispirlidis I, Pantazis D, Poulios A, Avloniti A, Stampoulis T, Michailidis Y, Troupkos K, Evangelou E, Draganidis D, Balampanos D, Retzepis NO, Protopapa M, Mantzouranis N, Zaras N, Michalopoulou M, Fatouros IG, Chatzinikolaou A. The Effect of Intraset Rest Periods on External and Internal Load During Small-Sided Games in Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:331. [PMID: 39728871 PMCID: PMC11728832 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the internal and external load in continuous and intermittent small-sided games (SSG) formats. Eight semi-professional soccer players participated in the study, and they completed three protocols: (a) I-intermittent SSG protocol (Int-I, 4 sets of 4 min with a 3 min recovery); (b) Continuous SSG protocol (Con, 2 sets of 8 min with a 3 min recovery); (c) II-SSG protocol (Int-II, 4 sets of 4 min, where each set includes 1 min of exercise with varying recovery periods (10, 20, 30 s), with a 3 min recovery period between sets). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the dependent variables, with significance determined at p < 0.05. The three protocols differed in total distance covered and in distance covered at speeds >19 km/h, with the Int-II protocol resulting in the greatest distance covered (p < 0.05). Additionally, players in the Con protocol exercised at a higher percentage of their maximum heart rate (%HRmax) (p < 0.05), while the highest RPE value was observed in the Int-I interval protocol (p < 0.05). The external load experienced by players in intermittent SSG protocols is higher, while internal load (%HRmax) remains relatively low. This effect is especially notable in the new intermittent exercise model proposed in this study, which incorporates progressively increasing recovery times within each exercise set. Coaches can use this model to increase players' external load without causing a heightened perception of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ispirlidis
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Dimitrios Pantazis
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Athanasios Poulios
- Schools of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (A.P.); (D.D.); (I.G.F.)
| | - Alexandra Avloniti
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Theodoros Stampoulis
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Yiannis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, New Buildings of Laboratories, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Troupkos
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- Schools of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (A.P.); (D.D.); (I.G.F.)
| | - Dimitrios Balampanos
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Nikolaos-Orestis Retzepis
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Protopapa
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Nikolaos Mantzouranis
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Nikolaos Zaras
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Michalopoulou
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- Schools of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (A.P.); (D.D.); (I.G.F.)
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (I.I.); (D.P.); (A.A.); (T.S.); (K.T.); (E.E.); (D.B.); (N.-O.R.); (M.P.); (N.M.); (N.Z.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
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Mitrousis I, Bourdas DI, Kounalakis S, Bekris E, Mitrotasios M, Kostopoulos Ν, Ktistakis IE, Zacharakis E. The Effect of a Balance Training Program on the Balance and Technical Skills of Adolescent Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:645-657. [PMID: 38045735 PMCID: PMC10690516 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Soccer is a complex sport, and balance appears to play a crucial role in the quality execution of technical skills, which are mostly performed while standing on one foot. Nevertheless, in younger ages, when learning still affects soccer performance, the effect of a balance-training program on the player's balance and technical skills remains unexplored. This research examined the effect of a balance-training program (BTP) on balance and technical skills of adolescent soccer players. Τhe participating volunteers were thirty-two soccer players (12-13 years old with 3.84 ± 0.95 years of practice), randomly separated into two groups: an experimental (EXP, n1 = 17) and a control group (CON, n2 = 15). Both groups were evaluated in static and dynamic balance and in technical skills (dribbling, passing, juggling, and shooting with dominant and non-dominant legs) before (Pre-condition) and after the intervention (Post-condition) which was an eight-week BTP for the EXP group and a placebo-training program for the CON group. Α 2 by 2 (groups×condition) mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on the condition factor was used to assess possible differences between groups. A significant groups × condition interaction effect was found in dynamic balance (p = 0.008), static (p = 0.042), and shooting (p = 0.022) with dominant leg performance. The EXP group improved (p = 0.007) its static balance by 37.82% and also significantly improved its dynamic balance and shooting accuracy with dominant leg in Post condition by 24.98% (p = 0.006) and 83.84% (p = 0.006) respectively. No significant improvement of other variables was detected in the EXP group Post condition. Dynamic and static balance, and shooting with dominant leg skills can be improved in adolescent soccer players through a specialized 8-week BTP. Balance-training program may contribute to technical skill improvement in soccer training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mitrousis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I Bourdas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Bekris
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Mitrotasios
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Νikolaos Kostopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Ktistakis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Zacharakis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Souglis A, Bourdas DI, Gioldasis A, Ispirlidis I, Philippou A, Zacharakis E, Apostolidis A, Efthymiou G, Travlos AK. Time Course of Performance Indexes, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Muscle Damage Markers after a Female Futsal Match. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:127. [PMID: 37505614 PMCID: PMC10385326 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aims were to investigate the time-course effects of a futsal match on performance, oxidative stress, and muscle damage markers, as well as inflammatory and antioxidant responses during a 6-day post-match period. METHODS Thirty-four female high-level futsal players were assessed on several oxidative stress, inflammation, subjective muscle soreness, subjective rate perceived exertion, and performance tests before a futsal match, immediately after, and 24 h to 144 h after. RESULTS Counter movement jump, 20 m, and 10 m sprints performance significantly decreased immediately after the match (p < 0.05) and returned to baseline 72 h post-match (p > 0.05). Delayed onset muscle soreness peaked 24 h post-match and rate perceived exertion peaked post-match (p < 0.05) and returned to baseline 96 h post-match (p > 0.05). Inflammatory biomarkers peaked at 24 h (p < 0.05) and remained significantly elevated for 72 h after the match (p < 0.05). Muscle damage biomarkers peaked at 24 h (p < 0.05) and remained significantly (p < 0.05) elevated for at least 72 h after the match. Oxidative stress markers peaked at 24 h-48 h (p < 0.05) and returned to baseline 120 h post-match (p > 0.05). In respect to antioxidant responses, these peaked at 24 h-48 h post-match (p < 0.05) and returned to baseline 120 h after the match (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A single futsal match induces short/mid-term changes in performance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle damage markers for about 72 h-96 h post-match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Souglis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Daphne, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Daphne, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Gioldasis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Daphne, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ispirlidis
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Panepistimioupoli, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Zacharakis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Daphne, Greece
| | - Alexandros Apostolidis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Daphne, Greece
| | - Georgios Efthymiou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Papakiriazi 24, 41222 Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios K Travlos
- Department of Sports Organization and Management, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Efstathiou and Stamatikis Valioti & Plataion Avenue, 23100 Sparta, Greece
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